新型双子乳化剂的合成及其在乳化炸药中的应用

本文首先采用失水山梨醇单油酸酯和马来酸酐为原料合成了失水山梨醇单油酸酯羧基衍生物,然后以失水山梨醇单油酸酯羧基衍生物与大豆磷脂为原料合成了大豆磷脂-失水山梨醇单油酸酯双子乳化剂(PC-SP).通过乳化力考察了PC-SP的动力学稳定性,结果表明PC-SP的动力学稳定性优于失水山梨醇单油酸酯.以PC-SP为乳化剂分别制备了...     

丙烯酰胺反相细乳液聚合

采用反相细乳液法,以白油为连续相,失水山梨醇单油酸酯/聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯为乳化剂,一种聚合物型乳化剂(聚异丁烯琥珀酸酯与山梨醇油酸酯的混合物)作为助稳定剂,通过正交实验确立了基本乳液体系,考察了微乳化工艺中转速变化、乳化剂体系组成、浓度及单体含量对聚合产物稳定性的影响,并研究了不同单体浓度和聚合时间等聚合工艺对微球粒径及分布的影响。结果表明,复合乳化剂含量为3.0%,转速为10 000 r/min下乳化20 min,在单体浓度55%,亲水疏水平衡值(HLB值)为5.5,采用氧化还原引发体系,聚合时间为6 h时,可以得到固含量35%以上、粒径数百纳米的长期稳定的亚微米级聚丙烯酰胺微球乳液。     

用均匀设计的方法进行阳离子型重油乳化剂的研究

采用均匀设计与调优软件进行了重油乳化剂配方实验方案的设计和实验结果的优化。通过两次优化设计的方法 ,较快地取得了最佳配方。实验结果表明 ,阳离子表面活性剂与阴离子表面活性剂复配容易生成不具有表面活性的物质 ,故不宜一同使用。阳离子表面活性剂与非离子表面活性剂复配制得的乳化剂性能较好。乳化剂最佳配方为氯化十八烷基二甲基苄基铵 70mg,聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯 7mg ,失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯 7mg ,乳酸乙酯 36mg(共占乳化油总质量的 0 12 % )。可使燕山石油化工公司产运动黏度ν10 0 =12 0mm2 /s的重油在油水质量比为 70∶30时形成的油包水型乳化重油在 80℃下稳定 3d(72h)以上 ,常温下稳定 1a以上。不同重油乳化稳定性的差别较大。     

乳化剂和助剂对乳化休系稳定性能影响的研究

阐述了乳化剂的作用原理、选择和使用方法及乳化助剂和乳化体系稳定性的影响,以及乳化体系稳定性的表述方法。选择硅油和白油为主的油相体系,以聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯和山梨醇酐单月桂酸酯为乳化剂,研究其在不同用量、不同配比以及添加助剂时对乳液稳定性能的影响,得到了乳化剂用量为3.2%、乳化剂比例为3∶1时乳液稳定性好的结论;且得到在"将助剂溶于水相,对含有乳化剂的油相进行乳化"的乳化方式中,添加助剂为2%时,乳液体系稳定性最好的结论。     

柴油的微乳化及其浮选应用效果研究

以正丁醇为助乳剂,选用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)、油酸进行两两复配得到三种复配乳化剂。在复配乳化剂的作用下将一定比例的柴油和水搅拌均匀制备出澄清、透明、均一的微乳化柴油,并进行浮选试验,试验证明,由油酸和Span80制得的复配乳化剂制成的微乳化柴油效果最佳,其复配乳化剂比例为:油酸58.14%、氨水17.44%、Span80 6.98%、正丁醇17.44%。复配乳化剂仅占微乳化柴油的5%左右,最高油水比可达1∶2.7,而且此方案浮选完善指标相比纯柴油最高可提升22%左右,在实际生产中有着极其显著的经济效益,且能减少环境污染。     

香精为油相液晶乳液的相行为

采用偏光显微镜观察及测定电导率的方法研究了由聚氧乙烯醚失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(APS)、失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(SE)、十八醇、油和水组成体系的相行为。结果表明,体系在乳化剂、助乳化剂和油相含量低时可形成水包油型球形层状液晶乳液LO1相,随着助乳化剂和油的含量增加,体系将形成球形层状LO1(2)与平面层状Lβ的混合相,然后转变成油包水型球形层状液晶乳液LO2。当m(APS)∶m(SE)=4∶1时,体系可形成稳定的水包油型及油包水型球形层状液晶乳液。     

丙烯酰胺反相乳液稳定性研究

以煤油为连续相介质,失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)为复合乳化剂,采用电动搅拌器制备了丙烯酰胺的反相乳液。以50℃和20℃下乳液静置稳定性为考察指标,分别研究了转速、乳化时间、油水体积比、乳化剂含量、复合乳化剂HLB值、单体浓度对乳液稳定性的影响。得到了最佳乳化条件:转速2000 rpm,乳化时间30 min,油水体积比1.2∶1,乳化剂含量6%,复合乳化剂的HLB值为6.0,单体浓度15%。     

助乳化剂对化妆品乳液稳定性和液晶性的影响

以硬脂酸蔗糖酯和失水山梨醇硬脂酸酯的复配物（SSE）为主乳化剂，十六／十八醇及甘油为助乳化剂制备含液晶乳液化妆品。通过观察乳液的温度稳定性和液晶性，用三元相图研究助乳化剂含量对此乳液体系液区的影响。实验条件下，用该乳化剂体系可获得较好的液晶化妆品乳液，总之，较高的助乳化剂量有利于乳液的温度稳定性和液晶性，但助乳化剂量较低时经合理配方也能获得稳定的液晶乳液，其中含3％高碳醇和5％甘油的乳液稳定性及液晶性均较好，5％高碳醇和3％甘油的助乳化剂体系不宜采用。     

DMDAAC-AM-MA反相微乳液聚合体系的制备与优化

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和顺丁烯二酸(MA)为乳化单体,正丁醇为助乳化剂,聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚-10(Triton X-10)、失水山梨醇油酸酯(Span 80)和聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐硬脂酸酯(Tween 60)为乳化剂,液体石蜡、异辛烷和环己烷为有机溶剂,进行体系增溶实验。采用电导法和染料法研究了单体总质量浓度、AM摩尔分数、阴阳离子单体配比、乳化剂质量分数、助乳化剂与复合乳化剂质量比等对微乳液体系最小乳化剂用量(Smin)和最大增溶水量的影响。结果表明,异辛烷与Span80/Tween60复合乳化剂组成的乳化体系增溶性较好;当单体总质量浓度为40%、n(AM)∶n(MA)∶n(DMDAAC)=6∶2∶2、亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)为11.30、w(复合乳化剂)=33%和m(助乳化剂)∶m(复合乳化剂)=1∶7时,所形成的反相微乳液增溶水量大、乳化剂用量少且稳定性强。     

采用气相色谱法测定失水山梨醇单脂肪酸酯

本文将失水山梨醇单脂肪酸酯水解为山梨醇酐和脂肪酸，将脂肪酸甲酯化后，采用气相色谱法测定各种脂肪酸的相对百分含量，由此计算失水山梨醇单脂肪酸酯的百分含量。测定方法简便易行，测定结果准确。     

Emulsification for castor biomass oil

The effect of the emulsifier formula on the stability of castor oil-water system was studied through compounding three groups of emulsifiers from the aspects of stability factor of absorbance, centrifuge stability, demulsification time in quiescence, appearance of the droplets, and viscosity. The best emulsifier formula for castor biomass oil was the composite formula of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate. Correlation exists between the stability of emulsion and the viscosity/particle size of the droplets, with better stability in the case of greater viscosity or narrower distribution of particle size in the emulsion of castor oil-water system. Methanol added to the castor oil-water system may decrease the viscosity of the emulsion. Comparing the castor oil-water emulsion with methanol-castor oil-water emulsion, the optimal hydrophilic and lipophilic balance (HLB) value based on castor oil-water system was acquired between 6.6 and 7.5, while the optimal HLB value based on the methanol-castor oil-water system was between 5.5 and 6.0. The optimal HLB value of methanol-castor oil-water system gradually moved to that of castor oil-water emulsion with adding more water.     

An experimental study of stability of oil–water emulsion

There has been much interest in alternative fuels made from coal which is much more abundant than oil. The coal–oil–water slurry is a new type of oil-based synfuel composed of finely pulverized coal, oil and water. It has lower viscosity, lower ignition point and higher heating value than coal–water slurry. The preparation of stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is critical for the success of production of stable coal–oil–water slurry. The present study was undertaken to experimentally investigate the effects of different process variables on emulsion stability. The emulsion was prepared using 100 ml colloid mill with sorbitan monooleate (SM) as emulsifier. The variables studied include emulsifier dosage, ratio of oil to water, stirring intensity, emulsifying temperature and mixing time. The results showed that the optimum process conditions are: emulsifier dosage, 0.5%; oil to water ratio, 1:1; stirring intensity, 2500 rpm; and mixing temperature, 30 °C.     

蓖麻油改性聚醚型水性聚氨酯乳液的性能

以聚醚、甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、一缩二乙二醇、蓖麻油为主要原料,二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)为亲水扩链剂,三乙胺为中和剂制备了稳定的阴离子水性聚氨酯乳液(WPU),研究了NCO/OH摩尔比、DMPA及蓖麻油的加入量对WPU的耐水性、稳定性和力学性能的影响,结果表明:改性后的乳液具有较好的稳定性,适量的蓖麻油可提高胶膜的拉伸强度及耐水性。当聚醚与蓖麻油质量比为7︰3、DMPA为5%、NCO与OH摩尔比为1.3时,WPU综合性能最好。     

A rapid method for evaluation of the oxidation stability of castor oil FAME: influence of antioxidant type and concentration

The oxidation stability of castor oil fatty methyl ester (FAME), doped with four different phenolic antioxidants, was evaluated using a rapid method of thermal and air-contact degradation. The methodology is based on the induction times observed when the samples are contacted with pure oxygen at elevated pressures and temperatures. The results indicate different performances of the antioxidants as well as synergisms between antioxidants and biodiesel. In general, the addition of antioxidants increased from 6-15 times the stability of castor oil FAME., with BHA (butylated hydroxyanisol) showing the best results for improving antioxidation in castor oil biodiesel.     

Making homogeneous and fine droplet O/W emulsions using nonionic surfactants

In many emulsion systems, creaming occurs during the first stage of emulsion breakdown. To reduce the rate of creaming, emulsions having small and uniform droplets are desirable. In this work, types and HLB of nonionic surfactants, emulsification methods, and combinations of oils and nonionic surfactants were investigated in order to make stable and homogeneous emulsions. Emulsification was attained by dissolving the surfactants in the oil phases. The addition speed and volume of water to the oil phases were important factors affecting the emulsion droplet size. The change of the solute state in the process of emulsification was observed stage by stage, and the mechanism of emulsification was elucidated. Homogeneous emulsions were formed in the HLB region, showing liquid crystalline and gel phases in the emulsifying process. The addition speed of water to the oil phase was very important in forming the liquid crystalline and gel phases. Polyoxyethylene(n)sorbitan monostearate could emulsify three kinds of oils (hydrocarbon, fatty acid ester and triglyceride). Polyoxyethylene(n)alkyl ether could emulsify hydrocarbon and fatty acid ester. Polyoxyethylene(n)-monostearate could emulsify only hydrocarbon. Surfactants with proper HLB which were soluble in the oil phase and in the presence of a very small amount of water formed a stable emulsion. The solubility state of oil and surfactant was the key to making a fine emulsion.     

聚异丁烯丁二酸失水山梨醇酯的合成及其性能

以聚异丁烯丁二酸酐、山梨醇为主要原料,经过醚化、酯化两步反应,合成了聚异丁烯丁二酸失水山梨醇酯,并用红外光谱对其进行结构表征。测定了产品的极限乳化性能与储存稳定性能,结果表明,山梨醇的失水度为1.0¹.2,聚异丁烯丁二酸酐与失水山梨醇物质的量为1.0∶1.21.2,聚异丁烯丁二酸酐与失水山梨醇物质的量为1.0∶1.2¹.0∶1.5,产品的乳化稳定性较好,产品的极限乳化性能与储存稳定性能均优于聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺(T152),产品的成本明显低于T152,具有很好的市场推广前景。     

Castor oil based interpenetrating polymer networks. II. Synthesis and properties of emulsion polymerized products

Polystyrene Latexes were synthesized using sodium ricinoleate (the ehief saponification product of castor oil) as the surfactant. Later sulfur, more sodium ricinoleate, and sometimes castor oil were added, and the emulsion heated to a temperature where the sulfur vulcanized the castor oil products, making a semi-interpenetrating polymer network. Stress-strain studies showed the presence of a well developed yield point and high elongation for some samples, indicating considerable toughening for slow rates of strain. Electron microscopy revealed a complex two-phased morphology. Usually polystyrene was the continuous phase. The rubbery phase domain size depended upon the amount of castor oil products added lzod impact strengths showed only modest improvements; probably because of the high glass transition temperature of the castor oil vulcanizate.     

Emulsifiers derived from linseed oil and their potential use in coatings

In the development of a stable linseed oil emulsion paint, a series of emulsifiers were prepared from linseed, oil and its fatty acids and alcohols: (a) linseed monoglycerides, (b) mono-and dilinseed fatty sorbitan esters and a mixed ester obtained by the transesterification of linseed oil with sorbitol, (c) polyoxyethylene ether adducts formed by reacting, ethylene oxide with these sorbitan esters, and (d) linseed polyoxyethylene ether made by ethoxylation of linseed alcohols. Another series of surfactants was prepared by esterifying a polyoxyethylene ether of sorbitol with various amounts of linseed fatty acids. Conditions of preparation and pertinent physical, and chemical properties of the emulsifiers are given. Some of these emulsifiers demonstrated filmforming properties. Combinations were formulated into linseed oil emulsion paints with and without zinc oxide. Paints containing zinc oxide have been relatively stable in viscosity for about 2 yr.     

一种测定乳状液稳定性的简便有效的新方法

An innovational test method was developed on the basis of redefinition of the emulsion stability. The stability was characterized by relative volume percentage of disperse phase demulsified thoroughly from the top part and the bottom part of an emulsion sample, each weighting the same amount, after being settled for a given time at constant temperature. Three series of emulsions were prepared and tested successfully, which were emulsions of paraffin oil and water stabilized with polyoxyethylene lauryl ether series (AEO3 and AEO9) at various HLBs,and emulsions of rapeseed oil and water stablized with sorbitan monoleate (Span80) and each of polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan carboxylic esters (Tween20, Tween40, Tween60, Tween80 and Tween85) at different HLBs. It proved that this method is especially workable while the boundaries are opaque in a wide range of HLBs and is capable of offering an accurate optimum HLB.