On mood variation and memory: Reply to Isen (1985), Ellis (1985), and Mayer and Bower (1985).

Responds to comments by A. M. Isen (see record 1986-13663-001); H. C. Ellis (see record 1986-13654-001); and J. D. Mayer and G. M. Bower (see record 1986-13675-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-03061-001) findings that (a) depressed college students showed no overall deficit in recall performance and (b) depressed students failed to show selective recall for mood-congruent (negative) events in a story. Issues considered included performance deficits in depression, selectivity effects in memory, the possibility that affective traits rather than mood states were assessed, and potential reactions to the mood questionnaires. Evidence is presented that the Beck Depression Inventory is not a mild mood-induction procedure. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Postevent information and memory: Reply to Loftus, Schooler, and Wagenaar.

Responds to comments by E. F. Loftus et al (see record 1986-13671-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-03053-001) arguments and evidence in support of the contention that misleading postevent information does not impair memory for the original event. It is suggested that the objections of Loftus et al, which concern the sensitivity of the modified test procedure and its ability to detect memory blends, present no serious challenges to the present authors' position. Implications for forensic applications of postevent information research are considered. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implications for psychology: Reply to comments.

Replies to the comments of D. E. Leary (see record 1986-07955-001), S. A. Mulaik (see record 1986-07961-001), D. N. Robinson (see record 1986-07966-001), and W. L. Stroud (see record 1986-07976-001) on the earlier presentation of the present authors (see record 1984-00037-001) about the new philosophy of science. The present authors are pleased with what they have been able to communicate and discuss what they feel has been misunderstood. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Memory codes and episodes in models of word identification: A reply to Johnston, van Santen, and Hale.

Proposes that the activation model of identification benefits for repeated words and pseudowords proposed by J. C. Johnston et al (see record 1986-11005-001) is a variant of the present authors' (see record 1986-03032-001) code/episode model, which was used to explain the temporary and long-lasting effects of repetitions. The X and Y factors of Johnston et al may reflect the operation of episodic memory traces and codification, respectively. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Einhorn.

Responds to D. Einhorn's (see record 1986-26897-001) comments on the present authors' (see record 1986-11382-001) critique on moral development vs socialization by defending the importance of societalist and individualist analyses and by addressing Einborn's suggestion that the present authors abandon their eclecticism and take issue with the "criticism" of Kohlberg, which implies that Stages 3 and 4 should be viewed more favorably because those stages only involve "mindlessly obeying the letter of the law." (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inevitability and automaticity: A response to Fisk.

Responds to the comments of A. D. Fisk (see record 1986-16289-001) on the present authors' (see record 1985-27168-001) work on automatic processing of fundamental information. The present authors use the term automaticity as a process by which some attributes of an attended to stimulus are encoded into memory. It is suggested that Fisk's view of automaticity is derived from the study of automatic search mechanisms, particularly as they slowly develop in multiple frame visual search tasks; therefore, several methodological problems that Fisk addresses do not fit the concerns of the present authors or are irrelevant to them. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Deutsch and Green.

Replies to the comments of F. Deutsch (see record 1986-26175-001) and B. L. Green (see record 1986-26216-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-10770-001) aggressive interchange with B. P. Dohrenwend and P. E. Shrout (see record 1986-10765-001) about confounding problems in studies on stress. It is suggested that Deutsch has joined in the fray and that Green has raised an interesting issue (i.e., the relative predictive power of objective and subjective measures of stressful events). (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Examples, blueprints, and theories in the ecological study of memory: Reply to Hirst and Levine and to Neisser.

Responds to W. Hirst and E. Levine's (see record 1986-08241-001) argument that the present author (see record 1986-03043-001) was not sufficiently directive in his ecological study of memory by providing another illustration of ecological memory research. In considering the nature of future ecological theories of memory as proposed by U. Neisser (see record 1986-08246-001), the present author suggests that specifying relations between mechanisms and functions of memory is generic to all such theories. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A law–psychology dialogue: Are dramshop acts draconic?

Responds to comments made by J. F. Mosher (see record 1986-01083-001) concerning the present authors' (see record 1984-12497-001) study on the validity of blood-alcohol level estimations. Mosher's argument that the authors misinterpreted laws on dramshop liability is addressed, and several grounds on which this argument is based are found to be erroneous. Policy and ethical issues in the development of objective standards of intoxication are examined. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beyond individualism and centralization.

Replies to the comments of C. D. Samuelson et al (see record 1986-17036-001) and P. C. Stern (see record 1986-17038-001) on the author's (see record 1985-30567-001) work on global ecology and individual psychological problems. It is suggested that the most crucial point is that psychological debate cannot be divorced from political ideology. It is important to make explicit individual political perspectives and value priorities and to take clear stands on the range of controversial issues that affect work by psychologists. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the pitfalls of "Ptolemaic" psychology: A reply to Sawusch and Mullennix.

In their reply to the present authors (see record 1986-05428-001), J. R. Sawusch and J. W. Mullennix (see record 1986-05440-001) proposed a counterinterpretation of the authors' results regarding conceptualizations of selective adaptation with speech and described some previously unpublished data that they took to be inconsistent with the present authors' unified adaptation-level account of selective adaptation and contrast effects. It is argued that this counterinterpretation requires a series of purely ad hoc assumptions that render the 2-stage theory of Sawusch and P. Jusczyk (see record 1982-00351-001) almost completely vacuous. It is also shown that the new data of Sawusch and Mullennix are definitely not incompatible with an adaptation-level account. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptual research use: Some problems.

Responds to L. Cohen's (see record 1986-04739-001) criticism of the present authors' (see record 1986-04773-001) article on research in the practice of community mental health by identifying problems with the notion of the conceptual use of research. It is suggested that, given that these are actual problems, studies such as that of the present authors are correct in focusing on the instrumental use of research rather than on conceptual research use. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Borderline personality organization: Reply to Bauer and Sherry.

Replies to G. P. Bauer and P. Sherry's (see record 1986-25091-001) comments on the present authors' (see record 1984-12361-001) discussion of clinical and theoretical issues in the treatment of borderline patients. It is argued that Bauer and Sherry's reply was inaccurate, overly inferential, and misleading. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Research on component processes in reading: Reply to Danks.

Responds to J. H. Danks's (see record 1986-21147-001) criticisms of the present authors' (see record 1986-13625-001) article on component processes in reading. The present authors review the theoretical and empirical foundations of their predictor variables, discussing the issue of discriminability, and defend the moving-window procedure in a sufficiently sensitive paradigm for detecting the processes considered in their research. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dieting and binging reexamined: A response to Lowe.

Refutes M. R. Lowe's (see record 1986-20197-001) questions concerning the present authors' (see record 1986-01626-001) analysis of the causal relation of dieting and binge eating, maintaining their position that dieting and its correlates "cause" bingeing in the sense of making it much more likely. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More on temporality in human action.

Responds to the comments of W. L. Stroud (see record 1987-17464-001) and B. B. Barratt (see record 1987-17458-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-13304-001) discussion of hermeneutic psychology, addressing Piaget's perspective, the use of abstract concepts, the conception of time, and the issue of ideological critique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on the Maslach and Marshall-Zimbardo experiments.

Addresses interpretive questions raised in articles by C. Maslach (see record 1980-30451-001) and by G. D. Marshall and P. G. Zimbardo (see record 1980-29870-001) concerning the present authors' (see record 1963-06064-001) 2-factor model of emotion. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the distinction between science and valuation in the mental health field.

Responds to R. L. Woolfolk's (see record 1986-09359-001) and T. A. Widiger and T. J. Trull's (see record 1986-09355-001) comments regarding the present author's (see record 1984-26018-001) analysis of controversy over mental illness labels by stating that the arguments posed by Woolfolk and by Widiger and Trull epitomize 2 different approaches to the confusion between science and valuation in mental illness. It is suggested that fallacies of these authors' arguments could be avoided by making the necessary distinction between the lawful properties of mental functioning and valuational opinions of these properties. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A question of levels: Comment on McClelland and Rumelhart.

Agrees that the distributed model of memory proposed by J. L. McClelland and D. E. Rumelhart (see record 1986-08249-001) is highly valid but that suggests it is a theory below the computational level. It is thus irrelevant to the evidence from word identification and from response to distorted exemplars of a pattern, to which McClelland and Rumelhart appeal for support. The point is important because if it were shown that there is, after all, a single logogen for each word, that would not invalidate a distributed model at its own level of explanation. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)