石墨悬浮液的热导率与黏度分析

通过实验测量,对石墨悬浮液进行热导率和黏度系数的研究。采用不同的超声时间,从而获得不同大小颗粒的石墨悬浮液。在不同的超声时间下得到了石墨悬浮液的热导率随体积分数的变化规律,并对其热流逾渗现象进行了分析。同时,对于室温下的石墨悬浮液进行了黏度系数的测量,可以得到石墨悬浮液的逾渗点的导热性质和黏度性质的对比,从而得到了两者是截然相反的结论。     

Effect of sample sizes on peak shapes in preparative liquid chromatography

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and monomers of thymine were separated on a C₁₈ reversed-phase high performance liquid Chromatographic column. Using the two mathematical models, the effect of the sample sizes on peak shapes in preparative liquid chromatography was investigated. One of them is the linear kinetic model, and the other is based on the nonlinear adsorption isotherm. In case of small injections of sample, the good agreements between the calculated value by the linear kinetic model and experimental data were achieved. However, when sample size is increased, this model lacks in the prediction of large concentration profile of sample. However, the nonlinear model permits the accurate prediction of the location of the component ▪ band and the determination of the appropriate time to start and stop collection of the enriched fraction at the higher concentrations of monomer and the lower that of dimer. Therefore, extremely small amounts of dimer can be extracted from monomer solutions.     

Changes in thermal conductivity and thermal shock resistance of YSZ-SiO2 suspension plasma spray coatings according to various raw material particle sizes

Recently, a technique for improving the thermal efficiency of automotive engines has received considerable attention, namely the application of thermal insulation coatings to automotive engine components to reduce heat loss. This study presents thermal shock resistance and related microstructural changes and thermal properties of 8 wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ)/SiO₂ multi-compositional thermal insulation coatings with suspensions of various particle sizes, when subjected to suspension plasma spray. After 10,000 cycles of thermal shock testing of the coatings, it was found that different degradation behavior related to the different microstructure of the coatings was influenced by the particle sizes of the suspension. The thermal conductivity of the coatings was significantly reduced by increasing the distribution of the unmelted particles within the coating.     

影响二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料热导率的因素

采用溶胶凝胶法及雾化技术制备了二氧化硅气凝胶微球,同时制备了二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料。利用扫描电镜（SEM）对涂料的微结构进行观测,采用激光粒度检测仪对二氧化硅气凝胶微球的尺寸进行检测,采用Hot Disk热导率仪测量了二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料的热导率。结果显示：根据SEM 图像,气凝胶微球在涂料中形成明显团聚,且在气凝胶体积分数较高时,涂料中气孔增多。此外,小粒径气凝胶微球更容易形成团聚。由于气凝胶微球热阻极大,气凝胶隔热涂料的热导率随气凝胶微球含量的增加而下降。气凝胶微球的团聚相比均匀分散不利于热导率的降低,而孔隙的增多则有利于涂料热导率下降,因为空气的热阻高。小粒径微球的界面热阻比大粒径微球更大,导致小粒径微球制备的隔热涂料热导率低,混合粒径使气凝胶微球堆积密度增大,有利于降低涂料的热导率。     

Heat transfer in nanoparticle suspensions: Modeling the thermal conductivity of nanofluids

This work reviews experimental data and models for the thermal conductivity of nanoparticle suspensions and examines the effect of the properties of the two phases on the effective thermal conductivity of the heterogeneous system. A model is presented for the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids that takes into account the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivities of the individual phases, as well as the size dependence of the thermal conductivity of the dispersed phase. We demonstrate that this model can be used to calculate the thermal conductivity of nanofluids over a wide range of particle sizes, particle volume fractions, and temperatures. The model can also be used to validate experimental thermal conductivity data for nanofluids containing semiconductor or insulator particles and confirm the size dependence of the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Dispersion and thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube composites

A mechanical method was used to shorten carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for improving dispersion without reducing their thermal conductivity. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were mechanically cut to produce short and open-ended fullerene pipes. These shortened SWCNTs were then used in polymer composites. Both atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterizations suggested that nanotube shortening significantly improved CNT dispersion. Thermal conductivity of composites containing short CNTs were found to be much better than those containing pristine CNTs.     

二氧化碳水合物导热和热扩散特性

热导率和热扩散率是天然气水合物资源开采关键性基础热物性数据,采用反应釜内壁衬有氟塑料材料,低过冷度,让水合物在反应釜内逐层生成的合成方法,获得可直接用于导热测试的二氧化碳水合物样品。采用瞬变平面热源法原位测试了温度264.68～282.04 K、压力1.5～3 MPa二氧化碳水合物热导率、热扩散率,并测试了二氧化碳水合物在268.05 K、0.6 MPa左右发生自保护效应过程中热导率、热扩散率,获得了晶态下和自保护效应过程中的二氧化碳水合物热导率、热扩散率变化特性。测试结果将为天然气水合物资源的开发利用提供基础数据和理论依据。     

Polyaniline prepared in the presence of various acids: a conductivity study

Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by the oxidation of aniline in the presence of various inorganic and organic acids at 20 °C and ?50 °C. When strong acids were used, the conductivity of the protonated PANI was typically 1–10 S cm^?1. The results indicate that the protonation of PANI in media containing carboxylic acids was achieved with the help of sulfuric acid produced during the reaction with ammonium peroxydisulfate. The conductivity of PANI prepared under such conditions was reduced. Partial benzene‐ring sulfonation has been proposed to explain the wide range in conductivity of PANI bases, 10^?11–10^?7 S cm^?1. The densities of the samples reflect the nature of the acid used. The densities of the corresponding PANI bases exhibit much less variation. Molecular weight and degree of crystallinity of PANI are higher when the polymerization is carried out at ?50 °C. The conductivity of the PANI is determined mainly by way of protonation. The effects of molecular weight and of crystallinity on PANI conductivity are marginal. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

用激光导热仪测定炭黑填充橡胶的导热系数

用激光导热仪测定了5种填充不同量炭黑N 220的胶料在30～140℃时的导热系数,分析了导热系数随温度和炭黑填充量变化的关系,发现胶料的导热系数均随着温度的升高呈线性增大趋势,随炭黑填充量的增加也逐渐增大.将导热系数与温度和炭黑填充量进行了关联,得到了线性回归方程式,进而确立了适合于计算不同温度和不同炭黑N 220填充量胶料导热系数的关联方程A=0.133 77 2.008 74×10-4t 0.001 64 X.将用该方程计算的结果与实验值进行比较,60个数据点的平均相对误差仪为0.93%.     

Thermophysical properties of carbon/carbon composites and physical mechanism of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity

Five different carbon/carbon composites (C/C) have been prepared and their thermophysical properties studied. These were three needled carbon felts impregnated with pyrocarbons (PyC) of different microstructures, chopped fibers/resin carbon + PyC, and carbon cloth/PyC. The results show that the X-Y direction thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) is negative in the range 0-100 °C with values ranging from −0.29 to −0.85 × 10⁻⁶/K. In the range 0-900 °C, their CTE is also very low, and the CTE vs. T curves have almost the same slope. In the same temperature range composites prepared using chopped fibers show the smallest CTE values and those using the felts show the highest. The microstructure of the PyC has no obvious effect on the CTE for composites with the same preform architecture. Their expansion is mainly caused by atomic vibration, pore shrinkage and volatilization of water. However, the PyC structure has a large effect on thermal conductivity (TC) with rough laminar PyC giving the highest value and isotropic PyC giving the lowest. All five composites have a high TC, and values in the X-Y direction (25.6-174 W/m K) are much larger than in the Z direction (3.5-50 W/m K). Heat transmission in these composites is by phonon interaction and is related to the preform and PyC structures.     

有机物混合液导热系数的预测

文章根据液体物质的导热系数与密度的关系,导出了估算有机物混合液导热系数的计算模型。利用该模型计算了53个体系369个数据点的二元有机物混合液导热系数,计算值与实验值的总平均相对偏差为1.434%,计算值与实验数据吻合较好,计算准确性优于文献方法;文章方法简单方便,只需要混合液各组分的临界温度、临界体积和导热系数数据,就可以直接预测各种温度和组成的有机物混合液的导热系数。     

Ultrasonication effects on thermal and rheological properties of carbon nanotube suspensions

The preparation of nanofluids is very important to their thermophysical properties. Nanofluids with the same nanoparticles and base fluids can behave differently due to different nanofluid preparation methods. The agglomerate sizes in nanofluids can significantly impact the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids and lead to a different heat transfer performance. Ultrasonication is a common way to break up agglomerates and promote dispersion of nanoparticles into base fluids. However, research reports of sonication effects on nanofluid properties are limited in the open literature. In this work, sonication effects on thermal conductivity and viscosity of carbon nanotubes (0.5 wt%) in an ethylene glycol-based nanofluid are investigated. The corresponding effects on the agglomerate sizes and the carbon nanotube lengths are observed. It is found that with an increased sonication time/energy, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids increases nonlinearly, with the maximum enhancement of 23% at sonication time of 1,355 min. However, the viscosity of nanofluids increases to the maximum at sonication time of 40 min, then decreases, finally approaching the viscosity of the pure base fluid at a sonication time of 1,355 min. It is also observed that the sonication process not only reduces the agglomerate sizes but also decreases the length of carbon nanotubes. Over the current experimental range, the reduction in agglomerate size is more significant than the reduction of the carbon nanotube length. Hence, the maximum thermal conductivity enhancement and minimum viscosity increase are obtained using a lengthy sonication, which may have implications on application.     

加压下液体物质导热系数的关联和预测

在采用查表法估算加压下液体导热系数的Missenard法的基础上,利用液体物质导热系数的文献数据,导出了估算加压下液体导热系数的计算模型.利用该模型计算了加压下18种液体物质313个数据点的导热系数数据,计算值与实验值的总平均相对偏差为3.08％,计算值与实验数据吻合很好,计算准确性优于文献方法;文中方法简单方便,只需...     

含油气盆地中热传导与岩石热导率研究

含油气盆地中热传导是最主要的热量传递方式,在大地热流一定的情况下制约热传导的主要因素是热导率的大小。前人对岩石热导率与温度、压力、岩石孔隙度的关系以及岩石热导率的各向异性进行了研究。本文对前人的研究成果进行了综合分析,认为下一步应该加强沉积岩平行层面方向和垂直层面方向热导率差异的研究及热导率与岩石输导性能关系的研究。     

Estimating effective thermal conductivity in carbon paper diffusion media

Heat management is crucial to polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell commercialization. Numerical modeling is often used to simulate heat transfer in the various components of the cell and specifically the gas diffusion layer (GDL). Due to the porous nature of the gas diffusion layer and its complexity of anisotropy, the effect of the structure on the thermal conductivity is usually taken into account by introducing an effective thermal conductivity. In this study, the effective thermal conductivity of carbon paper diffusion media was estimated numerically. Carbon paper is often used as the GDL in PEM fuel cells due to its ability to efficiently transport electrons, heat and gaseous species. Using the GeoDict code, a realistic three-dimensional pore morphology of carbon paper was used as the modeling domain and the governing mathematical equations were solved using the commercial software package Fluent (6.3.26) and the ThermoDict solver. The geometrical effects on the effective thermal conductivity were investigated for different geometries. It was found that the effective thermal conductivity is highly sensitive to the geometry of the porous material under investigation. The effective thermal conductivity is much larger in the in-plane direction when compared with the value in the through-plane direction. Further, the change of the effective thermal conductivity due to porosity and compression was studied. Finally, correlations for the through-plane and in-plane effective thermal conductivity were developed.     

Transcrystallization of maleated polypropylene in the presence of various carbon fibers

Summary In this paper, the influence of the fiber surface sizing on development of transcrystallization, TCR, as well as the fiber-matrix interactions were analysed. Sized (CT) and unsized (CU) high-strength carbon fibers and maleated polypropylene, mPP, were used in model systems. Transcrystallization was followed by polarizing optical microscopy, in isothermal regime (Tc=124–130 °C). Besides the radius, distribution of the thickness and growth rate of the transcrystalline layer and the surface energetic parameters have been also determined. Lower value for was obtained for the system with surface treated C fibers ( ^CT =1,145x10 ^-7 J/cm ² ) which also contribute for their higher nucleation activity. Using FTIR microscopy and model reaction, an attempt was made to analyse the chemical interactions at fibedmatrix interface.     

Investigation of the dispersion of carbon black agglomerates of various sizes in simple-shear flows

The dispersion of spherical carbon black agglomerates suspended in polydimethyl siloxane liquid and subjected to simple shear flows has been studied in a cone-and-plate shearing device. Sets of dispersion experiments were carried out for agglomerates of various size and packing density. For agglomerates of equal density and under conditions of equivalent cone rotation rates, the dispersion rates of small agglomerates were smaller than those observed for larger agglomerates. Since the agglomerates occupy a significant fraction of the flow domain, the magnitude and distribution of shear stress acting on the agglomerate at a fixed cone rotation rate depends on the ratio of agglomerate size relative to the size of the gap between the cone and plate. To investigate whether this effect could cause the observed variation in dispersion behavior, we performed three-dimensional simulations of the flow fields within the cone-and-plate device and calculated the resulting stress fields acting on spherical agglomerates. These results helped guide additional experiments in which the peak stress acting on agglomerates of various sizes was matched. However, even under matched stress conditions, the dispersion kinetics was found to vary according to the agglomerate size. In addition, the dispersion kinetics for identical sized agglomerates was found to depend on their processing history. Both of these results lead to the conclusion that some other effect, likely the infiltration of the processing fluid within the agglomerate structure, also influences the dispersion behavior.