Defining coherence for landscape planning and management: a regional landscape strategy for North West England

The range of environmental activity in the North West of England is as diverse as its landscapes. These embrace some of the finest, but also some of the most degraded, landscapes in the UK; to date however, there has been no overall co‐ordination of initiatives aimed at their protection and rehabilitation. The emergence of regional planning guidance, a regional economic strategy and the agenda of sustainable development demands a more integrative, strategic approach to environmental action. This paper details the development of a regional landscape strategy which seeks to provide the connection between action at the regional and the neighbourhood levels through the co‐ordination, reinforcement and innovation of environmental activity. The regional landscape strategy provides a focus around which the interests of public, private and voluntary bodies can coalesce and a medium for the articulation of policy aspirations relating to the sustainable planning and management of landscapes.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving 'landscape' a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co-ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

Heading for a post-modern landscape — Portuguese trends in the reconciliation of environmental quality and landscape planning with economic development

The absence of ecological principles in traditional planning has theoretically been overcome by the adoption of the concept of sustainable development. However, this concept has been bypassed by the political mainstream. Policies designed to improve environmental quality appear to be largely ineffectual. Therefore, landscape planning integrating ecological and economic principles needs to be widely emphasized and practiced. The new landscape would then be the expression of a post-modern relationship of human beings with nature.In light of these ideas, an overview of Portuguese trends is presented, examining the reconciliation of environmental quality and landscape planning with economic development and exploring existing opportunities for the creation of post-modern landscapes. Through a case study in northern Portugal, one of the existing legal instruments for landscape planning is discussed.     

区域尺度下的传统村落景观安全格局构建 与保护策略研究——以云南腾冲为例

传统村落是乡村地区具有代表性的文化景观,构建 传统村落景观安全格局是生态文明建设背景下区域尺度传统村 落保护及可持续发展的重要途径。综合风景园林、城乡规划、 景观生态等学科理论和方法,以文化遗产安全、自然生态安 全和休闲游憩适宜为目标,运用GIS空间分析工具和最小累积 阻力模型,识别构成要素、建立网络体系,形成区域尺度下传 统村落景观安全的一种新研究范式,进而以腾冲市传统村落 集中连片区为例展开实证研究。结果表明：1)传统村落景观 安全格局包含节点、廊道、环境3个关键要素,并可划分为不 同的安全等级;2)通过节点识别、阻力面构建、廊道提取、 环境划分、优化与联系等步骤,建立由4级节点、2级廊道和 3级环境组成的腾冲传统村落景观安全格局;3)基于获得的景 观安全格局,提出对应“村落-廊道-区域”的分级、分区保护 策略。以期为中国传统村落集中连片保护提供参考,并为区域 性文化遗产及其相关自然和人工环境的保护提出解决方案。     

A question of what matters: landscape characterisation as a process of situated,problem-orientated public discourse

Abstract

Sustainable development is a principle with the potential to inspire and guide action, but it is also a nebulous idea which is hard to operationalise. The concept of landscape character helps to turn this principle into practical action. Landscape character can be defined as ‘the things that matter’ about a landscape. Landscape characterisation is the process of determining what matters by identifying and assessing the complex interactions and relationships between people and their environment. The central argument of this paper is that existing approaches to characterisation are failing to realise the full potential of the process for the pursuit of more just and sustainable landscapes. A transformed process of characterisation is needed: one which is situated, problem-orientated and rooted in public discourse. This approach is outlined in theoretical terms and its fuller potential is signposted through the particular example of Govan, an urban landscape in Scotland.     

创造独特的地域景观城市——厦门地域景观特色与展望

本文分析了创造富有地域特色的景观城市的几个重要要素 ,从城市规划、美学、环境生态学等方面思考了城市景观的保护、潜力发掘等有关问题及原则。并以厦门为例 ,指出具有浓郁地方特色的景观城市的创造不仅基于得天独厚的自然景观 ,更是基于地域人文景观的发掘与再现 ;要将无形的文脉蕴涵于有形的景观中 ,还要注入新的活力 ,使城市景观脉络得以延续     

面向可持续发展的景观规划体系建构

考察了景观规划面临的制度障碍,分析了景观规划在国家空间规划体系中的地位与职能,指出应该通过立法手段建立一种与城乡规划体系相平行并且能够相互制约与指导的景观规划新体系,以实现可持续发展的目标。     

谈城市滨河景观特色塑造策略和方法

通过对湖北江陵县内荆河滨河景观的改造设计,探讨了城市内河在城市的快速发展过程中的景观规划策略,突出滨河景观建设的科学性、系统性、生态性,把握城市规划目标控制要求,在可持续发展的建设模式下,强调城市河道滨水景观特色塑造,发挥其名片效应,提升城市滨河景观与城市人的互动关系。     

高校校园景观二次规划研究

以石河子大学北、中、南校区校园景观规划为例,本着绿色大学校园的实质与内涵,对石河子大学校园景观规划提出了节约型和可持续发展的建设方向,并对高校校园景观规划进行了探讨,以期营造一个良好的校园环境。     

长城文化景观研究的方法探索与框架构建

长城国家文化公园建设既是国家文化战略,也是区域发展战略。借助文化景观理论,可将人群、文化、历史、地理和环境等诸多与长城有密切关系却常被忽视的要素纳入到同一“区域”空间下进行整体考察,有助于长城遗产价值的系统阐释和区域的可持续发展。然而,目前关于文化景观的研究多偏向于应用研究,在方法论层面的研究和探讨仅有为数不多的国外学者。长城作为超大尺度的文化景观,具有突 出的“历史复杂性”,构建一个多维度的长城文化景观研究框架十分必要。通过梳理国外文化景观的研究方法、框架和模型,结合长城自身特点,提出以人类活动、文化传统、景观形态 3 个要素为核心,以时间与空间为轴,构建长城文化景观的研究框架。在北京长城文化景观的研究中,使用此研究框架有助于探寻其形成、发展和变迁的机制与驱动力,对于区域规划具有重要指导意义。     

Ecological and social evaluation of landscape in a rural area with terraced paddies in southwestern Japan

Since the 1960s, improving socio-economic conditions in rural Japan have led to the rise in man-made or man-shaped landscapes, which has in turn resulted in formerly abundant species becoming endangered. In order to conserve biodiversity in rural areas, former agricultural landscapes must be conserved. The problem is that ecologically appropriate landscapes are not always compatible with the needs of local residents or land owners. Prior to carrying out any particular conservation measures, regional landscape management must consider both ecological and social approaches and present acceptable approach-specific management goals in an open and transparent manner. This study, undertaken in the Ohaga district of southwestern Japan, a typical rural area with terraced paddy fields, sought to develop a framework for evaluating regional resources from a landscape ecology perspective. Monitoring the temporal change of landscape structures and vegetation revealed the presence of habitats, such as the pine forest and grasslands bordering the rice paddies, which harbour specific plant species or populations, some now endangered. From a social standpoint, questionnaires revealed that local inhabitants wanted landscape management options which would conserve the pine forest, paddy fields and levee grasslands. Local farmers thought that the landscape should be used and managed as a rural park, rather than for agricultural purposes. These desirable landscape element types can serve as targets for conservation, but ultimately a new system of agricultural management must be developed to sustain the rural landscape.     

Analysis of landscape performance assessment by key stakeholders in a transfrontier conservation area

Stakeholder engagement has become an important aspect of sustainable natural resources management. This study analysed a landscape performance assessment by local and ‘external’ stakeholders in a transfrontier conservation area in Southern Africa. The landscape was divided into three agro-ecological zones and focus group discussions were facilitated for stakeholders to evaluate the landscape based on four ecoagriculture dimensions (production, conservation, livelihoods and institutions). The conservation dimension showed the best performance and the overall score for the landscape was 2.97, implying a fairly good performance. Perceptions and ratings did not significantly differ by age, gender or stakeholder groups. We conclude that despite their low levels of formal education and training, communal farmers can assess the performance of local landscapes in a consistent way. This study provides information about the degree to which the landscape under focus conformed to the main ecoagriculture goals and can guide development planning and extension service provision.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving ‘landscape’ a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co‐ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

Historic Landscape Characterisation: A landscape archaeology for research, management and planning

This article outlines a relatively new form of landscape archaeology known in England as Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC). Whilst it seeks to present and analyse the 'historic character' of landscapes, HLC is also a forward-looking approach that uses its distinctively 'archaeological' perspective to inform planning for the future. The article argues that HLC is particularly well placed to facilitate communication between landscape scholars from different disciplines and other people concerned with landscapes.     

基于森林景观恢复策略的庄园遗产景观设计探寻——以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例

庄园遗产景观是指包含花园和农业用地的历史乡村庄园集群。在气候变化、工业发展和快速城市化的背景下,庄园遗产景观正面临水生态环境失衡、空间碎片化和文化特征消失等挑战,而这些挑战只能从区域规划尺度去应对。以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例,在考虑地方景观异同的同时,以景观自身特性为基底,结合未来发展趋势,进一步诠释了一种旨在提升庄园遗产景观韧性的多尺度景观设计方法。发现森林砍伐为地域空间变化的主要因素之一,它对水系统与生态多样性造成了负面影响。基于在区域尺度上对庄园遗产景观历史发展的分析,森林景观恢复(FLR)作为主要设计策略,旨在从不同尺度上对“退化的”景观进行生态功能修复并提升人类福祉。这种新的空间设计方法将在不同尺度上促进文化遗产景观发展。     

On the nature of virtuous change in cultural landscapes: Exploring sustainability through qualitative models

Cultural landscapes are internationally valued resources, yet face endemic threats. Often the 'drivers for change' result in a loss of valued qualities, and are associated with 'vicious circles' of landscape deterioration. The way in which landscape may represent an integrative framework for research and policy is noted. It is argued that a key objective of research and policy should be to promote 'virtuous circles' in which social capital and economic entrepreneurship valorize distinctive landscape characteristics, leading to a situation of mutual reinforcement between human activity and environmental capital. Particular attention is given to qualitative models of virtuosity in the landscape. Positive feedback loops in the landscape are illustrated by reference to current examples of integrated rural projects. The further development of formal models as a basis for reinstating virtuous circles is advocated as a basis for the future planning and understanding of cultural landscapes.     

On the nature of virtuous change in cultural landscapes: Exploring sustainability through qualitative models

Cultural landscapes are internationally valued resources, yet face endemic threats. Often the ‘drivers for change’ result in a loss of valued qualities, and are associated with ‘vicious circles’ of landscape deterioration. The way in which landscape may represent an integrative framework for research and policy is noted. It is argued that a key objective of research and policy should be to promote ‘virtuous circles’ in which social capital and economic entrepreneurship valorize distinctive landscape characteristics, leading to a situation of mutual reinforcement between human activity and environmental capital. Particular attention is given to qualitative models of virtuosity in the landscape. Positive feedback loops in the landscape are illustrated by reference to current examples of integrated rural projects. The further development of formal models as a basis for reinstating virtuous circles is advocated as a basis for the future planning and understanding of cultural landscapes.     

城市灯光景观体系构成

提出城市灯光景观规划中灯光景观体系的构成程序,在对灯光景观进行视觉分析的基础上,结合实例讨论了灯光景观体系组成要素和构成方法。     

La Huerta de Murcia: landscape guidelines for a peri-urban territory

Some of the results of the landscape planning study recently carried out for the Metropolitan Area of Murcia in south-eastern Spain, specifically for the areas of the Vega Media del Segura and the Huerta de Murcia, are presented. From the perspective of landscape as heritage, understood as a quality of the entire territory, methodological criteria are contributed for the analysis of landscapes for spatial planning purposes, as well as the result of trends, values and problems affecting the landscapes of peri-urban agriculture. Public participation is highlighted throughout, and proposals are made for the preservation and management of the landscape as a resource contributing to the sustainability of the metropolitan area.