水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管的传热特性研究

分别对充液率45%、55%、62%、70%下水、乙醇两组分按体积比13∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶13混合而成的二元混合工质振荡热管的传热特性进行了实验研究,并与水和乙醇纯工质在相同充液率下的传热特性进行对比,结果表明,小充液率时,水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管烧干时热阻较纯工质小,大充液率时,水纯工质传热特性优于水-乙醇混合工质及乙醇纯工质。分析实验结果得出,水-乙醇二元混合工质振荡热管传热特性与充液率及混合工质配比有关,配比对传热特性的影响主要表现为气液平衡、物性及缔合作用。     

乙烷环路热管传热性能的实验研究

为研究加热功率及充液率对环路热管传热性能的影响,建立了低温环路热管性能测试实验台,测试并记录了在不同充液率下,乙烷环路热管的启动特性及其在各工况下稳定运行时的温度分布情况。研究结果显示:该环路热管在充液率为50%和60%时,启动较迅速,运行较为稳定,其稳定运行时的温差及热阻都较小,而在充液率过大(大于70%)时出现启动困难的情况,其稳定运行的温差及热阻也会增大。该环路热管的最佳充液率约为60%。除此之外,在一定范围内对环路热管增大加热功率,其产生的蒸气会增多,使得环路热管内压差变大,工质流动加快,从而可以减小其稳定运行的温差及热阻。     

突出气相压头的环路热管启动特性实验与可视化研究

本文提出并研究了一种突出气相压头的环路热管(LHP)。该环路热管将加热面与吸液芯分离,形成一个蒸发腔。工质在蒸发腔内发生相变,热管的整体结构设计突出了工质的气相压头。实验研究了不同的灌充率对启动特性的影响,结果表明:加热功率相同时(30 W),较高的灌充率会导致较高的运行温度,当灌充率分别为55%、60%和70%时,运行温度分别为101. 9℃、102. 4℃和107. 9℃,且当灌充率高于60%时会发生明显的温度振荡。在灌充率为55%时进行了蒸发器的可视化实验,观察到该类型热管产生相变的主要特征,即:液相工质的滴落蒸发,气液相界面沿着吸液芯表面向下移动,最后液滴落到加热底板上,气液两相界面的移动规律说明该环路热管独特的运行特点。将液体工质从开始滴落经蒸发到下一次开始滴落的时间定义为一个周期,实验测定了在加热功率为55 W时滴落蒸发过程的循环周期为120 s。     

中低温脉动热管传热性能的模拟研究

脉动热管是一种新型传热元件,具有结构简单,传热性能突出的优点。针对可用于低温冰箱的脉动热管,采用R508B为工质,运用多相流VOF方法建立闭式环路中低温脉动热管三维数值模型进行了数值模拟分析。模拟过程中,环路脉动热管的充液率分别为30%、50%、70%,热端加热功率分别为20 W、40 W、60 W、80 W、100 W、120 W,模拟了初始充液后管内气态和液态的相间分布,获得了不同时间点管内温度分布,探讨了中低温脉动热管充液率和加热功率对热管换热性能的影响。结果表明,中低温热管与常温热管在启动和稳定运行阶段具有相似的特征,当中低温脉动热管稳定运行时,温度的波动具有周期性。脉动热管的传热性能随着加热功率增大而变化。充液率较低时,在低加热功率下的冷热两端温差和等效热阻都比较小,当加热功率较大时热阻会出现上升。当充液率较高时,在低加热功率下脉动热管的冷热两端温差和等效热阻都比较大,随着加热功率的增加,温差和热阻都减小。     

三维脉动热管耦合相变材料的传热与节能特性研究

为研究三维脉动热管与相变材料耦合系统的传热与节能特性,本文搭建了三维脉动热管/相变材料耦合模块实验台,使用甲醇、乙醇和丙酮3种工质对充液率为34％、44％的三维脉动热管进行研究,建立了耦合模块的热阻模型,定义了耦合模块的热阻变化率;研究了在变送风温度(3～9 m/s)和速度(20～26℃)条件下耦合模块的热阻变化规律和...     

蠕动泵驱动的毛细管环路传热系统的性能研究

液态工质在满足一定内径要求的毛细管内会形成稳定的液柱——气塞系统。本文提出利用蠕动泵驱动毛细管内气液相间隔的工质单向循环流动,形成一个具有脉动热管效应的新型两相传热系统。搭建了系统实验装置,以去离子水为工质,当毛细管内径为3 mm,管内工质流速恒定为7 m/min时,实验研究了不同充液率的两相传热系统在加热功率分别为60 W、80 W和100 W时的传热特性。结果表明:该传热系统的最佳充液率为20%,在加热功率为60、80、100 W时,充液率为20%的传热系统达到稳态时的热阻分别为0. 52、0. 38、0. 30℃/W,相比于传统的水冷传热系统其热阻分别降低了32. 5%、45. 7%、50%。     

板式单环路脉动热管的流动和传热特性

以制冷剂R245fa为工质对常规以及带连通通道的板式单环路脉动热管流动特性进行了可视化研究,并对传热性能进行了测试,考察了充液率和加热功率的影响规律。结果表明:对于常规环路,充液率一定时,随加热功率增加,工作方式依次经历振荡流、有方向改变的循环流、定向循环流,且充液率越高,出现定向循环的加热功率越低;连通通道提供了流动的额外通路,工作方式更具振荡特性,定向循环在高充液率、高功率下才能出现。在合适的充液率下,连通通道不但能降低热阻,而且能提高传热极限。     

低温脉动热管传热特性的数值模拟研究

近年来,脉动热管作为一种具有较高传热效率的传热元件被广泛研究,应用领域十分广泛。为了研究在低温区内各因素对脉动热管传热性能的影响,以液氮为工质,采用多相流VOF方法建立了弯头数为6的闭环脉动热管的三维数值求解模型,并对其进行数值模拟。结果表明,脉动热管进入稳定运行阶段后,管之间会形成相间分布的上升管和下降管,且在上升管中以塞状流居多,下降管中以泡状流居多;在较低加热功率时,脉动热管的热阻随充液率的增加而减少;对不同充液率,热阻随加热功率都是先减小而后增大,充液率的增加可以一定程度上降低倾角减小对传热热阻的影响。     

表面活性剂对脉动热管传热特性的影响

本文试验研究了表面活性剂脉动热管的运行性能。采用浓度为0.125%的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)水溶液作为工质。试验结果表明,表面活性剂脉动热管的启动时间和启动温度随输入功率的增加而降低。脉动热管的传热特性与输入功率有关,且随着输入功率的增加而增强。与纯水脉动热管相比,充液率为50%的CTAB脉动热管在加热功率100 W时热阻降低52%。     

闭式回路型脉动热管的运行状况与传热性能试验研究

为深入了解闭式回路型脉动热管的运行状况与传热性能,建立紫铜制脉动热管试验平台,分析在风冷条件下加热功率、倾斜角度、充液率和工质等因素对脉动热管运行状况及传热性能的影响,并对各点温度波动原因进行分析。研究结果表明,温度波动幅度可以反应脉动热管内工质流动状态的转变;脉动热管传热性能与其倾斜角度紧密相关;当工质为蒸馏水时,充液率在40%附近时,脉动热管的综合传热性能最优;脉动热管的启动状况与工质的热物性共同决定了工质对脉动热管传热性能的影响。     

Effects of filling ratio and condenser temperature on the thermal performance of a neon cryogenic oscillating heat pipe

A cryogenic oscillating heat pipe (OHP) made of a bended copper capillary tube is manufactured. The lengths of the condenser section, adiabatic section and evaporator section are 100, 280 and 100 mm, respectively. Neon is used as the working fluid. Effects of liquid filling ratio and condenser temperature on the thermal performance of the OHP are studied. A correlation based on the available experimental data sets is proposed to predict the thermal performance of the neon cryogenic OHP with different filling ratios and condenser temperature. Compared with the experimental data, the average standard deviation of the correlation is about 15.0%, and approximately 92.4% of deviations are within ±30%.     

Experimental investigation on the performance of a neon cryogenic oscillating heat pipe

An experimental investigation is conducted to study the performance of a cryogenic oscillating heat pipe (OHP) using neon as the working fluid. The stainless steel OHP with an inner diameter of 0.9 mm has 4 turns, and the lengths of the evaporator, condenser section and adiabatic section are 35 mm, 35 mm and 95 mm, respectively. The temperature of the evaporator and condenser and the pressure of the OHP are measured. The results show that the cooling down process of the OHP from room temperature to the working temperature can be significantly accelerated by charging with neon. During the pseudo steady-state operation process, the temperature of evaporator and the pressure of the OHP increase with increasing heat input. When the dry out appears, the temperature of evaporator rises quickly, and the pressure of the OHP drops sharply. In addition, the effective thermal conductivity of the OHP at the different heat inputs and the different filling ratios is calculated. It increases with increasing heat input, and there exists an optimum filling ratio which makes the maximum effective thermal conductivity. For this OHP, the optimum filling ratio is 24.5%, at which the effective thermal conductivity is 6100–22,180 W/m K.     

Heat transfer performance of cryogenic oscillating heat pipes for effective cooling of superconducting magnets

The cryogenic oscillating heat pipe (OHP) for conduction cooling of superconducting magnets was developed and the function was demonstrated successfully. OHP is a highly-efficient heat transfer device using oscillating flow of two-phase mixture. The working fluids that are employed in the present research are Nitrogen, Neon and Hydrogen, and the operating temperatures are 67–91 K, 26–34 K and 17–27 K, respectively. The estimated effective thermal conductivities from the measurement data of the OHP were higher than one of the solids such as copper at low temperature. These results revealed that the cryogenic OHP can enhance the performance of cooling system for magnets.     

芯片封装均温板壳体的传热特性研究

高热流密度、微型化芯片的发展使传统金属材料的热扩散能力受限.本文设计加工了一款具有微针筋的均温板,应用于芯片封装壳体,实验研究了充液率、芯片尺寸、散热器运行参数(水流量、温度)对均温板壳体(VC IHS)传热性能的影响,并与同工况条件下芯片封装金属铜壳体(Cu IHS)的传热性能进行对比.结果表明:VC IHS的充液率...     

常温并联式脉动热管启动及运行特性的实验研究

针对常温并联式脉动热管搭建了采用恒温热水加热热管的实验系统,测试了以甲醇为介质,热管管径为4 mm时,不同冷却形式、加热冷却温度和充液量对热管启动特性的影响;以甲醇为介质,不同热管管径(2、4、6、8 mm)对热管等温性的影响;以及工质为甲醇和R600a,不同加热长度时(20、25、30 cm)热管的传热能力。实验结果表明:热管冷凝段采用水冷时较自然冷却启动快;较高的加热温度和较低的冷却温度有利于热管启动;热管启动时间随充液量的增加而增加。热管运行过程中在纵向和横向均具有良好的等温性,且随着热管管径的增大等温性逐渐降低。随加热温度的升高,工质为甲醇和R600a热管传热量的变化规律不同,缩短加热长度可以缓解过热度过高的不利影响。     

Heat transformation with the ternary working fluid TFE-H2O-E181: Transformation de chaleur avec le fluide de travail ternaire TFE-H2O-E181

As shown in previous papers, the binary mixture of trifluoroethanol (TFE) and tetraethylene-glycoldimethylether (E181) seems to be advantageous for absorption heat pumps and absorption heat transformers. Both substances are completely miscible and applicable in a wide temperature range from below 0 up to 160°C. The density of TFE vapour is much higher than that of water, so that condenser and evaporator become smaller than in processes with water as a working substance. Because of the fairly low thermal conductivity and the low enthalpy of evaporation of TFE it is, however, advantageous to use TFE-water instead of pure TFE with E181 as working substances. The present paper deals with the thermophysical properties of this ternary mixture. The thermal stability, vapour-liquid equilibrium, density and viscosity were measured. The enthalpy of the ternary mixture was predicted from data for the three binary subsystems. As a study of the single-stage absorption heat transformer shows, up to 15 mass% or almost 50 mol% of TFE in the mixture TFE-E181 can be replaced by water. The COP of a process working with the ternary mixture is slightly higher than that of a process working with the binary mixture TFE-E181. Because of the higher thermal conductivity and enthalpy of evaporation of TFE-water compared with pure TFE, the heat transfer is improved. Also, the costs for the mixture are reduced.     

Development and investigation of compact cooler using a pulsating heat pipe

Results are given of development and investigations of a compact cooler for application in electronics, based on an open-loop oscillating heat pipe. The cooler operation is investigated, where water, methanol, and R141b Freon are used as working fluids under conditions of uniform and concentrated heat input. The effective operation of the device is demonstrated in the heat load range from 5 to 250 W. The “heat source-ambient air” minimal thermal resistance of 0.35°C/W was reached with water under uniform heat load of 250 W. The maximal value of heat load density is 75 W/cm² with the heat flux concentration on the surface of 1 cm², where methanol is used as working fluid.     

Performance of aluminium trays for sterilized products

The performance of a retortable semi-rigid aluminium container, of square shape, net capacity 330ml and with a heat sealable lid, produced in Germany by Alcan, was studied relative to parameters of filling, thermal processing and heat sealing. Tests were applied to packages containing water (275 and 295 g) and a solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at 1.25% (295 and 306 g). The thermal processing was applied under stationary and rotary (at 8, 10 and 12 r.p.m.) conditions. Heat sealing was evaluated by visual aspect, integrity, burst resistance, tensile strength and thickness reduction. The influence of contamination (presence of water, water vapour, CMC and vegetable fat) on the heat sealing area was also examined. Rotary thermal processing has been proved more advantageous in comparison with a stationary process, mainly for a high viscosity model medium (CMC solution at 10 000 cP at 25°C), as it reduces the sterilization time to about 50%. The headspace volume measured by the destructive method indicated small variations, significant at the level of 5%, when pre- and post-thermal processing values were compared. This is due to the presence of entrapped air in the test product, which is released during thermal processing. The seal resistance measured by the increase in internal pressure (burst) resistance showed average values of 26–29 p.s.i. obtained for packages containing water or CMC examined pre- and post-stationary and rotary (8 r.p.m.) thermal processing. Such average values guarantee the container good performance. At the 5% level, there was no significant difference in burst resistance for the container processed with or without rotation, containing either water or CMC, at any of the filling levels analysed. Contamination of the heat sealing area, evaluated through the burst resistance, indicated the non-existence of any significant difference at the level of 5% and the minimum value of 25 p.s.i. can be said to be satisfactory for all the treatments studied. For the two test products, at the filling levels studied, the compression resistance measured before heattreatment showed average maximum load values ranging from 84.5 to 87.8kgf (deflection varying from 4.7 to 5.0mm). After both stationary and rotary (8r.p.m.) thermal processing, the minimum crushing yield load value was around 83.5 kgf. Such values are acceptable for this kind of package.