Phase Equilibria and Distribution Coefficients of δ-Lactones in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

A static method was used to measure the solubilities and distribution coefficients of δ-lactones (pure), inherent (natural levels) δ-lactones of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and fortified (added) δ-lactones in AMF in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at 40°C with pressures of 5–30 MPa. At 40°C distribution coefficients of δ-lactones increased with pressure and exhibited molecular weight-dependency. Using experimental data, a mathematical model based on thermodynamic equilibria and material balance was developed and used to predict the distribution of inherent δ-lactones of AMF in a continuous SC-CO₂ extraction system. At 24.1 MPa/40°C column conditions, AMF was separated into a raffinate and 5 fractions. Predicted δ-lactones distribution coefficients in the raffinate and extract were in good agreement with experimental data.     

Continuous Supercritical Fluid Processing of Anhydrous Milk Fat in a Packed Column

A continuous supercritical carbon dioxide processing system was designed, built and operated to investigate its performance for fractionation of anhydrous milk fat (AMF). Packed columns showed mass transfer efficiencies five times greater than a spray column, Short- and medium-chain fatty acids were concentrated in the extract fractions and their amounts decreased as separation pressure increased. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the raffinate fraction was 0.68 compared to 0.52 in the original AMF. The proportions of low-melting triglycerides in the range —42 to 15°C were greater in the extract fractions (44–72%) compared to the original AMF (29%).     

Fatty Acid Content of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracted Fractions of Beef Fat

Utilization of beef fat might be improved via production of fractions with specific functional properties. Beef fat was fractionated using supercritical carbon dioxide at 40°C and pressures from 10.3–27.6 MPa. Extractions followed by one or two stage separation were collected into glass vials at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Resultant extracts were analyzed for fatty acid content by gas chromatography (GC). A significant difference in concentration due to extraction pressure for 16 straight chain fatty acids, 6 branched chain fatty acids, and 7 unknowns was found. Total fatty acids (mg/g extract) increased as pressure increased. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with increasing pressure and solvent density as shown by the saturate/ unsaturate, saturate/monounsaturate, and saturate/polyunsaturate ratios.     

Optimization of extraction process for phenolic acids from black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) by pressurized liquid extraction

An investigation to optimize the extraction of phenolic acids from black cohosh using a pressurized liquid extractor system was studied with the aim of developing a generalized approach for sample preparation of phenolic compounds from plant matrices. Operating parameters such as solvent composition, solid‐to‐solvent ratio, temperature, particle size distribution, and number of extraction cycles were identified as main variables that influence extraction efficiency. A mixture of methanol and water (60:40 v/v) was found to be the best solvent for total phenolics (TP) and individual phenolic acids. The four phenolic acids extracted from black cohosh were identified by HPLC and LC‐MS as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid and isoferulic acid. Over 96% of the measured phenolics were extracted in first two cycles. The extraction efficiency for black cohosh with MeOH:H₂O (60:40 v/v) was found to be maximum at a solid‐to‐solvent ratio of 80 mg ml^?1. TP content of the extract was found to increase with temperature up to 90 °C. Particle size was found to have a large impact on extraction efficiency of TP. Samples with particle size between 0.25 mm and 0.425 mm provided optimum extraction of phenolics from black cohosh. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rapid screening of antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide at different extraction conditions.

Sage herb (Salvia officinalis L.) was extracted at supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions with carbon dioxide at different parameters and the extracts tested on their antioxidant activity (AA). SFE of sage herb at 35 MPa pressure was found to be an effective method to obtain pure extracts. The yields of the extracts were substantially increased by using 1% of entrainer solvent ethanol. The fractionation of sage extract was a complex procedure in terms of extract distribution between separators operating at various pressure and temperature conditions. It was also proved by testing the AA of the extracts in rapeseed oil. The effect of the extracts on the rapeseed oil weight gain varied in a wide range (from 'very low' to 'high') depending on the fractionation conditions. Preliminary results showed that to obtain more effective antioxidant fractions separation steps should be started at 10 MPa lower pressure than that used for the extraction.     

南极磷虾粗虾油提取工艺优化

研究南极磷虾粗虾油的有机溶剂提取工艺。探讨不同提取剂、提取剂混合比、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对南极磷虾粗虾油得率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面分析确定最佳的提取工艺条件为:以正己烷+乙酸乙酯为提取剂,提取剂混合比71.3:28.7、料液比1:6.6,在57.8℃提取50min;此时粗虾油得率为14.76%。     

Rapid screening of antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide at different extraction conditions

Sage herb (Salvia officinalis L.) was extracted at supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions with carbon dioxide at different parameters and the extracts tested on their antioxidant activity (AA). SFE of sage herb at 35 MPa pressure was found to be an effective method to obtain pure extracts. The yields of the extracts were substantially increased by using 1% of entrainer solvent ethanol. The fractionation of sage extract was a complex procedure in terms of extract distribution between separators operating at various pressure and temperature conditions. It was also proved by testing the AA of the extracts in rapeseed oil. The effect of the extracts on the rapeseed oil weight gain varied in a wide range (from ‘very low’ to ‘high’) depending on the fractionation conditions. Preliminary results showed that to obtain more effective antioxidant fractions separation steps should be started at 10 MPa lower pressure than that used for the extraction.     

紫薯色素两种提取方法的比对研究

以紫薯为原料,采用微波和超声波对紫薯色素提取方法进行对比研究,正交法探讨两种方法的最佳提取条件和参数。结果表明：微波提取最佳条件为溶剂50%酸化乙醇、料液比1:10(g/mL)、辐射时间12min、温度75℃;超声波提取最佳条件为溶剂60%酸化乙醇、料液比1:30(g/mL)、超声时间30min、超声温度60℃;在两种方法的最佳条件下清除羟自由基,微波清除效率高。综合比较,微波方法更优。     

香荚兰浸膏精制工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

采用有机溶剂萃取法对香荚兰浸膏进行精制,通过电子鼻、感官评定确定最佳溶剂,以主要化合物含量为指标优化溶剂比例及萃取次数,利用气相色谱-质谱法检测浸膏精制前后挥发性成分相对含量。结果表明：最佳溶剂为乙酸乙酯-正丁醇、溶剂体积比3∶7、萃取3次时香草醛相对含量最高为9.48%,香荚兰浸膏精制效果较好;浸膏精制后,芳香族类化合物相对含量由35.58%增加至51.00%,烷烃类化合物相对含量由4.42%减少至0.78%。该研究结果可为香荚兰浸膏综合利用及产品研发提供理论参考及技术支持。     

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Xanthones from Mangosteen Pericarp by Response Surface Methodology

Mangosteen fruit pericarp is one of the important sources of bioactive compound xanthone. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction was employed to extract xanthones from mangosteen fruit pericarp at three different levels of pressure (200–300 bar), temperature (40–60 °C) and solvent to material ratio (100–300 kg/kg). The optimal conditions for the total xanthone yield and the influence of parameters were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design. In our study, the increase in total xanthone yield in SC-CO₂ fluid extraction depends more on the solute’s vapor effect. From response surface plots, pressure, temperature and solvent to material ratio exhibited independent and interactive effects on the extraction of xanthones. A regression equation for predicting the total xanthone yield was derived by statistical analysis, and a model with predictive ability of 0.99 was obtained. Maximum xanthone yield of 8.01% was predicted by RSM at 60 °C, 300 bar and a solvent to material ratio of 300 kg/kg while experimentally a yield of 7.56% was achieved. HPLC analysis was carried out for the optimum conditions for the identification and quantification of the xanthones. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the results showed that the extracts were enriched with antioxidant compound.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and α‐tocopherol from almond seeds

The objective of this study was to extract oil and tocopherols from almond seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide and to compare this extraction with a traditional solvent method. Oil and tocopherol extraction rates were determined as functions of the pressure (350–550 bar), temperature (35–50 °C) and CO₂ flow rate (10–30 kg h⁻¹), using a 10‐l vessel. The effects of matrix particle size on extraction yield were also studied and it was demonstrated that extraction yield is greatly influenced by particle size. Maximum recovery was obtained in the first 2–3 h of extraction at a pressure of 420 bar, a temperature of 50 °C and a flow rate of 30 kg h⁻¹ CO₂. These results suggest that the elevated initial oil and tochopherol solubility is related to the increased proportion of fatty acids in the initial extract. The results were compared with those obtained when hexane/methanol was used as a solvent. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

超临界CO2提取葛缕子精油及其成分分析

目的:优化葛缕子精油的提取工艺并对其成分进行分析。方法:以葛缕子籽粒为原料,采用超临界CO₂技术提取葛缕子精油,并通过气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)对精油挥发性成分进行分析。结果:超临界CO₂提取葛缕子精油的最佳工艺条件为提取釜温度50℃,分离釜温度40℃,提取釜压力30 MPa,分离釜压力0.4 MPa,二氧化碳流速20 g/min,提取时间90 min,此条件下精油得率为4.79%。与同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)法相比,超临界CO₂流体能快速扩散到样品颗粒内部并充分溶解其中的精油成分,具有提取时间短、得率高、无溶剂残留的优点。超临界CO₂法制备的葛缕子精油中,主要成分为D-柠檬烯(50.96%)和香芹酮(46.65%),挥发性成分种类及含量均高于同时蒸馏萃取法的。结论:超临界CO₂法比同时蒸馏萃取法更适合葛缕子精油的提取。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from potato chips: Two scale comparison and mathematical modeling

Oil was extracted from fried chipped potatoes using supercritical carbon dioxide. The goals of the study were to determine the effect of process parameters on the extraction, explore the scalability of the process, and determine useful kinetic parameters. Extraction conditions range 27.6–41.4 MPa (4000–6000 PSI), 35–80 °C and solvent flow rate of 0.5–5.0 g CO₂/min. Up to 100% of the oil was recovered from the potato chips at the highest pressure and temperature conditions. Two process conditions were chosen for comparison of performance with a larger scale (1:5) system, maintaining the same CO₂ flow rate to feed mass ratio. Good agreement between scales was seen at the higher pressure and temperature settings. Kinetic parameters, calculated using a literature model, indicated that, as expected, the extraction is limited by internal diffusion.     

Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Concentration of Lobster Extract

A membrane concentration system consisting of tubular polysulphone ultrafiltration (UF) and polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) was evaluated for concentrating key water soluble flavor compounds from lobster extracts. Major flavor-giving compounds in the extract were glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP), succninic acid and glucose. Factors affecting performance of the UF/RO systems, such as flow rate, feed solid level, temperature and pressure, on permeate flux and solids rejection were measured. The optimum UF conditions were 1.5% feed solid level, 15 L/min feed flow rate, 50°C feed temperature and 1 MPa log mean transmembrane pressure. The RO system retained all dissolved flavor components and its ideal operating conditions were 40°C, 2.8 MPa log mean transmembrane pressure and a flow rate of 15 L/min.     

超高压处理前后菠萝香气成分的变化

采用溶液萃取法对超高压处理前后的菠萝汁的香气进行富集,并经GC/MS联机检索分析,发现超高压处理对菠萝汁中的酯类、羧酸类、醛和酮类、醇类和杂环类都有影响,超高压后,酯类物质、羧酸类、醛和酮类数量下降,而醇类和杂环类化合物数量增加。其影响作用和高压造成的温度升高有关。     

溶剂浸取法提取麻疯果仁油的工艺研究

采用溶剂浸取法提取麻疯果仁油,考察了浸取温度、浸取次数、液料比、浸取时间等因素对提油效果的影响。实验得到的最佳逆流浸取工艺条件为:浸取温度60℃,浸取级数5级,液料比8∶1,单级浸取时间1 h。在该工艺条件下,麻疯果仁油的提取率可达99.1%,脱溶后所得毛油酸值(KOH)在2.8~4.2 mg/g之间,可直接用作制备生物柴油的原料油。     

富贵菜功能成份多糖提取纯化工艺优化

目的：研究富贵菜多糖提取纯化工艺,为有效开发利用功能性食品--富贵菜提供方法学基础。方法：通过正交试验,优化提取方案;采用Sevag 法脱蛋白,双氧水和活性碳脱色,蒽酮- 硫酸法测定多糖含量。结果：在温度100℃,固液比1:7(富贵菜:水,g/mL),提取时间3.5h,提取次数2 次的条件下,所得多糖含量最高。以氯仿:正丁醇的体积比4:1 为脱蛋白剂,加入0.15g/mL 的活性炭溶液,80℃脱色45min,脱色2 次或加入多糖供试液体积70% 的双氧水试液于60℃脱色120min 效果最佳。结论：该工艺条件简单可行,多糖提取率高,稳定性好,可作为富贵菜多糖的提取纯化工艺。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of trans-lycopene from Portuguese tomato industrial waste

Supercritical CO₂ extraction of trans-lycopene from Portuguese tomato industrial wastes (skins and seeds) was carried out in a flow apparatus. The effects of moisture content, feed initial composition, particle size, solvent flow-rate, pressure and temperature on the extraction yield and recovery were evaluated.     

Aeration of low fat dairy emulsions: Effects of saturated–unsaturated triglycerides

Three dairy emulsions containing 10 wt% anhydrous milk fat (AMF), alone or in mixture with its low or high melting temperature fraction (olein- or stearin-rich fraction, respectively), were aged at 4 °C for 24 h and then submitted to a whipping test at this temperature. We observed that the AMF/olein emulsion presented less crystalline fat content, and a higher ability for air incorporation than the other two emulsions. In addition, air bubbles formed in the AMF/olein-rich emulsion presented a more uniform size distribution, a smaller proportion of bubbles higher than 50 μm, and they appeared to be coated with a thicker layer of fat droplets. These results indicated that foam-structure forming properties in reduced milk fat emulsions can be enhanced by lowering the proportion of saturated triglycerides.     

乌梅乙醇提取物抑菌作用及其抑菌成分分析

研究乌梅乙醇提取物(以下简称醇提物)的抑菌活性以及热处理和pH值对抑菌活性的影响,并通过薄层层析-生物自显影技术对醇提物的主要抑菌成分进行分析。结果表明:乌梅醇提物对蜡状芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌等有很强的抑制作用,最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)在2.5～5.5mg/mL之间,最适pH值为5～6,对热稳定。当薄层层析的展开剂为氯仿、甲醇(体积比5:1)时,通过与柠檬酸、碱中和为pH7的乌梅醇提物比较,初步确定乌梅醇提物中起主要抑菌作用的是有机酸。