电解氧化4-甲基吡啶合成异烟酸

以Ti基PbO2 为阳极 ,Cu或Ni为阴极 ,在硫酸介质中 ,电解氧化 4 甲基吡啶合成了异烟酸。经过实验确定的最佳合成条件为 :c(硫酸 ) =4 6 0mol/L ,c(4 甲基吡啶 ) =0 6 0mol/L ,电解电流密度i=6 0mA/cm2 ,t=6 0℃。在此条件下 ,异烟酸的收率为 6 4 6 % ,电流效率为 6 7%。同时还研究了电解过程中反应物转化率、电流效率、槽压的变化规律。经示波极谱、红外光谱和熔点测定法证明电合成的物质为异烟酸 ,质量分数为 97 7%。     

"板框式"电解槽中直接电氧化合成2-吡啶甲酸的工艺条件研究

以Ti/PbO2为阳极,Pb为阴极,硫酸为支持电解质,在阳离子交换膜为隔膜的"板框式"电解槽中直接电氧化2-甲基吡啶(2-MP)合成2-吡啶甲酸(2-PCA).在阳极电解液中2-MP和硫酸的质量分数分别为6%和25%、通电量为理论通电量的0.5倍、电流密度50ma/cm2、温度50℃的条件下,2-PCA的平均收率为94.19%,平均电流效率为57.29%.     

异烟酸的电化学合成及示波极谱法测定

以钛基二氧化铅电极（Ti/PbO2)为阳极,在硫酸水溶液介质中,电解氧化4－甲基吡啶合成异烟酸。最佳合成条件：硫酸浓度为2.80mol/L,4-甲基吡啶浓度为0.60mol/L,电解电流密度为80mA/cm^2,温度60℃。在此条件下,4－甲基吡啶的转化率为64．6％,电流效率67％。产物纯度为97．7％。     

Span 60对3-甲基吡啶电氧化的影响

通过循环伏安曲线测定,考察了Span 60(山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯)对3-甲基吡啶电氧化的影响。正交实验确定的最佳反应条件是:n(3-甲基吡啶)/n(硫酸)=0.4,添加高于或接近临界胶束浓度的Span 60,反应温度15℃,阳极电位1.9~2.0 V,电解电量为理论电量的10%;其选择性可达85.46%,电流效率为48.69%,电流密度提高300 mA/cm2,并根据最佳反应条件进行外循环放大实验,其结果与小试基本相同。在选定的实验范围内,Span 60对3-甲基吡啶电氧化有明显的促进作用,有应用前景。     

“槽内式”间接电氧化法制备2-甲基-1,4-萘醌

以Ti/PbO2为阳极、Pb为阴极、硫酸为支持电解质,采用Cr6+/Cr3+为氧化媒质,四丁基溴化铵为相转移剂,在阳离子交换膜为隔膜的“板框式”电解槽中,进行“槽内式”间接电氧化2-甲基萘(2-MN)合成2-甲基-1,4-萘醌(2-MNQ)的研究。考察了2-MN间接电氧化制备2-MNQ的工艺条件对2-MNQ选择性和电流效率的影响规律。实验结果表明:在2-MN和Cr2O72-浓度分别为0.02 mol/L和0.03 mol/L,硫酸质量分数20%,温度50℃,电流密度110 A/m2,通电量为理论通电量0.2倍的工艺条件下进行电解,2-MNQ的平均选择性为71.9%,平均表观电流效率为69.7%。     

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶电化学氢化脱氯合成2-氯-5-甲基吡啶

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶（TCMP）选择性氢化脱氯制备2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶（CCMP）或2-氯-5-甲基吡啶（CMP）在农药“吡虫啉”合成中具有重要应用价值。首先在弱酸性的甲醇/乙酸/水混合溶剂中研究了TCMP电化学脱氯合成CCMP或CMP的可行性;其次,研究了阴极材料和电解液组成对TCMP选择性脱氯反应的影响;最后,采用膜厚度极距的板框式电解槽分别研究了阴、阳极支持电解质对电解槽压和电流密度与底物浓度对脱氯反应效率的影响。实验结果表明,在弱酸性的甲醇/乙酸/水混合溶剂中,TCMP能在银网阴极上高选择性的氢化脱氯成CMP;CMP收率从高到低的阴极依次为：银> 铜> 锌> 铅> 钛> 石墨> 镍。阴阳极支持电解质从四丁基高氯酸铵分别换成乙酸锂和硫酸,电解槽压大幅度下降。降低电流密度和提高底物浓度有利于TCMP电化学氢化脱氯效率。在优化条件下（阴极液：含10%乙酸+5%水+0.2 mol·L^-1乙酸锂的甲醇溶液;阴极：银网;电流密度：333 A·m^-2;温度：30℃）,0.2 mol·L^-1 TCMP 能高效地转化为CMP（收率：91%）,电流效率可达54%,电解槽压大约为3.0 V。     

4-氨基吡啶电化学合成工艺研究

在阳离子隔膜电解槽用阴极恒电位的方法电化学合成了4-氨基吡啶,并对工艺条件进行了优化。循环伏安法表明,4-硝基氮氧化吡啶的还原过程有多个不稳定的中间产物生成。以铅粒为阴极,钛网镀二氧化铅为阳极阴极液pH=3,4-硝基氮氧化吡啶质量百分浓度为1％,硫酸铵为支持电解质,10％的硫酸溶液为阳极液,还原电量为200％的理论电量及50℃下4-氨基吡啶的收率达88.2％,电流效率44．1％。该工艺过程简单,收率高,是可望取代污染严重的铁粉还原的绿色合成路线。     

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶电化学氢化脱氯合成2-氯-5-甲基吡啶

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶(TCMP)选择性氢化脱氯制备2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶(CCMP)或2-氯-5-甲基吡啶(CMP)在农药"吡虫啉"合成中具有重要应用价值。首先在弱酸性的甲醇/乙酸/水混合溶剂中研究了TCMP电化学脱氯合成CCMP或CMP的可行性;其次,研究了阴极材料和电解液组成对TCMP选择性脱氯反应的影响;最后,采用膜厚度极距的板框式电解槽分别研究了阴、阳极支持电解质对电解槽压和电流密度与底物浓度对脱氯反应效率的影响。实验结果表明,在弱酸性的甲醇/乙酸/水混合溶剂中,TCMP能在银网阴极上高选择性的氢化脱氯成CMP;CMP收率从高到低的阴极依次为:银铜锌铅钛石墨镍。阴阳极支持电解质从四丁基高氯酸铵分别换成乙酸锂和硫酸,电解槽压大幅度下降。降低电流密度和提高底物浓度有利于TCMP电化学氢化脱氯效率。在优化条件下(阴极液:含10%乙酸+5%水+0.2 mol·L~(-1)乙酸锂的甲醇溶液;阴极:银网;电流密度:333 A·m~(-2);温度:30℃),0.2 mol·L~(-1) TCMP能高效地转化为CMP(收率:91%),电流效率可达54%,电解槽压大约为3.0 V。     

2甲-基吡啶在丙酮-水混合溶剂中的电氧化

在质子交换膜为隔膜的电解槽内,以2甲-基吡啶为原料,在丙酮/水混合溶剂中,以PbO2为阳极,电氧化合成了2-吡啶甲酸。通过循环伏安、线性扫描伏安和恒电位电解实验,考察了丙酮与水体积比、反应温度、硫酸浓度、反应物2-甲基吡啶浓度和阳极电位对选择性和电流效率的影响。结果表明,V(丙酮)∶V(水)=3∶1,硫酸浓度1.0~1.2 mol/L,2甲-基吡啶浓度0.5 mol/L,温度30℃,阳极电位1.75~1.80 V,生成2吡-啶甲酸的选择性可达88.7%,电流效率达到48.3%。而在纯水作溶剂的溶液中,相同条件下生成2-吡啶甲酸的选择性和电流效率仅分别为67.4%和42.2%。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对2-甲基吡啶电氧化的影响

通过恒电位电解实验,在以质子交换膜为隔膜的电解槽内,将十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)添加于2-甲基吡啶电氧化的有机合成体系中,研究了2-甲基吡啶在PbO2电极上的电氧化行为。通过实验确定最佳条件为:2-甲基吡啶浓度为0.5mol·L-1,H2SO4浓度为1.0mol·L-1,丙酮/水(3∶1)为溶剂,阳极电位为1.8V,反应温度为30℃,SDBS浓度为1.6×10-3mol·L-1,电解理论电量的20%,其选择性为81.98%,电流效率为59.32%。在该实验环境下,SDBS对2-甲基吡啶电氧化有明显的促进作用,选择性和电流效率都有明显的提高。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。