制冷剂充注量及毛细管长度对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

对一台空气源热泵热水器进行制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度的性能匹配试验。试验结果表明:在试验所取的制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度范围内,随着制冷剂充注量增大,制热量和COP先增大后减小,功耗则不断增大;随着毛细管长度增大,制热量、功耗和COP均是先增大后减小;当系统在最佳匹配时,COP达到4.14 W/W。制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度对制热量的影响相对较大,对功耗的影响相对较小,当制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度发生变化时,在差异程度最大时,制热量的变化率比功耗的变化率分别高183.3%和82.4%;在制冷剂充注量较大时,COP会明显下降。当制冷剂充注量较大时,在运行前期的水温增长速率比制冷剂充注量较小时高,在运行后期(约60 min以后)反而比较低。     

中间冷却器在氨系统中的应用

介绍中间冷却器在双级压缩制冷系统中的作用,并以氨制冷循环系统为例,计算说明合适的注液量不仅可使低压级的排气冷却到中间压力下的干饱和蒸汽,而且使节流前的氨液具有一定的过冷度,使制冷压缩机的功耗最小,制冷系数最高,并以实例进行计算说明。     

蒸气压缩制冷在高热流电子器件冷却中的应用

由于电子芯片技术的高速发展,集成度不断提高,芯片功耗大和散热困难的问题也凸现出来,传统的散热方法在一些超高热流密度场合已经不能：占效为芯片提供冷却。蒸气压缩制冷可望成为现代高热流电子器件及系统冷却的重要技术,国外主要电子系统公司均已采用蒸气压缩制冷来实现电子系统冷却。要使蒸气压缩制冷在电子系统中得到广泛应用,必须进一步研发高效紧凑的微型制冷压缩机、研制能与电子芯片紧密结合的微型蒸发器以及高效的冷凝器．     

空调器毛细管长度与制冷剂充注量匹配实验研究

通过实验的方法研究了空调器毛细管长度和制冷剂充注量对制冷系统性能的影响,得出了相应的曲线及KF-25W分体空调器毛细管长度和充注量之间的最佳匹配关系,该实验方法具有一定的普遍意义.     

无油线性压缩机变容量制冷性能实验研究

无油线性压缩机具有结构简单紧凑、效率高和寿命长等优点,在航空航天热控领域具有巨大的发展潜力。针对实验室研制的无油线性压缩机进行变容量制冷性能研究,分析行程和余隙容积变化对压缩机的制冷性能受的影响。实验结果表明,在冷凝温度为48℃,蒸发温度为10℃,热沉温度维持15℃,行程从6.5 mm增加到8.9 mm时,压缩机的制冷量会随行程的增大而增大。在行程为8.9 mm时,最大制冷量为180 W;系统的COP和压缩效率会随着行程的增大先增大后减小,在行程为7.9 mm时,具有最高COP和压缩效率,分别为1.78%和30.6%。在冷凝温度为55℃,蒸发温度为10℃,热沉温度稳定在15℃,系统的余隙长度从0.1 mm增加到1.1 mm时,随着余隙长度的增加,压缩机的制冷量、COP和压缩效率会逐渐降低。电机效率会随着余隙容积的增加先升高后降低,在余隙长度为0.9 mm时,电机效率为78.4%。     

基于变频压缩机的跨临界CO_2热泵热水器名义工况的试验研究

搭建基于变频压缩机的跨临界CO_2热泵热水器试验台。在系统制冷剂充注量为950 g,测试工况为名义工况的前提下,分析电子膨胀阀开度和压缩机运行频率对系统参数,包括压缩机吸气温度和压力,排气温度和压力,系统制热量和制热性能系数COP_h的影响。试验结果表明:随着电子膨胀阀开度的增大,压缩机吸气温度降低,吸气压力升高,而排气温度和排气压力趋势性走低,中间偶有起伏;制热量随着电子膨胀阀开度的增大逐渐降低,制热性能系数COP_h在电子膨胀阀一定开度范围内存在一个最优值;压缩机吸气温度受频率的影响较小,吸气压力则随着频率的增加而降低,排气温度和排气压力均随频率的增加而升高;制热量随着频率的升高而增大,制热系数COP_h最大值出现在低频率范围。     

充注量对小型CO2制冷系统影响的实验研究

为了研究充注量对小型二氧化碳制冷系统的影响,利用一套展示柜二氧化碳制冷系统,进行了不同充注量的实验。讨论了充注量对二氧化碳制冷系统吸排气压力、运行功率、吸排气温度的影响。同时,结合本系统,对假临界现象进行了分析,结果表明:充注量不足,蒸发、冷凝压力低,压缩机吸、排气温度高,系统COP较低;充注量过多,系统运行功率高,系统制冷系数降低;系统运行一段时间后,回热器热侧出口达到假临界温度,吸、排气温度产生突降;随着充注量的增加,吸、排气温度突降点前移。本研究可为跨临界二氧化碳制冷系统最佳充注量的确定及如何维持系统高效运行提供理论指导。     

电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统性能试验研究

为了研究制冷剂充注量和环境温度对电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统的影响规律,笔者设计并搭建了带有二次回路的热泵空调系统试验台。针对不同转速下,制冷量/制热量、COP和压缩机排气温度等参数随充注量及环境温度的变化趋势进行了试验研究,并确定标准制冷和制热工况的最佳充注量。结果表明：随着充注量的增加,蒸发器出口过热度和排气温度逐渐降低,而排气压力逐渐升高;制冷量/制热量和COP随充注量的增加而增大,并在最佳充注量处达到峰值,之后保持小幅变化。综合考虑,制热和制冷模式下系统最佳充注量分别为650 g和1 100 g。基于最佳充注量、压缩机转速为2 000 r/min时,制热模式环境温度由0℃升至12℃,制热量增加48.4%,COP_h升高8.3%;制冷环境温度由27℃升高至43℃时,制冷量和COP分别降低12.3%和44.4%。     

CO_2跨临界制冷系统在饮料现调机中的实验研究

CO_2是一种不对臭氧层产生破坏,具有很小温室效应系数的自然工质。本文通过饮料现调机原理和特点分析,设计了应用于饮料现调机的CO_2跨临界制冷系统。根据CO_2压缩机运行范围,通过毛细管和CO_2充注量的组合实验,确定了适合饮料现调机的最佳毛细管长度和充注量。在设计工况下,CO_2冷系统运行的高低压均满足压缩机的安全运行区域,最后提出了批量商业化生产需要解决的问题。     

高/低压区氨水吸收/压缩复合制冷循环性能分析

针对氨水吸收/压缩复合制冷循环的方式不同,结合Schulz氨水溶液状态方程,分别对压缩机处于系统高压区和低压区两种不同的组合方式进行了理论分析计算。分析了蒸发温度、热源温度、冷却水温度和中间压力对两种组合方式下压缩机当量热耗量和热源耗热量的影响,并与单级氨水吸收制冷循环的性能系数做了比较。结果表明,压缩机当量热耗量对循环性能的影响要低于热源耗热量的影响;压缩机处于系统高压区时循环的一次用能量要明显高于压缩机处于系统的低压区;在中间压力给定时,存在一个最佳热源温度,使得氨水吸收/压缩复合制冷循环的性能系数取得最大值;随任一温度参数变化时,压缩机处于高压区时的性能系数总会出现低于单级氨水吸收循环性能系数的临界点;而压缩机处于系统低压区时循环的性能系数要高于高压区循环和单级氨水吸收循环。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...