含硫油品储罐腐蚀产物自燃性研究进展

储罐中含硫油品腐蚀产物自燃会引起储油罐发生火灾及爆炸事故。作者综述了储罐中硫腐蚀产物的主要来源及其自燃性,阐述了硫化温度、硫化时间、硫化环境中氧气浓度和氧化环境温度、氧化环境中氧气浓度、空气流速、含水量、生成方式及其它因素对硫腐蚀产物自燃性的影响。     

Calculation of qualitative and quantitative composition of Estonian oil shale and its combustion products. Part 1. Calculation on the basis of heating value

A method for calculation of the composition of Estonian oil shale and its combustion products is based on the various correlations governing the composition of this oil shale, and relations between its components. To understand better the properties of oil shale and the influence of mining conditions on oil shale quality, a general characterisation of Estonian oil shale is first presented. This unique fuel is utilized for power production, by direct firing in boilers. This paper presents calculations useful for the boiler design engineer for estimating the average characteristics of received oil shale as well as the possible deviations from these mean values.

The calculations in this part allow finding the composition of oil shale and the composition of combustion products of oil shale based only upon its heating value. Various considerations in performing oil shale combustion calculation are presented. A calculational example is presented in the appendix of this part. Part 2 of this study extends the method, given the availability of additional fuel analysis data.     

Science and technology of novel processes for deep desulfurization of oil refinery streams: a review

Oil refinery related catalysis, particularly hydrodesulfurization (HDS) processes, is viewed as a mature technology and it is often stated that break-throughs are not to be expected. Although this could be a justified compliment to those who developed this area, at the same time it could also stifle potential new ideas.The applicability and perspectives of various desulfurization technologies are evaluated taking into account the requirements of the produced fuels. The progress achieved during recent years in catalysis-based HDS technologies (synthesis of improved catalysts, advanced reactor design, combination of distillation and HDS) and in ‘non-HDS’ processes of sulfur removal (alkylation, extraction, precipitation, oxidation, and adsorption) is illustrated through a number of examples.The discussed technologies of sulfur removal from the refinery streams lead to a wealth of research topics. Only an integrated approach (catalyst selection, reactor design, process configuration) will lead to novel, efficient desulfurization processes producing fuels with zero sulfur emissions.     

A comparison of co-current and counter-current modes of operation for a novel hydrogen-permselective membrane dual-type FTS reactor in GTL technology

In this work, a comparison of co-current and counter-current modes of operation for a novel hydrogen-permselective membrane reactor for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has been carried out. In both modes of operations, a system with two-catalyst bed instead of one single catalyst bed is developed for FTS reactions. In the first catalytic reactor, the synthesis gas is partly converted to products in a conventional water-cooled fixed-bed reactor, while in the second reactor which is a membrane fixed-bed reactor, the FTS reactions are completed and heat of reaction is used to preheat the feed synthesis gas to the first reactor. In the co-current mode, feed gas is entered into the tubes of the second reactor in the same direction with the reacting gas stream in shell side while in the counter-current mode the gas streams are in the opposite direction. Simulation results for both co-current and counter-current modes have been compared in terms of temperature, gasoline and CO₂ yields, H₂ and CO conversion, selectivity of components as well as permeation rate of hydrogen through the membrane. The results showed that the reactor in the co-current configuration operates with lower conversion and lower permeation rate of hydrogen, but it has more favorable profile of temperature. The counter-current mode of operation decreases undesired products such as CO₂ and CH₄ and also produces more gasoline.     

Heavy metal content of bottom ashes from a fuel oil power plant and oil refinery in Cuba

Fly and bottom ashes from fuel oil power plants and oil refineries may contain hazardous trace elements, such as heavy metals, which have a negative impact on the environment with time due to potential leaching through acid rains and into groundwaters. This study provides levels of As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn of bottom ashes from a thermal power plant and an oil refinery placed in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Trace elements were measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with a SPECTOR X-LAB PRO 2000 system. High contents of Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn were found in the ashes, with values significantly higher than those reported in literature. According to Cuban regulations these ashes are classified as hazardous waste. For this reason we discuss some management alternatives.This study represents the first report of heavy metals in bottom ashes from power plants and oil refineries in Cuba.     

A采油厂安全文化建设研究

阐述了安全文化建设对采油厂的重要作用,分析A采油厂安全文化建设的现状和存在的问题,介绍安全文化体系的构成和建设步骤,提出安全文化建设的措施,促进体系的完善和各项制度的顺利落实,帮助企业实现安全生产目标     

植物油供需市场

概述了印度植物油市场状况,从大豆油、菜籽油和棕榈油市场供需方面深入地进行了分析。重点对棕榈油市场进行了剖析,并对其市场供需状况进行了分析和预测。     

树立和落实科学的发展观规范有序推进炼油和化工园区建设

以科学的发展现，从5个方面阐述了建设炼油和化工园区的重要意义，以翔实的数据重点讨论了我国炼化企业及化工园区建设方面存在的问题，对建设布局合理的炼油和化工园区提出了可行性建议。     

功能模块型磺化产品的制造技术/发展前景

分析了国内SO3磺化装置和产品的现状,认为传统磺化产品(磺酸、AS、AES和AOS)的利润空间将逐渐降低,生产的集约化程度将进一步提高.介绍了功能模块型磺化产品的组成设计、制造技术,并展望其市场前景.     

炼油污水物化-生化组合处理研究

采用物化-生化组合工艺处理炼油污水,作为循环冷却补给水进行回用,最佳处理参数为:①混凝单元:以PAC1为混凝剂,用量为70~100 mg/L,助凝剂用分子量500万PAM,用量2 mg/L;②过滤单元:无烟煤(粒径2~4 mm)和(0.5~1 mm)石英砂,填充高度为40 cm和60 cm;③活性炭单元:果壳活性炭,投加量为25 g/L水,吸附时间25 min;④臭氧氧化单元:pH=9,氧化时间120 min;⑤BAF生化单元:曝气量控制在0.1 m3/h,水停留时间为5.2 h,出水可达到要求。     

大庆油页岩及干馏产物的利用途径分析

大庆油页岩的舍油率大部分都在10%以上,具有很好的经济开发价值.对大庆油页岩及其干馏产物性质的实验研究表明,油页岩的机械强度较低,应选择粉末、颗粒干馏炉进行加工处理;页岩油主要由柴油馏分和重油馏分组成,分别可加工成成品油和直接用作燃料油;热解干馏气热值约为17MJ/m3,可以在除作自身干馏所需的热量燃料外,用作城市煤气或工业锅炉的燃料;半焦着火点低,热值约为23 MJ/kg,可作为清洁燃料用于发电或民用;页岩灰的主要组分是氧化钙争氧化硅,可用于生产建筑材料.     

氯代异氰尿酸类产品的生产技术及市场

介绍了氯代异氰尿酸类产品的生产技术以及国内该类产品主要生产企业的情况,分析了氯代异氰尿酸类产品的生产投资、成本、市场等。     

Refining of Roundup Ready® soya bean oil: Effect on the fatty acid,phytosterol and tocopherol profiles

In this study, genetically modified (GM) soya bean seeds with the event known as Roundup Ready® were used for the production of soya bean oil and their fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol composition was characterised. Since these compounds can be partially lost during refining, this study also aimed at evaluating the compositional changes along the GM soya bean oil extraction and refining processes carried out industrially. During the refining process of crude soya bean oil, neutralisation was responsible for the major losses on phytosterols (15%). The greatest reduction of tocopherols was also caused by the neutralisation step (20%), while the deodorisation step caused minor losses (9%). Along the refining process, the decreases of total phytosterols and total tocopherols were 20 and 30%, respectively, which are lower than the losses reported in other studies, reflecting the industrial improvements in preserving beneficial health compounds in the refined oil. The results showed that the refined GM soya bean oil presented higher contents of phytosterols (313 mg/100 g) and tocopherols (931 mg/kg) comparing to other reports.     

植物天然产物氧化与微生物制造

在植物天然产物合成过程中,氧化反应是其中的关键反应,氧化酶是催化氧化反应不可或缺的生物催化剂,也是利用微生物合成植物天然产物过程中不可或缺的关键酶。介绍了萜类、生物碱、黄酮等植物天然产物骨架的氧化修饰,按照辅基的差异对合成植物天然产物过程中的氧化酶进行分类介绍,阐释了不同辅基参与氧化反应的机理。此外,还介绍了植物天然产物氧化过程在微生物合成过程中的难点,以及提高氧化酶催化效率的方法。最后,对未来合成生物学中氧化酶在微生物合成植物天然产物领域的前景进行了展望。     

植物天然产物氧化与微生物制造

在植物天然产物合成过程中,氧化反应是其中的关键反应,氧化酶是催化氧化反应不可或缺的生物催化剂,也是利用微生物合成植物天然产物过程中不可或缺的关键酶。介绍了萜类、生物碱、黄酮等植物天然产物骨架的氧化修饰,按照辅基的差异对合成植物天然产物过程中的氧化酶进行分类介绍,阐释了不同辅基参与氧化反应的机理。此外,还介绍了植物天然产物氧化过程在微生物合成过程中的难点,以及提高氧化酶催化效率的方法。最后,对未来合成生物学中氧化酶在微生物合成植物天然产物领域的前景进行了展望。     

Effects of expeller-pressed/physically refined soybean oil on frying oil stability and flavor of french-fried potatoes

To determine effects of expeller pressing/physical refining of soybean oil (SBO) on frying, studies were conducted with expeller-pressed, physically refined, bleached, deodorized SBO (EPSBO); hexane-extracted, refined, bleached, deodorized SBO+TBHQ; and hydrogenated SBO (HSBO). Oils contained citric acid and dimethylpolysiloxane and were used for 35 h of frying french-fried potatoes. Polar compound levels in EPSBO were similar to SBO+TBHQ or HSBO. Flavor quality of potatoes was evaluated by trained, experienced, analytical sensory panelists. In early frying stages, potatoes fried in EPSBO had significantly lower intensities of fishiness than potatoes fried in SBO+TBHQ. Potatoes fried in HSBO were described as “hydrogenated”. Because of differences in flavor intensities and types, potatoes prepared in EPSBO had significantly better quality scores than those fried in SBO+TBHQ or HSBO during the first 15 h of frying. During later stages (25 and 35 h), potatoes fried in EPSBO had significantly better quality scores than potatoes fried in HSBO. Variations in minor oil constituents may partly explain these differences. EPSBO had less total tocopherols and phytosterols than did SBO at 0-time. During frying, TBHQ in SBO and Maillard reaction products in EPSBO probably inhibited tocopherol loss and therefore improved quality.     

Pyropheophytin a – Determination of thermal degradation products of chlorophyll a in virgin olive oil

The “Joint Committee for the Analysis of Fats, Oils, Fatty Products, Related Products and Raw Materials (GA Fett)” has developed the following method for the determination of Pyropheophytin a in virgin olive oils to detect a possible thermal treatment. It is intended to include this method in Section C, Chapter VI of the German Standard Methods.*     

泵在炼油厂运行中的故障及对策

讨论了泵在炼油厂油站使用中的问题及处理方法,泵在切换中的注意事项;热油泵预热线泄漏问题如何避免;泵在小流量运行时的问题及处理方法。对如何防止泵的出口管线泄漏,催化气压机级间凝缩油输送中容易发生的问题及解决方法进行了探讨。