硝酸氧化改性活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

采用一定浓度的浓硝酸氧对活性炭颗粒进行表面氧化处理,研究了改性对活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）性能。的影响。结果表明,改性使活性炭表面含氧官能团显著增加,对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附作用增强。考察了接触时间、pH,温度等条件对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨。     

Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with H2O2/HNO3 reagent system

Selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides is achieved by H₂O₂ using HNO₃ as the promotor. Aromatic and aliphatic sulfides are oxidized to sulfoxides in excellent yields and short reaction times. Different functional groups including C–C double bond, ester, ketone, acetal, alcohol, and oxime groups are tolerated under this reaction condition.     

Use of the axial dispersion model to describe the O3 and O3 /H2O2 advanced oxidation of alachlor in water

Experiments on alachlor degradation by ozonation alone and combined with hydrogen peroxide using different surface waters have been conducted in a reactor bubble column and a kinetic model of the advanced oxidation process has been proposed. Variables studied were the nature of the surface water (four surface waters were treated), pH (3.5–9.7) and hydrogen peroxide to ozone mass ratio at the column inlet (0.1–1.85 g g^?1). Data on residence time distribution, rate constants and the absorption kinetic regime were considered to prepare the kinetic model, which was also based on the axial dispersion model of non‐ideal flow. The model gives good predictions of alachlor and hydrogen peroxide conversions and the fraction of dissolved ozone (deviations were lower than ±15%) although it fails, in some cases, to yield accurate estimates of the observed experimental trends of concentrations in water at the reactor column outlet. The calculated results were close to those obtained from the more classical N well‐mixed tanks‐in‐series model (deviations with this model were lower than ±20%). It is concluded that quantitative deviations from experimental observations were likely due to the lack of rate data on ozone reactions with organic matter present in the surface waters investigated. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

TNT的O3/H2O2降解规律

利用自制装置,采用连续投加O3、H2O2的方式,研究了O。／H：O：对废水中TNT的降解规律。结果表明,与Oa作用相比,O3／H2O2工艺可显著提高TNT的降解率,还可避免中间产物的形成与积累;在试验研究条件下,H2O2：O3的最优摩尔比为1,最佳初始pH值在11左右,利用缓冲溶液可维持反应体系pH值的稳定,但不利于O3／H2O2功效的发挥,反应适合在常温下进行,尽量避开40℃左右;动力学特征分析表明,O／H2O2降解TNT偏离伪一级反应动力学规律。     

FeOOH/H2O2体系去除水中对氯硝基苯

引言国内外的研究表明,常规的混凝、沉淀、过滤等水处理工艺对大量有机污染物特别是溶解态有机物的去除率甚微,仅能达到20%～30%[1],随着水质标准的不断提高,寻找新型有效的深度处理技     

Decomposition of Carboxylic Acids in Water by O3, O3/H2O2, and O3/Catalyst

This paper studies the decomposition of formic, oxalic and maleic acids by O₃, O₃/catalyst, and O₃/H₂O₂. The catalytic effect of Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe²⁺ ions is investigated. The results showed that—Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺ have the highest catalytic activity for the decomposition of oxalic acid while the catalytic effect of the studied ions is insignificant on the rate of decomposition of formic acid. Maleic acid decomposes by ozone into formic acid and glyoxylic acid, which subsequently oxidizes to oxalic acid. Though the studied ions have no effect on the decomposition of maleic acid, they have a significant effect on the produced oxalic and glyoxylic acids. In the presence of Cu²⁺ ions glyoxylic acid is mainly transformed into formic acid and traces of oxalic acid. In such case, a complete decomposition of maleic acid and its degradation products is achieved within 45 min. The results also show that combining H₂O₂ with O₃ results in an increase in the rate of decomposition of oxalic acid. However, O₃/H₂O₂ system is less active than O₃/Co²⁺ or O₃/Mn²⁺.     

Liquid-vapor distribution of acids in HNO3-H2O and HNO3-H2O-HA systems in evaporators

Equilibrium data on the liquid-vapor distribution for HNO₃-H₂O, HNO₃-HF-H₂O, HNO₃-CH₃COOH-H₂O, and HNO₃-HCl-H₂O are given. Equations for the calculation of the acid distribution coefficients in the first three systems have been obtained and a mathematic model for nitric acid rectification containing the impurities has been derived, excluding the case of azeotropic rectification. The model could not be applied to the process based on ox-red reactions such as in the HCl-HNO₃ system. The HNO₃ liquid-vapor distribution during uninterrupted evaporation in the apparatus with bottom circulation is in equilibrium, while that in direct-flow evaporators with ascending and descending flows is characterized by a significantly higher distribution coefficient because of the linear evaporation effect.     

PHYSICAL ANALOGS AND PERFORMANCE OF A BOX MODEL FOR COMPOSITION AND GROWTH OF H2SO4/H2O AND HNO3/H2SO4/H2O AEROSOL IN THE STRATOSPHERE

A physical box model simulating the aerosol particle evolution along air mass trajectories is developed to provide a tool for interpreting the local observations of stratospheric aerosols (i.e., polar stratospheric clouds). The model calculates the composition and the size distributions of H₂SO₄/H₂O and HNO₃/H₂SO₄/H₂O liquid droplets. The parameterization of the physical processes affecting the dynamics of HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ solid hydrates and ice particle size distributions is also included, but not used. This work is restricted to some speculations about the liquid to solid transition, according to existing theories. The evolution of liquid particles is simulated taking into account nucleation, diffusive condensation/evaporation and coagulation. This paper reports the physical and numerical details of the model, which are discussed within the framework of the current understanding of the stratospheric aerosol physics. Performance and limitations of the model are discussed on the basis of the evolution of particle size, and composition along synthetic air mass thermal histories. Size distributions and size-dependent acid weight fractions of the liquid stratospheric aerosols consisting of HNO₃/H₂SO₄/H₂O are calculated in the cases of air mass thermal histories with different cooling rates and with rapid temperature fluctuations.     

硝酸-过氧化氢消解测定废水中的总铬

建立了HNO_3-H_2O_2消解测定废水中的总铬的方法。该方法在0.020~0.300 mg/L范围内线性良好,实际样品测定结果与标准方法一致,检出限为0.003 76 mg/L,加标回收率在92.0%~103%之间。与标准方法相比,该方法还具有操作简单,浓酸使用量少,精密度高、准确度高等特点。     

Sintering of Cr2O3 in H2/H2O Gas Mixtures

Sintering of Cr₂O₃ was performed at 1530°C under low pO₂ close to the Cr–Cr₂O₃ equilibrium generated by H₂/H₂O gas mixtures. Addition of 1 wt%ZrO₂ and 0·1 wt%MgO increases the density of Cr₂O₃ from 97% TD to nearly full density. Rapid densification and the higher density are attributed to the appearance of a transient CrO liquid phase as a result of the presence of ZrO₂ and MgO under the sintering conditions. A grain size reduction is also achieved owing to the presence of ZrO₂ particles and the possible formation of a MgCr₂O₄ spinel at grain boundaries. There is no connection between densification and loss of material due to evaporation. ©     

Bactericidal Effectiveness of O3, O3/H2O2 and O3/TiO2 on Clostridium perfringens

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the bactericidal capacity of different Advanced Oxidation Treatments (AOTs) based on ozone: ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide and ozone/titanium dioxide on a wild strain of Clostridium perfringens, a fecal bacterial indicator in drinking water. The dose of ozone consumed ranges from 0.6 mg L^?1 min^?1 to 5.13 mg L^?1 min^?1 depending on the process and on the sample. In the treatments combined with O₃, H₂O₂ dose utilized is 0.04 mM and TiO₂ dose, 1 g L^?1. In order to evaluate the influence of natural organic matter and suspension solids over the disinfection rate, treatments are performed with two types of water – natural water from Ebro River (Zaragoza, Spain) and NaCl solution 0.9%. To achieve 4 log units of inactivation, 3.6 mg O₃ L^?1 is necessary in O₃ treatment, 4.25 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/TiO₂ system and 2.7 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/H₂O₂ after processing the natural water. In NaCl solution, to get the same inactivation, 0.42 mg O₃ L^?1 is necessary in O₃ treatment, 1.15 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/TiO₂ system and 0.06 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/H₂O₂ process. Even though the three treatments studied have a high bactericidal activity due to the number of surviving bacteria decreases to non-detectable levels, O₃/H₂O₂ is the most effective system for eliminating C. perfringens cells in a lower contact time, followed by O₃ and finally O₃/TiO₂ system.     

Characterization and application of activated carbon produced by H3PO4 and water vapor activation

Activated carbons have been prepared from woody biomass birch by using various activation procedures: a) treatment with phosphoric acid and pyrolysis at 600 °C in inert atmosphere, b) the same as in (a) followed by steam activation at the same temperature and c) treatment with phosphoric acid and direct pyrolysis in a stream of water vapor at 700 °C. The surface area and the porosity of the activated carbons were strongly dependent on the treatment after impregnation with H₃PO₄ (pyrolysis in inert atmosphere, steam pyrolysis or combination of both).Activated carbon, prepared by impregnation with phosphoric acid followed by steam pyrolysis (steam activation) had highly developed porous structure and the largest surface area among all prepared carbons (iodine number 1280 mg/g and BET surface area 1360 m²/g). The adsorption capacity of this sample for Hg(II) from aqueous solution was studied in varying treatment conditions: contact time, metal ion concentration and pH. The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherms and the adsorption capacity for Hg(II) at 293 K was 160 mg/g.     

Fe/Al2O3陶瓷涂层在HNO3溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

采用喷涂和溶胶-凝胶相结合的方法制备了Fe／Al2O3陶瓷涂层。对其与45号钢在65％HNO3溶液中的腐蚀行为进行研究。应用金相显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析陶瓷涂层的界面和组成。结果表明，Fe／Al2O3陶瓷涂层材料结构致密，孔隙率少，涂层与基体结合良好，能够有效阻止腐蚀液向陶瓷涂层内部浸入，其耐腐蚀性能明显高于钢基体；涂层中α-／Al2O3，FeAlO3以及Fe3Al相的均匀分布，提高了陶瓷涂层材料的耐腐蚀性。     

Long-time ablation protection of carbon/carbon composites with different-La2O3-content modified ZrC coating

Long time oxidation protection at ultra-high temperatures or ablation protection has been a choke point for C/C composites. In this study, long time ablation protection of different-La₂O₃-content (5–30 vol.%) modified ZrC coating for SiC-coated carbon/carbon (C/C) composites was investigated. Results showed that ZrC coating with 15 vol.% La₂O₃ had good ablation resistance and could protect C/C composites for at least 700?s at 2160 °C. A high-thermal-stability and low-oxygen-diffusivity oxide scale containing m-ZrO₂ particles and molten phases with La_0.1Zr_0.9O_1.95 and La₂Zr₂O₇ was formed during ablation, offering the ablation protection. La could erode grain boundaries of ZrO₂ to refine ZrO₂ by short-circuit diffusion and m-ZrO₂ particles were retained due to less bulk diffusion than grain-boundary diffusion of La into ZrO₂. The erosion resulted in the formation of molten phases containing fine nano-ZrO₂, which served as viscous binder among m-ZrO₂ particles and crack sealer for the oxide scale.     

High temperature oxidation resistance of Y2O3 modified ZrB2-SiC coating for carbon/carbon composites

To protect carbon/carbon (C/C) composites from oxidation at high temperature, Y₂O₃ modified ZrB₂-SiC coating was fabricated on C/C composites by atmospheric plasma spraying. The microstructure and chemical composition of the coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XRD. Experiment results showed that the coating with 10 wt% Y₂O₃ presented a relatively compact surface without evident holes and cracks. No peeling off occurred on the interface between the coating and substrate. The ZSY10 coating underwent oxidation at 1450 °C for 10 h with a mass loss of 5.77%, while that of ZS coating was as high as 16.79%. The existence of Y₂O₃ played an important role in inhibiting the phase transition of ZrO₂, thus avoiding the cracks caused by the volume expansion of the coating. Meanwhile, Y₂SiO₅ and ZrSiO₄ had a similar coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which could relieve the thermal stress inside the coating. The ceramic phases Y₂SiO₅, Y₂Si₂O₇ and ZrSiO₄ with high thermal stability and low oxygen permeability reduced the volatilization of SiO₂.     

改性炭对H2S吸附性能的研究

以工业4#活性炭为载体,制备磺化酞菁钴(CoPcS)改性活性炭,对比研究了NaOH、Cu(AC)2、CoPcS改性活性炭在相同条件下净化H2S的吸附性能为:CoPcS>Cu(AC)2>NaOH;考察了反应条件对净化电石炉尾气中的H2S气体的影响;并对空白活性炭、改性活性炭吸附前后作SEM表征分析。结果表明,反应温度60℃、氧含量1.5%为改性活性炭的最佳反应条件。结合SEM表征分析表明:改性活性炭孔结构的变化和表面活性物质的生成使其对H2S的吸附净化效果增强。     

Enhanced Bactericidal Effect of O3/H2O2 Followed by Cl2

With the appearance of chlorine resistant microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in drinking water, significant attention has been drawn to the sequential application of multiple disinfectants including ozone, chlorine dioxide, and UV as a primary disinfectant. However, few studies have reported about the inactivation behavior of ozone-based AOP (advanced oxidation process) or its sequential application combined with other disinfectants. This is especially important since ozone itself experiences difficulty in the inactivation of these pathogens, especially at low temperatures: This study investigates the enhanced inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores by the presence of an OH radical in the O₃/H₂O₂ system and the synergistically enhanced inactivation in the application of the O₃/H₂O₂ system followed by Cl₂. The results suggest that the O₃/H₂O₂ process can be considered as one of the viable alternatives when O₃ alone does not satisfy the disinfection requirement.     

Investigation of the Phase Equilibria of CO2/CH3OH/H2O and CO2/CH3OH/H2O/H2 Mixtures

The storage of excess electricity from renewable energy sources is nowadays a crucial topic. One promising technology is the methanol (CH₃OH) synthesis from H₂/CO₂ mixtures. The achievable one‐pass conversion is limited within this exothermic equilibrium reaction. A possibility to overcome this limitation would be withdrawing CH₃OH and H₂O from the gas phase through in situ condensation under reaction conditions. In this work, the phase equilibrium for mixtures representative for different degrees of conversion was studied. A view cell was employed to determine systematically the single‐ and two‐phase regimes and obtain phase envelopes for mixtures of H₂, CO₂, CH₃OH, and H₂O from 66 to 305 °C and 61 to 233 bar. Furthermore, the densities in the single‐phase area were determined and quantified by an empirical model.     

N_2O_5/HNO_3/有机溶剂混合体系硝解DPT制备HMX

为了提高以N_2O_5为硝化剂的硝化体系硝解3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂双环[3,3,1]壬烷(DPT)制备HMX的收率,考察了在N_2O_5/HNO_3/有机溶剂混合体系中,乙酸酐、乙腈、硝基甲烷、二氯甲烷4种有机溶剂与HNO_3在不同体积比下对DPT的硝解,测定了体系的H+浓度和N_2O_5的电导率,并分析了其对HMX收率的影响。结果表明,与4种N_2O_5/有机溶剂体系相比,N_2O_5/HNO_3/有机溶剂混合体系中产品收率明显提高;体系的酸度和硝化能力是影响HMX收率的两个重要因素,低酸度且硝化能力介于乙酰硝酸酯和NO2+之间时,有利于HMX生成;N_2O_5/HNO_3/乙酸酐混合体系为最适宜的硝解体系,当HNO_3与乙酸酐的体积比为3∶2时制备的HMX收率最高,为87.9%。