即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的血清学分型和毒力基因分析

目的掌握即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌(简称单增李斯特菌)的血清型、谱系和感染相关基因的分布。方法以全国食源性致病菌监测网中2007—2009年自即食食品分离的226株单增李斯特菌为研究对象,采用传统的血清学分型技术和等位基因特异性寡核苷酸PCR方法(ASO-PCR)研究其血清学分型,并采用PCR方法检测其与感染相关的基因。结果 226株单增李斯特菌血清学分型结果显示,1/2a、1/2b、1/2c、4b为主要血清型,比例分别为41.59%(94/226)、40.71%(92/226)、10.62%(24/226)和5.31%(12/226)。引起人类疾病的常见血清型1/2a、1/2b和4b菌株占87.61%(198/226)。谱系Ⅰ菌株为105株,谱系Ⅱ菌株为120株,谱系Ⅲ菌株为1株;我国绝大部分即食食品中单增李斯特菌分离株的感染相关基因缺失率较低,只有个别菌株缺失感染相关基因。结论本研究通过对分离自即食食品中的单增李斯特菌进行血清学分型、谱系分析和感染相关基因的检测,提示我国需要加强食品场所卫生管理,降低单增李斯特菌对即食食品的感染风险。     

Molecular typing of Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis

The discriminatory power of two polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting methods, random amplified polymorphic DNA and repetitive extragenic palindrome were compared by subtyping 128 isolates of Streptococcus uberis cultured from cows in six different dairy herds in New Zealand. The typing results demonstrated that the majority of isolates possessed unique fingerprint profiles except on occasions where multiple isolates were obtained from individual cows. On these occasions, individual quarters of the mammary gland were generally, but not exclusively, infected by the same strain of bacteria. Both random amplified polymorphic DNA and repetitive extragenic palindromic typing assays were simple to perform, relatively inexpensive ($11.00 per reaction), and provided reliable and reproducible results. Furthermore, when these assays were used in conjunction with each other, they provided a means of confirmation of the specific DNA fingerprint patterns obtained.     

Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail foods

Listeria monocytogenes isolates recovered from retail ready-to-eat (RTE) meats, raw chickens and fresh produce were characterized by serogroup identification using PCR, genotyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Five L. monocytogenes serogroups were identified. Of the 167 isolates 68 (41%) belonged to serogroup 1/2b, 3b; 53 (32%) belonged to serogroup 4b, 4d, 4e; 43 (26%) belonged to serogroup 1/2a, 3a; 2 (1.2%) belonged to serogroup 1/2c, 3c; and 1 (0.6%) belonged to serogroup 4a, 4c. PFGE generated 120 patterns which correlated well with PCR serogrouping. Most L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to sulfonamide (73%) and some were resistant to tetracycline (8.4%) and ciprofloxacin (1.8%). Tetracycline resistance was conjugatively transferable and the tet(M) gene was identified in 14 tetracycline-resistant isolates as well as their transconjugants. These findings indicate that L. monocytogenes present in food were diverse, and that resistance to one or more antibiotics among these isolates was common. In addition, the presence of potential serotype 4b in all food categories is of public health concern, as serotype 4b has been the serotype most frequently associated with human listeriosis.     

Short communication: Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in China

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in China. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were tested by PCR. Overall, E. faecalis was recovered from 81 of 1,787 (4.5%) mastitic milk samples. The isolates showed high resistance against tetracycline (87.7%) and erythromycin (79.0%). The most prevalent resistance genes found in the E. faecalis were tetK (96.3%), tetL (79.0%), and tetM (87.7%) for tetracycline and ermC (97.5%) for erythromycin. Moreover, gelE (70.4%), esp (85.2%), efaA (91.4%) were the most common virulence genes. This is the first report to characterize E. faecalis recovered from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in China.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food and clinical cases in Navarra, Spain

The susceptibility of 440 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from food (n=401) and clinical cases (n=39) between 1995 and 2005 was determined by standard agar dilution and E-test methods. Antimicrobial drugs currently used in veterinary and human therapy were tested, and they included penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, trimethoprim, erythromycin, and clindamycin. The sensitivity of strains was established using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS) breakpoints and MIC50 (the MIC for 50% of the strains) to MIC90 values. In general, isolates were susceptible to the majority of the antimicrobials tested, including beta-lactamics and aminoglycosides, which are normally used in the treatment of listeriosis. Resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was found in five strains isolated from fresh trout belonging to the same fish farm. Molecular analysis by restriction endonuclease analysis showed a similar profile, suggesting the persistence of a strain well adapted to the presence of tetracycline in the environment of a fish farm, which is frequently used in aquaculture in order to prevent infections of fish.     

PCR-焦磷酸测序检测单增李斯特氏菌研究

摘要 目的：建立结合PCR-焦磷酸测序检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌( Listeria monocytogenes, LMO)的方法。方法：根据LMO的hly基因设计扩增引物和测序引物,特异地扩增目的片段,再制备单链模版在测序引物引导下进行焦磷酸测序,测序结果与GenBank中的hly基因序列比对判断LMO。结果：扩增引物和测序引物表现出良好的特异性,16株LMO均扩增出大小249bp的DNA片段,焦磷酸测序结果与hly基因序列100%匹配,而非LMO对照菌株未扩增出DNA条带,焦磷酸测序结果阴性。结论：建立的方法特异性高,是快速从DNA序列水平上检测LMO的有效手段。     

台州市食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌分子特征研究

目的了解台州市食品中分离的单核细胞增生李斯特菌的血清型、毒力基因以及基因分型情况,建立食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌的分子特征本底信息,为食源性疾病的防治提供技术支持。方法对近几年从食品中分离的37株单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行多重PCR血清分型、9种毒力基因(prf A、inl A、inl B、iap、fla A、hly A、plc B、mpl和act A)PCR检测、PFGE基因分型,用Bio Numerics 6.6软件对分型数据进行聚类分析。结果 37株食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌的血清型以1/2a或3a型别为主;所有菌株均检出4种以上毒力基因,有15株菌携带所有9种毒力基因;37株菌经Apa I酶切PFGE分型后,共得到22种带型,每种带型包含1~5株不等,相似度区间为67%~100%。结论台州市食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌存在致病流行风险,建立的指纹图谱数据库可为食源性疾病的防治提供技术支持。     

加工环境中单核细胞增生性李斯特菌耐药特征分析

目的分析在流通过程中加工环境来源的食源性李斯特菌耐药性及耐药基因携带情况,探讨加工环境对该菌的影响。方法收集2016~2017年分离自加工环境中的71株单核细胞增生性李斯特菌,利用微量肉汤稀释法对8种抗菌药物进行药物敏感性分析,并采用PCR鉴定11种耐药基因(tet A、tet M、tet S、erm A、erm B、erm C、mec A、aac(6’)-Ib、van A、van B、cfr)。结果 71株Lm对庆大霉素(11.27%)、氨苄西林(4.22%)、头孢他啶(98.59%)、环丙沙星(97.18%)、四环素(21.12%)、红霉素(15.49%)、林可霉素(92.96%)均具有不同程度的耐药性,对万古霉素敏感。其中以耐受3~6种抗菌药为主,耐药情况较为严重。耐药基因检测表明四环素类tet A,tet M为主要耐药基因,检出率高达50%以上,其次为红霉素类erm A、erm B、erm C,检出率约11%,氨基糖苷类aac(6’)-Ib的检出率为5.63%。结论加工环境单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的耐药性呈上升趋势,其耐药表型与耐药基因型并不完全一致,从而表明加工环境中存在影响单核细胞增生性李斯特菌耐药性因素,同时为食源性李斯特菌病的防治及预警提供参考依据。     

采用高级微生物基因分型系统对食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行同源性分析

采用高级微生物基因分型系统(DiversiLab系统)对食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行基因型分析,将分型结果与血清型和菌株的耐药性进行比对研究。方法 DiversiLab系统是基于rep-PCR原理对微生物进行分型,将分型结果与菌株的血清型进行比较研究,同时对菌株的耐药性与rep-PCR型别进行研究。结果 采用DiversiLab系统将46株单核细胞增生李斯特菌分为9个型别A～I。血清型为1/2a的分离株以A型为主,所测试的6株血清型为4b的分离株均为H型;14株呋喃妥因耐受菌株9株为A型、1株为B型、3株为C型、1株为F型,除2株血清型为3a外,其余均为1/2a。结论 DiversiLab系统分析结果,揭示了46株从食品中分离的单增细胞增生李斯特菌间的亲缘关系,rep-PCR分型结果与H抗原结合位点存在一定联系,呋喃妥因耐受菌株的DNA指纹图谱相似度高,与耐药基因有关。     

Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in bovine manure-amended soil

The survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in soil amended with bovine manure was studied under different environmental conditions of temperature, nutrients, and soil microflora. Autoclaved soil was compared with unautoclaved soil for assessing the influence of competitive soil microflora on the survival of L. monocytogenes. Initial L. monocytogenes cell numbers of 5 to 6 log CFU/g survived for up to 43, 43, and 14 days in manure-amended autoclaved soil at 5, 15, and 21 degrees C, respectively. In manure-amended unautoclaved soil, the pathogen was detectable for up to 43, 21, and 21 days at 5, 15, and 21 degrees C, respectively. L. monocytogenes was inactivated more rapidly in autoclaved soil amended with manure at a manure/soil ratio of 1:10 than in the more dilute (1:100) manure in soil samples at both 15 and 21 degrees C. However, in manure-amended unautoclaved soil, L. monocytogenes survived longer in samples with ratios of 1:10 than in the more dilute (1:100) manure-amended soil. The persistence of L. monocytogenes for several weeks in manure-amended soil suggests listeriae could be transmitted through soil to fresh produce or to shoes, clothing, and hands of field workers, especially during the cold months.     

Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food in Italy to antibiotics

The susceptibility of 148 strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food to antibiotics currently used in veterinary and human therapy was determined by standard agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. The antibiotics included amikacin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, flumequine, fosfomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, rifampicin, spiramycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tobramycin and vancomycin. Soussy's breakpoints and MIC(50)-MIC(90) values were used to classify the strains into sensitive, moderately sensitive and resistant groups.This work is part of a wider surveillance program on listeriosis started in Italy in 1995.     

食品中单增李斯特菌的血清分型及脉冲场凝胶电泳分型

对进口食品和国内食品中的单增李斯特菌进行血清学分型和分子分型研究,探讨不同来源菌株之间的遗传相关性及不同分型方法之间的联系。对分离的单增李斯特菌进行血清学分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳分型。69株单增李斯特菌分为4种血清型,主要血清型为1/2a(3a)型,脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)分型分为55种带型,主要型别为GX6A12.CN0018。食品中的单增李斯特菌分子型别呈现多态性,进口食品分离株和国内食品分离株之间无相关性。     

PCR-焦磷酸测序检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌研究

目的 建立结合PCR-焦磷酸测序检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的方法.方法 根据单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的hly基因设计扩增引物和测序引物,特异地扩增目的片段,再制备单链模板,在测序引物引导下进行焦磷酸测序,通过测序结果与GenBank中的hly基因序列的比对进行鉴定.结果 扩增引物和测序引物表现出良好的特异性,16株单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌菌株均扩增出大小249 bp的DNA片段,焦磷酸测序结果与hly基因序列100％匹配,而阴性对照菌株均未扩增出DNA条带,焦磷酸测序结果为阴性.结论 建立的方法特异性高,是快速从DNA序列水平上检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的有效手段.     

Prevalence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from soft cheese

A survey was made in 1995–1996 for Listeria spp. in 63 soft cheeses, made from raw ewe's milk using traditional methods, in the Province of Beira Baixa (Portugal). Listeria spp. were isolated from 47 (75%) of the cheeses, L.monocytogenes was isolated from 29 (46%), and L.innocua but not L.monocytogenes from 18 (29%). Of 24 isolates of L.monocytogenes that were serotyped, 20 were serotype 4b, three were serotype 1/2b and one was serotype 1/2a. Phage typing of isolates of L.monocytogenes and L.innocua showed that in some cases a particular phage type was associated with cheese from a particular source. Twenty four strains of L.monocytogenes tested were able to grow at 30°C in culture medium adjusted with HCl to a pH in the range from 4.4 to 6.0 within 3 days; in the pH range 4.4–6.8 a representative strain grew most rapidly at pH 6.8. The pH range in the cheeses during maturation was between about 5.2–6.4. Whether L.monocytogenes could multiply in the cheeses would depend on factors such as concentration of organic acids and of salt, and storage temperature.     

单增李斯特菌毒力因子多重荧光PCR法 建立与应用

目的建立同时检测单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)及其3种毒力因子的多重荧光PCR快速检测方法,并应用于日常食品的检测。方法根据单增李斯特菌溶血素基因hly A、内化素基因inl A和表面蛋白act A基因的保守序列,分别设计合成特异性引物和探针,优化多重荧光PCR反应体系。对该方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评估。结果该法特异性强、敏感性高,对单增李斯特菌纯培养物的最低检出限410cfu/m L;重复性好,变异系数均小于2%。对84份食品检测结果与传统国标法相符,共检出单增李斯特菌4份,检出率为4.76%。多重荧光PCR检测方法耗时1 h,比传统方法节约2~5 d。4株单增李斯特菌分离株中2株同时含有inl A、act A、hly A 3种毒力基因,另2株为毒力基因act A缺失株,提示目前流行株并非同一来源。结论本研究建立的多重实时荧光PCR方法能同时对单增李斯特菌及其3种毒力因子进行快速检测,且灵敏度高、特异性好,为食源性疾病的病原学检测提供了快速可靠的方法。     

Stress response of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from cheese and other foods

The responses to pH and sodium chloride of four strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Portuguese cheese, with a sodium chloride concentration of about 2% (w/v) and a pH value from 5.1 to 6.2, were studied. Two isolates from meat and two clinical isolates related to food-borne listeriosis, in which the implicated food product had about 2-3.5% (w/v) sodium chloride, also were studied. The effect of temperature on pH and sodium chloride sensitivity was also determined. The results show that natural isolates vary in response to these stresses and the data were often at variance with previously published data. Strains varied in sensitivity to low pH and to high sodium chloride concentration but the cheese isolates tended to be more resistant. A lower temperature was associated with a decrease in resistance to low pH and to sodium chloride. All strains showed an acid tolerance response induction when grown at pH 5.5 and although the time required for maximum induction of the response varied between strains, 2 h of acid adaptation, at least, was necessary which is longer than previously reported. Some strains showed an osmotolerance response after incubation in 3.5% (w/v) sodium chloride. Osmoadaptation, in addition to inducing an osmotolerance response, also induced cross-protection against acid shock conditions (pH 3.5). The acid tolerance response also induced a cross-protection against osmotic shock conditions (20% (w/v) sodium chloride). In some cases there was a relationship between the degree of resistance and adaptation, but usually the behaviour of a particular strain was independent of the conditions from which it was isolated.     

熟肉制品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌耐药及致病的遗传分析

目的 获得中国不同省份熟肉制品中的33株单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(单增李斯特菌)的抗生素敏感性特征图谱,并运用全基因组测序对菌株进行耐药和致病的基因遗传分析.方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法对33株熟肉制品中的单增李斯特菌进行药敏测定,同时进行高精度框架图测序,基因组序列经组装后通过相应的生物信息学流程进行数据分析.结果 33株...     

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in pigs and pork

In this study, we surveyed hogs (n = 300) as well as pork products (ground pork and raw chitterlings) for Listeria monocytogenes. Pig specimens collected before (tonsil swabs) and after slaughter (tonsils, lymph nodes, carcass swabs, and rectal contents) were examined for L. monocytogenes by enrichment with conventional enrichment broths followed by subculturing to selective agar. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene of the Listeria species as well as the hlyA gene unique to L. monocytogenes was used to screen aliquots of the enrichment (method I) as well as to confirm presumptive Listeria colonies from Columbia agar with 0.05% glucose supplemented with polymyxin B-acriflavine-lithium chloride-ceftazidime-aesculin-mannitol (PALCAM; method II). Subculturing to PALCAM agar was the more sensitive of the two methods on the basis of the overall detection of Listeria. For hog tissues, method I detected L. monocytogenes (0.87% positive) and no other Listeria spp. in all samples (n = 1,849). In contrast, method II detected significantly more (P < 0.05) L. monocytogenes (2.38%) and Listeria spp. (0.38%) in these tissues. For small intestines (n = 300 raw chitterlings), L. monocytogenes was identified in 8.3% of enrichments with University of Vermont modified Listeria enrichment broth; plating to PALCAM slightly improved recovery (9%). Overall, ground pork samples (n = 340) harbored L. monocytogenes (45% positive) and other Listeria species (1.5% positive), as determined by method I. Subculturing to PALCAM significantly (P < 0.05) improved the detection of L. monocytogenes (50.2%) but not that of other Listeria species (1.7%). L. monocytogenes isolates (n = 243) were assigned to serotype 1 (53.5%), serotype 4 (25%), and serotypes other than 1 and 4 (21.4%).     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina

A total of 206 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical and subclinical mastitis in Argentina during 1996 to 1998 were investigated for their in vitro susceptibility to several antimicrobial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations that inhibit 90% of the strains tested reported in micrograms per milliliters were: 1.5, 0.5, 0.75, 1.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 0.125 for penicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin and ampicillin-sulbactam, respectively. Resistance was detected in 83 (40.3%), 24 (11.6%), 16 (7.7%) and 7 (3.4%) S. aureus isolates for penicillin, erythromycin, pirlimycin and gentamicin, respectively. No resistance was detected for oxacillin, cephalothin and ampicillin-sulbactam. Results indicated that S. aureus isolates in Argentina exhibited high resistance to penicillin of all antimicrobial agents tested.