MPEG视频编码中的码率控制原理及算法

对视频码流的特点、码率控制的目的、码率控制的关键因素、CBR虚拟缓冲器限制等问题进行了详细分析，同时介绍了MPEG-4校验模型所推荐的码率控制算法。     

基于TM1300视频编码盒的码率控制算法研究

本文以基于TM1300视频编码盒为硬件平台,分析传统的H.263视频编码控制算法,对TMN5和TMN8算法进行折衷,提出一种新的算法,该算法计算较简单,且缓存的充盈度较平稳,能满足低时延缓存的码率输出要求。     

结合视频压缩编码的动态图像水印方案

本文提出了一种新的、结合视频压缩编码的动态图像水印方案。在嵌入水印时，充分考虑动态图像压缩编码的特性，对帧内编码帧(I帧)，将水印信息嵌入到DCT低额系数中；面对帧间编码帧(P、B帧)，结合动态补偿/离散余弦变换(MC/DCT)混合编码，把水印信息嵌入到运动补偿后的残差图象的直流成分中。同时，在水印嵌入时，采用扩频技术与多维水印相结合的方法，并通过相关检测的方法判断水印的存在。由于水印的检测是对视频码流直接实施的，不需要对压缩数据进行完全解码，从而大大降低了计算量，提高了视频数据水印的适用性。     

H.263活动图像编码器码率控制研究

本文分别在图像层和宏块层进行 Ｈ２６３ 的码率控制。在图像层采用后向自适应控制的方法,通过引入量化步长因子—编码输出比特数映射表,确定每帧图像量化步长因子的基准值。在宏块层采用前向控制的方法,根据视觉掩蔽特性设计模糊分类器,确定人眼对每个宏块的敏感程度和相应的量化步长因子。能在视频输出码率恒定的条件下,保持图像质量的稳定,取得较好的视觉效果。     

MPEG-2到H．264转码码率控制方案

本文以MPEG-2到H．264转码为基础,介绍了一种转码中的码率控制算法。     

基于率失真理论的视频编码码率控制

本文以率失真理论为基础，提出了一种新的前向视频编码码率控制策略ＦＲＣ，其核心思想是：宏块目标比特数的预分配除受码率的限制外，更重要的是受到图像的局部空间活动性等因素的控制，从而达到一种最优的比特分配方案。主观测试实验结果表明，这种新的码率控制策略大大地改善了重建图像的质量。     

一种H.264视频编码码率控制方法

根据视频编码线性率失真函数和对H．264整数变换量化方法分析，提出一种适合于H．264编码算法的码率控制算法。先验证线性率失真函数对H．264编码算法的适用性，再通过将H．264整数变换的量化分解为系数校正和统一量化两个步骤实现了线性率失真函数在H．264码率控制中的应用。实验证明，与JVT—G012码率控制算法相比，码率控制的准确性和信噪比均有所提高。     

MPGE—2视频编码流的码率变换技术的研究

比较了分析两种视频编码流的码率变换器结构的性能,提出了一种在图像内按宏块的复杂度分配目标码字,并直接控制交流ＤＣＴ系统编码比特数的码率控制算法。本文提出的码率控制算法优于ＴＭ５的码率控制算法。     

H.263甚低码率视频编码标准的码率控制方法

主要提出ＩＴＵ组织的Ｈ．２６３甚低码率视频压缩编码标准输出码率的控制方案。着重分析了一种通过调整宏观量化器的量化参数来控制Ｈ．２６３编码器输出码率的方法,它能满足在ＰＳＴＮ网上低时延中的码率输出要求。     

MPEG-2视频编码流的码率变换技术的研究

比较分析了两种视频编码流的码率变换器结构的性能,提出了一种在图像内按宏块的复杂度分配目标码字,并直接控制交流ＤＣＴ系数编码比特数的码率控制算法。计算机模拟实验结果表明：由于ＭＰＥＧ－２标准中半像素精度运动补偿的非线性,单环结构的信噪比性能比起双环结构低大约０．１ｄＢ;本文提出的码率控制算法优于ＴＭ５的码率控制算法。     

Online rate control for video streams

A mechanism for varying the frame rate of pre-encoded video clips online is described. The mechanism relies on two different encoders. An offline encoder creates a high-quality bit stream encoded at 30 fps, as well as separate files containing motion vectors for the same clip at lower frame rates. An online encoder decodes the bit stream (if necessary) and re-encodes it at lower frame rates in real time using the precomputed, stored motion information. Online frame rate control, used in conjunction with dynamic bit rate control, allows clients to solve the rate mismatch between the bandwidth available to them and the bit rate of the pre-encoded bit stream. Clients can therefore choose the amount of trade-off between temporal and spatial quality while resolving the rate mismatch problem. Moreover, online frame rate control provides a natural means for implementing a VCR-like fast forward control for video streaming applications, without increasing bandwidth consumption.An earlier version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, 1999, pp. 141–144.     

低比特率视频编码新标准H．263＋

介绍了低比特率视频编码新标准Ｈ．２６３＋。Ｈ．２６３＋是Ｈ．２６３的升级版本,增加了１２个新的编码可选模式。     

Real time variable bit rate video traffic prediction

Real time variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic prediction plays an important role in dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes by providing an accurate estimation of the instantaneous bandwidth requirement of VBR video traffic and it has been widely used in dynamic bandwidth allocation. A number of prediction algorithms were proposed in the literature and they can be broadly classified into two categories: time domain approaches and wavelet domain approaches. In this paper, we first present a survey of the existing algorithms in the literature. On the basis of the survey, new algorithms are proposed in the time domain and in the wavelet domain, respectively. Simulations using real VBR video traces are conducted which show that the proposed algorithms achieve better performance than those in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DSP的H.263码流复合

叙述一种采用DSP实现H.263标准规定的码流复合部分的方法。为了达到实时性的要求，对VLC码表的查表方法和DSP汇编程序进行了优化。所提出的码流复合优化方法已在H.263标准的硬件系统中实现。并且准备应用于MPEG－4标准的硬件系统中。     

A Novel Rate Control Method for Low Delay Applications

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Modeling and prediction of hybrid-coded variable bit rate video sources in fuzzy logic perspectives

This paper presents the modeling and prediction of variable bit rate video sources using fuzzy set and fuzzy logic theory. The sources are coded with the hybrid motion compensation/differential pulse code modulation/discrete cosine transform algorithm. The fuzzy logic prediction scheme discussed here is in the category of computational intelligence algorithms. It has the capability to handle statistically difficult to describe or unknown series. The proposed fuzzy logic prediction method is aimed at fast computation for online operation. It can be applied to the development of connection admission control, usage parameter control, and congestion control algorithms in multimedia communication networks.     

A rate control scheme using Kalman filtering for H.263

This paper proposes a rate control framework for H.263 video coding called the low-delay Kalman filtering rate controller (LKFrc), whose main part is the adaptive Kalman filter. In LKFrc, a low-delay two-stage selector is proposed to select the representative frames of video. The first stage can rapidly pre-select the relatively significant frames. The second selection stage is embedded in the prediction model of Kalman filter. By the prediction model, LKFrc can distribute a proper bit budget to the pre-selected frame or definitely skip this frame. The measurement model of Kalman filter exploits a rate–distortion (R–D) model to meet the given bit budget by selecting an appropriate picture-level quantization parameter (QP). From the picture-level QP, the subsequent macroblock-level QPs are rapidly yielded by a rapid offset model using the relative macroblock activity. In comparison with the TMN8 model, the LKFrc framework can obtain better PSNRs, higher motion continuities and lower flickering effects with lower computation cost.     

基于低码率传输的红外视频编码方法研究

为了满足低速数据链下目标识别的需求,把感兴趣区域(Region of Interest,ROI)编码策略引入红外视频编码。在H.264视频编/解码框架的基础上,通过增加ROI编码的处理,构建基于ROI的视频编/解码框架,并在码率控制过程中调整ROI宏块与非ROI宏块的量化参数,优化了ROI量化模型。实验结果表明,该方法能够节省有限码率,增加ROI目标的细节,提高ROI对象的清晰度,可从整体上提高主观视觉的质量。