Active and reactive power control of a VSC-HVdc

Voltage source converter-based HVdc (VSC-HVdc) systems have the ability to rapidly control the transmitted active power, and also to independently exchange reactive power with transmissions systems. Due to these characteristics, VSC-HVdcs with a suitable control scheme can offer an alternative means to enhance transient stability, to improve power oscillations damping, and to provide voltage support. In this paper, a VSC-HVdc is represented by a simple model, referred to as the injection model. Based on this model, an energy function is developed for a multi-machine power system including VSC-HVdcs. Furthermore, based on Lyapunov theory (control Lyapunov function) and small signal analysis (modal analysis), various control strategies for transient stability and damping of low-frequency power oscillations are derived.     

On the eigenvalue control of electromechanical oscillations byadaptive power system stabilizer

The eigenvalue control strategy, which utilizes an adaptive power system stabilizer, is presented for the decentralized control of damping and frequency of electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The control procedure includes the complete identification of the decoupled subsystem model in real-time from local measurements only and the assignment of its estimated electromechanical eigenvalue by the change of stabilizer parameters. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed adaptive controller to enhance overall system stability are illustrated by several examples, including the three-machine power system model     

基于双机并联虚拟同步机系统的自适应控制策略研究

近年来,为了使分布式发电系统呈现类似于同步发电机的特点,基于同步发电机机电暂态分析理论的虚拟同步发电机(Virtual Synchronous Generator, VSG)控制技术受到了世界各国学者的广泛关注。然而多并联VSG系统在并网和故障稳定的过渡过程中存在功率振荡及频率波动,对电力系统的动态响应和稳定性有负面影响。文章介绍了VSG控制策略,建立了两台VSG并联的小信号模型,分析振荡时系统变量的变化情况,并提出一种基于自适应前馈控制的双机并联VSG控制策略。通过角频率的变化自适应增加前馈量补偿系统的功率缺额,提高了系统的响应速度和功率分配精度,抑制系统频率波动和有功功率振荡,保证了系统的快速稳定和安全性。最后在Matlab/Simulink平台上建立了仿真模型,仿真结果证明了所提出控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

电力电子化机载电力系统稳定性分析

多电飞机由于越来越多地采用电能作为能源供给形式,其电力系统的稳定性愈加重要。电力电子技术的发展是推动多电飞机及飞机电力系统技术进步的重要力量之一。同时考虑交直流系统及其相互作用,建立包含发电机、自耦变压整流器、机电作动器在内的多电飞机电力系统平均值模型,力求简单准确且适合系统大扰动稳定性分析的需求;在此基础上,结合混合势函数理论和李雅普诺夫稳定性定理对系统的稳定域进行求解。仿真结果表明,所提出的大扰动稳定性分析方法准确、快速,能灵活分析各类参数对系统稳定性的影响。     

A new methodology for identification of critical lines using damping sensitivity analysis

When an inter-area mode dominates a low-frequency oscillation in a stressed condition, control of the active power flow of interface lines, with compensating devices, can effectively reduce the electromechanical power oscillations. In general, interface lines in which inter-area oscillations are large are considered to be good locations for installation of compensating devices. A sensitivity analysis with respect to change in active power flow can provide an important factor in electric power system operation. This paper proposes a new methodology to calculate the damping sensitivity with respect to change in active power flow, which can be useful for accurate selection of critical lines from the viewpoint of small-signal stability. In the proposed methodology, a damping sensitivity index is used to select the critical lines to damp power system oscillations. This paper describes how to derive the damping sensitivity for the selected mode and illustrates an example applying the proposed algorithm to a simple two-area system and the New England 39-bus test system.     

智能电网调度控制系统新型应用架构设计

提出了基于分解协调和多目标趋优控制的智能电网调度控制系统应用新架构。利用分解协调策略,在各级电网实时数据和模型数据不逐级集中的条件下实现系统级分析计算(包括短路电流、潮流、小干扰、机电暂态、机电—电磁暂态混合仿真等),实现各类应用的完全分布化,降低对分析计算程序和硬件的要求,同时提升各类分析计算收敛性和建模精细度。利用多目标趋优技术,实现大电网安全、经济、环保多目标自动趋优运行,提升电网调度控制系统的智能性。同时,提出了带潮流方程的状态估计方法,为各类在线应用提供在线电网模型;提出了具有最小/最大稳定裕度计算功能的在线安全分析方法,为多目标优化提供稳定裕度指标。     

输入受限的非线性系统模型预测控制

基于模糊T—S模型对输入受限的非线性离散系统,提出了模型预测控制,导出了预测控制性能指标上界,将稳定性约束、输入约束变换成容易求解的线性矩阵不等式(LMIs)形式。采用了状态反馈控制器和并行补偿分布控制器(PDC),基于李雅普诺夫函数和线性矩阵不等式方法给出滚动时域优化的充分条件,证明了闭环系统的稳定性。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

The influence of GUPFC FACTS device on small signal stability of the electrical power systems

In this paper a power injection model is presented for the Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC), which facilitates its representation in the electric power system (EPS). This model of the GUPFC device becomes an attractive option to be implemented in power flow and optimal power flow programs. An efficient structure for the GUPFC control system is also presented in the article. This can be used to represent the dynamics in both stability analysis of small perturbations, which is the focus of this work, and in transient stability analysis (large disturbances) of the EPS. Considering the most basic GUPFC configuration, the proposed structure can control four active and reactive power flows in two lines, the voltage at the common installation bus; addition to these characteristics inherent in the GUPFC, this device can provide damping for the electromechanical oscillations of the EPS, as a POD (Power Oscillation Damping) controller is coupled to the control loop. Simulations are performed on one multimachine test system, whose results are analyzed and discussed in this paper, in order to analyze the performance of the power injection model and its proposed control structure in the damping of oscillations.     

An optimal control design for bidirectional inductive power transfer system using dynamics identification

Abstract

In this article, we address the tracking control problem for the bidirectional inductive power transfer systems (BIPTS) in the view of optimal performance. To achieve the optimal destination with respect to a quadratic value function, an identified linear model for the BIPTS is first developed, and it is proved to be convergent to the true dynamic model when the persistent excitation condition is satisfied. And then, based on the identified model, the desired system states and control inputs are derived according to the reference transferring power, and be utilized as the feedback signals and feedforward compensation, respectively, for the optimal controller. A hybrid Lyapunov function is developed to guarantee the closed-loop stability and the asymptotically tracking convergence. A numerical simulation is carried out to illustrate the satisfactory control performance.     

Improvement of transient stability for power systems using wide-area measurement signals

With the wide application of synchronized phase measurement unit in power system, the wide-area measurement (WAM) system has enabled the use of a combination of measured information from remote location for improving transient stability. The paper focuses on a two-level hierarchical decentralized coordinated excitation control consists of multiple decentralized local fuzzy power system stabilizers (LFPSS) for each generator at the first level helped by a WAM based supervisory power system stabilizer (SPSS) at the secondary level for wide-area power system transient stability enhancement. In order to eliminate the inherent nonlinearities in the power system model and enable the model to be applicable to power system control, first, a direct feedback linearization compensator acting through the local excitation machine is proposed. Then, the T-S fuzzy model is employed to approximate the system model. Based on the T-S fuzzy model, the LFPSS is designed. And the SPSS is proposed to apply the remote signals from the WAM systems. For taking consideration of the time delays introduced by remote information’s transmission in WAM systems and overcoming their impacts on control performance, the authors develop a delay-independent H _∞ robust control technique. Some new robust stability criteria in terms of LMI are derived by Lyapunov stability theory incorporating LMI techniques. Simulation examples demonstrate that the decentralized coordinated robust control has better transient stability performance in the face of transmission time delays, severe variations of operating point and faults in various locations.     

Optimal controllers based on FACTS devices intended for decentralized control of integrated large electrical power systems

The decentralized synthesis of stabilizing controllers based on FACTS devices in an integrated electrical power system (IEPS), which secures minimum energy consumption for control, has been examined. This task can be solved with the help of decomposition and aggregation of the initial model of the IEPS to regional electric power systems (REPS) (subsystems). For aggregated models of the subsystems, a control is synthesized based on Riccati’s quadratic equations or, in the case of asymptotical stability of aggregated models of the sub-system, based on Lyapunov’s linear equations.     

Stabilizing interconnected power systems using static phase shifters

This paper presents a digital simulation study of proposed thyristor controlled static phase shifter applications in steady state stability enhancement of interconnected power systems. Incorporation of a detailed linearized model of a static phase shifter into the dynamics of the interconnected power system facilitates the investigation of different control strategies for static phase shifters to damp the electromechanical and torsional oscillations.     

The Control Strategy for an IPFC Based on the Energy Function

In order to be able to successfully apply interline power flow controllers (IPFCs) for power-system transient-stability improvement and for the damping of oscillations, proper control strategies should be applied to these devices. The basis for the implementation of such a strategy that is proposed in this paper is to know the energy function of a power system that includes IPFCs. Already-known energy functions that proved to be suitable for an electric-power system do not include such a device. Therefore, in this paper an energy function that considers the IPFC's action in the form of a supplement to the already-known structure-preserving energy functions was constructed. Furthermore, the strategy for implementing the newly developed IPFC energy functions in order to ensure a globally optimum control strategy in the Lyapunov sense is presented. The results of the numerical examples show that the magnitudes of the IPFC's series-injected voltages remain set to their maximum values and that only the angles of these voltages change, similar to the “bang-bang” control strategies proposed for some other FACTS devices.      

基于混沌神经网络模型的电力系统混沌预测与控制

由于电力系统的日趋复杂和庞大，电力系统除了因负阻尼引起的低频振荡外，还存在PSS不能消除的混沌振荡的危机。为及早判断和抑制电力系统的混沌振荡，提高电力系统稳定性，根据电力系统的负荷时间序列重构吸引子相空间，计算相空间饱和嵌入维数和最大Lyapunov指数，并以此为指导，建立混沌神经网络预测模型，该模型即便在电力系统负荷含有部分坏数据输入的情况下，仍能对电力系统的混沌特性进行精确地判断和预测。如果判断出系统存在混沌现象，则设计模糊神经网络预测控制器，实现了对电力系统混沌振荡的预测控制。仿真结果表明，该方案对抑制电力系统混沌振荡具有显著效果。     

时变时延网络控制系统稳定性分析

针对时变时延和数据包丢失的网络控制系统的稳定性和控制器设计问题,提出比例积分输出反馈控制策略。基于异步动态系统理论、Lyapunov稳定性原理和线性矩阵不等式方法,在传感器与控制器间、控制器与执行器间,建立时变时延和数据包丢失的比例积分输出反馈网络控制系统模型,给出网络控制系统指数稳定的半负定矩阵条件和比例积分输出反馈控制器设计方法。通过数值仿真例子验证,指数稳定的半负定矩阵条件和比例积分控制器设计方法是可行的。     

基于动态相量法的改进多端模块化多电平换流器HVDC小干扰稳定模型

针对含多端模块化多电平换流器高压直流(MMC-HVDC)交直流混联系统的稳定问题,提出一种基于动态相量法的改进小干扰稳定分析模型。由于传统小干扰稳定模型均基于准稳态假定,因此难以反应电力电子型器件的快速动态过程。综合考虑多端MMC-HVDC有源及无源网络下的控制策略,推导并建立基于动态相量法的改进小干扰模型。建立含海上风电场的多端MMC-HVDC测试系统,并对比分析电磁暂态模型、传统小干扰模型及改进小干扰模型在动态响应下的精度及仿真时间。根据仿真结果,所提改进小干扰模型能够较好地跟随系统动态响应,预测系统振荡过程,并能显著削减仿真时间,其有效性和适应性得到了证明。     

UPFC状态反馈精确线性化潮流控制策略

统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)传统线性控制器的性能可能因运行点的大范围变化而恶化,针对该问题提出了一种基于微分几何状态反馈精确线性化理论的UPFC非线性潮流控制策略。通过选择李雅普诺夫型输出函数、适当的非线性坐标变换和状态反馈将UPFC的5阶非线性系统完全转化为一个线性系统,然后采用线性极点配置方法设计了UPFC内部潮流控制器。IEEE 118节点系统的仿真对比结果表明,所提UPFC潮流控制策略改进了传统PI控制近似线性化的缺陷,有效适应了UPFC控制范围的大幅度变化,在提高电力系统暂态稳定性方面的效果明显优于传统PI控制。此外,该控制策略设计过程可以应用于所有基于电压源型换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)的柔性交流输电系统(flexibleAC transmission system,FACTS)装置。     

带恒功率负载的Boost变换器模糊自适应反步滑模控制

恒功率负载的负阻抗特性易导致DC/DC变换器系统输出电压不稳定。该文针对带恒功率负载的Boost变换器,提出一种模糊自适应反步滑模控制策略。首先应用精确反馈线性化将模型转化为布鲁诺夫斯基标准形式。然后在保证大信号稳定的前提下,将模糊自适应控制方法加入到反步滑模控制器的设计中,根据模糊自适应控制系统实时更新系统增益,利用李雅普诺夫理论证明整个闭环系统的稳定性。最后,仿真和实验结果表明,与传统的双闭环PI控制方法相比,该控制策略具有更好的动态调节性能和更强的鲁棒性。     

基于观测解耦状态空间的多机励磁非线性分散最优控制策略

为进一步改善多机系统的暂态稳定性,结合直接反馈线性化原理和最优控制理论推导出多机系统中励磁的分散控制规律。该控制策略是根据多机电力系统观测解耦状态空间得出,只需要当地信号实施控制,驱动子系统到达局部平衡点,就能使全系统达到稳定。仿真结果表明,该控制规律能够较好地提高多机电力系统的暂态稳定性。