R404A在水平强化管外的冷凝实验及数据处理方法

针对一种双侧强化换热管,实验测试和分析了制冷工质R404A在管外凝结与水在管内对流的传热规律,采用"Wilson图解法"和"Gnielinski法"两种不同的方法对实验数据进行了处理。经理论分析和实验研究表明,Wilson图解法对于双侧强化换热管管内、管外表面传热系数实验容易产生较大误差,"Gnielinski法"是更合适的方法。实验得出了管内对流传热和管外凝结传热的计算关联式及传热的强化倍率。对于制冷剂R404A,在强化管外凝结的表面传热系数随着壁面过冷度的增加而增大,呈现出与纯工质光滑管外冷凝时不同的变化趋势。     

水平双侧强化管单管在R134a中的池沸腾传热实验研究

以R134a为工质,对几种双侧强化管进行满液式单管管外池沸腾传热对比试验,并用威尔逊图解法进行图解分离传热过程各分热阻。结果表明:在相同工质、换热水速、水温的操作条件下,单位长度管外翅片的数量、外翅滚切压溃后形成的孔穴形状、密度、开口大小、均匀程度对管外换热影响较大;同时,管内结构参数的优化能促进换热管综合换热性能的提高,且管内所供热水的压降与管内强化的结构参数有关;双侧强化管多孔蒸发管的研究重点应是如何进一步提高强化管外。     

一种冷凝强化换热管传热性能的试验研究

以目前广泛使用的R22为工质,对一种冷凝强化换热管管外冷凝换热性能进行了实验研究.管内以乙二醇为冷却介质.在恒定热流密度、变乙二醇流速与乙二醇流速不变条件下,改变乙二醇进口温度得到一系列实验数据,再通过威尔逊(Wilson)图解法同时得到管内外换热关联式.给出了不同管内流速时管外冷凝换热性能对比图.该冷凝强化换热管管外冷凝换热性能与普通光管相比,传热强化倍率为4.48.由于管内表面有细微的凹凸形状,使管内对流换热系数达到光滑管的1.33倍.     

R417A在水平双侧强化管外沸腾换热研究

对3根双侧强化管在饱和温度为8℃工况下进行了水平管外R417A沸腾换热特性研究。采用Wilson热阻分离法得到管外沸腾表面传热系数,并对实验结果进行了热阻分析。实验结果表明:管内轧制出0.32~0.34 mm的螺旋槽道,可以使管内对流传热系数提高到光管Gnielinski公式计算值的2.524~2.658倍。相同管型的强化换热表面,其沸腾传热系数随壁面温差变化的趋势相似,肋密度42fpi的E30管沸腾传热系数比50fpi的E32管大4.5%,表明沸腾传热系数的大小及变化趋势与肋密度(孔隙直径)及管型密切相关。双侧强化管外R417A沸腾换热,管外热阻约占总热阻的70%,管外仍需进一步强化,才能明显提高总体传热性能。R417A在强化管外沸腾传热系数仅为近似条件下其主要组分R134a的三分之一,表明混合工质沸腾换热与纯工质有较大差异。     

制冷换热器双侧强化换热管的实验方法对比

大型制冷系统中的换热管通常采用管内、管外表面双侧强化结构,因不便在壁面布置温度传感元件,双侧强化管需要特别的实验方法来测定其性能,包括Wilson图解法(WPM)、修正Gnielinski公式法(MGF)、Wilson-Gnielinski公式法(W-GF)。不同的方法有各自的应用场合和使用局限性。本文针对双侧强化管提出一种便于应用的新方法,称为待定指数法(UEM),通过线性拟合和优化得到关联式中的待定参数,可有效分离管内、管外对流换热表面传热系数。在双侧强化管上进行了R134a管外蒸发、水管内流动的两组实验,以此对包含新方法的4种实验方法进行应用对比。结果表明：4种实验方法得到的强化管管内、管外对流换热表面传热系数的强化倍率分别在2.88～3.23、3.15～3.54之间,不同方法得到的管内、管外对流换热表面传热系数差异分别在15%、11%以内。4种实验方法可根据不同的应用条件选择使用,UEM限制条件少、应用方便,是一种更加高效、准确的实验方法。     

肋粗糙表面管强化传热数值分析

肋粗糙管是包装设备的一种重要管道,采用数值模拟方法对光滑圆管与肋粗糙管内的湍流传热进行计算,根据数值模拟的结果计算了传热滞流底层与湍流主区内的热阻,计算结果显示贴近壁面的薄滞流底层的热阻约占总热阻的一半,是影响传热的主要区域;肋粗糙管通过表面粗糙减小了热阻,促进了传热.该粗糙管在包装设备上将会得到广泛的应用.     

水平强化管外池沸腾换热性能实验研究

以目前广泛使用的R22为工质,对Turbo-BⅡ管管内外换热性能进行了实验研究;管内以水为加热介质;在恒定热流密度与饱和压力不变条件下,改变进水水温和流速得到一系列实验数据,再通过威尔逊（Wilson）图解法同时得到管内外换热关联式;给出了不同管内流速时管外沸腾换热性能对比图;Turbo-BⅡ管管外沸腾换热性能比普通低翅管提高了1．6-2．5倍;在实验条件范围内,Turbo—BⅡ管内热阻是控制热阻。     

翅片管式换热器的传热研究进展

翅片管式换热器是一种在工程中广泛应用的换热器,具有结构灵活、适应性强、空间利用率高等优点。在深入推进绿色节能的工业背景下,换热器的强化传热得到广泛而深入的研究。本文重点总结了翅片管式换热器的强化传热方面的综合研究进展,包括:管内强化传热结构、管外强化传热结构、流体强化传热、管内和管外传热模型以及换热器传热结构整体优化方法等。最后指出,管内插入物强化传热效果明显,但对其管内传热模型研究甚少,应引起足够的重视。     

氨空调机满液式蒸发器传热的强化

本文是一篇采用钢质T形翅片管管束强化液氨满液式蒸发器传热过程的研究报告。试验结果表明,T形翅片管对液氨满液式蒸发器有着显著的强化效果,在空调工况下,T形管满液式蒸发器的总传热系数、管外沸腾给热系数、管内冷冻水给热系数可分别达光滑管的2.2、3.92、1.75倍。这意味着可把换热面积砍掉50％以上。通过对实验数据的关联获得可供设计参考的关联式。本文还讨论了试验结果及T形翅片管强化沸腾传热的机理。     

R32水平单管内的蒸发换热特性

本文对2根不同孔径单管在饱和温度分别为0℃、5℃和10℃工况下进行水平管内R32蒸发换热的实验研究。采用热阻分离法得到管内制冷剂侧蒸发传热系数,以质量流量、饱和温度为影响因子,对实验结果进行单管热阻分析及综合性能评价。结果表明:管内传热系数及压降均随着质量流量的增加而增加,管径对传热系数影响较大,1#传热系数约为2#的1.1~1.3倍,不同质量流量下温度对传热系数及压降的影响比重不同;随着质量流量的增加,管外水侧热阻占总热阻的比例逐渐增大,管内制冷剂侧热阻占总阻值的比例逐渐减小;两根单管单位压降传热系数均随质量流量的增加而减小,在不同质量流量下饱和温度对参数的影响比重不同。     

Condensation heat transfer of R410A inside internally grooved horizontal tubes

Heat transfer coefficients were measured for the condensation of R410A and R22 inside internally grooved horizontal tubes. The experiment was performed for five different kinds of internally grooved tubes of about 8.00 mm o.d. the shapes of which were conventional helical grooved and herring-bone grooved ones. To measure the local heat transfer coefficients, the test section was subdivided into 10 small sections having 1 m working length. The ranges tested are as follows: the refrigerant mass velocity was from 130 to 400 kg/(m²/s) for R410A and R22, and the vapour pressure was 2.4l MPa for R410A and 1.53 MPa for R22. The obtained heat transfer data of R410A and R22 indicate that the values of the local heat transfer coefficients of the herring-bone grooved tube are about twice as large as those of helical one. All measured local heat transfer coefficients of condensation were compared with the predicted values from previous correlations proposed by other researchers, and were well correlated with the empirical equation using the frictional coefficients for each tube proposed by the author.     

Failure analysis of a copper tube in a finned heat exchanger

This paper reports on the failure analysis of a finned heat exchanger which leaked in the pressure test during commissioning. The heat exchanger was composed of panels made of thin-walled copper tubes and aluminum fins, and the structure was typical of equipment used in the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning industry. The tube material was phosphorus deoxidized copper Cu–DHP. In the pressure test, one of the tubes was found to have three leakage points. The investigation showed that the failure was a consequence of ant-nest corrosion, as all the experimental findings, together with the copper grade and the tube dimensions, were typical of this corrosion mechanism. Corrosion had initiated from the outer surface of the tube. The paper presents the morphology of the failure using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs. The presence of a contaminating organic substance on the outer tube surface and inside the corrosion crack was verified by SEM/EDS analyses. The corrosion mechanism and the relevant chemical reactions given in the literature are summarized, and the conditions in which the failure may occur are presented. Ant-nest corrosion is a special form of local corrosion, and associated most often with deoxidized copper tubes used in heat transfer applications as in this study.     

Evaporating heat transfer of R22 and R410A in horizontal smooth and microfin tubes

An experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer in 9.52 mm O.D. horizontal copper tubes was conducted using R22 and R410A. The test rig had a straight, horizontal test section with an active length of 0.92 m and was cooled by the heat transfer fluid (cold water) circulated in a surrounding annulus. Constant heat flux of 11.0 kW/m² was maintained throughout the experiment and refrigerant quality varied from 0.9 to 0.1. The condensation test results at 45 °C were reported for 40–80 kg/h mass flow rate. The local and average condensation coefficients for seven microfin tubes were presented compared to those for a smooth tube. The average condensation coefficients of R22 and R410A for the microfin tubes were 1.7–3.19 and 1.7–2.94 times larger than those in smooth tube, respectively.     

Experiments with micro-fin tube in single phase

This work shows heat transfer and friction characteristics for water single-phase flow in micro-fin tubes. The analysis of thermal and hydraulic behavior from a laminar to a turbulent flow was carried out in an experimental setup with a 9.52 mm diameter micro-fin tube. The tube was wrapped up with an electrical resistance tape to supply a constant heat flux to its surface. Different operational conditions were considered in the heating tests. The inlet and outlet temperatures, differential wall temperatures along the tube, pressure drop and flow rate were measured. The relationships of heat flux and flow rate with heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were analyzed. Under the same conditions, comparative experiments with an internally smooth tube were conducted. The micro-fin tube provides higher heat transfer performance than the smooth tube (in turbulent flow h_micro-fin/h_smooth=2.9). In spite of the increase in pressure drop (Δp_micro-fin/Δp_smooth=1.7) the heat transfer results were significantly higher (about 80%). This shows the advantages of this enhanced configuration in thermal performance related to conventional tubes. The smooth tube results were validated by the comparison with the Dittus–Boelter and Gnielinski correlations. For the micro-fin tube an empirical correlation to the heat transfer coefficient adjusted from the set of measured data is proposed. The values obtained are in conformity with experimental results.     

Evaluation of thermal contact conductance using a new experimental-numerical method in fin-tube heat exchangers

In a fin-tube heat exchanger the contact between fin collar and tube surface is obtained through mechanical expansion of tubes. Since the interfaces between the tubes and fins consist partially of metal-to-metal contact and partially of air, the features of heat transfer through the contact interfaces have not been fully investigated. The present study aims at the development of a new tool including an experiment and a numerical calculation for the estimation of the thermal contact conductance between the fin collar and tube surface, and pursues the evaluation of the factors affecting the thermal contact conductance in a fin-tube heat exchanger. Heat exchangers fabricated for the current study have been put to the test for heat balance in a vacuum chamber with water as an internal fluid. And a finite difference numerical scheme has been used for the data reduction of the experimental data to evaluate the thermal contact conductance. Fin-tube heat exchangers employed in the current research are of tube diameter of 7 mm with different tube expansion ratios, fin spacings, and fin types. The results of the present study imply that these parameters as well as hydrophilic fin coating have a significant effect on the thermal contact conductance. It has been discovered that the portion of the thermal contact resistance is not negligible compared with the total thermal resistance in a fin-tube heat exchanger, and this means that in order to reduce the thermal contact resistance thoughtful care should be taken in fabricating heat exchangers.     

微肋管内制冷剂流动沸腾换热研究进展

内微肋管是增强管内凝结与沸腾换热的重要技术之一,在制冷空调领域有着广泛的应用。本文基于对近年文献回顾,从实验和计算关联式两方面综述了微肋管中沸腾换热的研究现状,总结了质量流速、热流密度、干度、管道结构、润滑油等对换热系数和压降的影响,讨论了现有的沸腾换热关联式的适用性和准确性,并指出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

R404A和R407C在水平强化管外的凝结换热实验研究

实验研究了近共沸制冷工质R404A与非共沸制冷工质R407C在水平强化换热管管外的凝结换热性能。采用"Wilson图解法"对实验数据进行处理。结果表明:对于R404A和R407C,强化管外的凝结换热系数随着壁面过冷度的增加而增大,呈现出与纯工质冷凝时不同的变化趋势,这主要是近共沸或非共沸工质凝结过程中,某些组分的凝结会遇到其它组分的凝结气膜热阻所造成的;随着过冷度增加,易挥发组分开始凝结,气膜变薄,冷凝传热系数增大。R407C在强化换热管管外的凝结换热系数比R404A要小70%左右,这是由于R407C的温度滑移较R404A要大,管外形成的凝结扩散气膜造成的影响更大。R407C在高热流密度工况下的换热效果提升明显,故应尽量工作在高热流密度区域。     

Ni-P-PTFE化学复合镀层导热性能的研究

采用Ni-P-PTFE化学复合镀对铜管进行表面处理能有效减少污垢在换热表面上形成。然而,在实际应用上,复合镀层对铜管导热性能的影响是必须考虑的问题。实验利用热阻法对铜基Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层的导热系数进行测量,并利用Wilson plot方法处理数据最终得到Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层的导热系数。分析了镀层各组分镍(Ni),聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),碳(C),磷(P)的质量分数对其导热性能的影响规律。结果表明,Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层的导热系数随PTFE和P的质量分数增大而降低,随C的质量分数增加而增大。当PTFE,C以及P的质量分数w(PTFE)=1.76%,w(C)=3.82%和w(P)=10.81%时,最大值为23.12 W/(m.K)。尽管复合镀层的导热系数不高,但由于其厚度很小,镀层产生的热阻仅为9.91×10-5~1.6×10-4(m2.K)/W,所以复合镀层铜管仍保持很高的导热系数值314.88~357.55W/(m.K)。