基于鱼鳞贮藏方式改善鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶的功能特性

鱼鳞的贮藏方式会影响鱼鳞明胶的品质,本实验研究了太阳晒干后室温贮藏、4 ℃贮藏、－20 ℃贮藏和 60 ℃热风干燥后室温贮藏对鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶凝胶强度、乳化活性和起泡能力的影响,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、 十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和扫描电子显微镜表征经不同方式贮藏后制备得到的鱼鳞明胶的结构特性。 结果表明：4 种贮藏方式不会破坏明胶的分子质量分布（α链、β链和高分子聚合物）和傅里叶变换红外光谱的特征 性吸收峰（酰胺A带、酰胺I带、酰胺II带和酰胺III带）。4 种贮藏方式都能提升鱼鳞明胶的乳化活性和起泡能力, 其中,－20 ℃贮藏鱼鳞1 个月改善明胶乳化活性和起泡能力的效果最佳。除60 ℃热风干燥之外,其他贮藏方式均 能改善鱼鳞明胶的凝胶强度,这可能与其相应的结构特征变化有关。相比新鲜鱼鳞和60 ℃热风干燥鱼鳞,太阳晒 干和低温方式（4 ℃和－20 ℃）贮藏鱼鳞使得鱼鳞明胶α链、β链和高分子聚合物含量增加,酰胺A带吸收峰的波数 降低,鱼鳞明胶网络结构的致密性增加。     

鱼鳞明胶的提胶工艺

根据单因素试验结果,利用正交试验,考察了提胶温度、pH值和时间对鱼鳞明胶品质的影响。并得到提胶条件为:提胶温度为55℃,pH值为6,时间为5h。在该条件下明胶的提取率达到58%,6.67%的明胶溶液在60℃时的黏度为8.16mPa·s,7℃下保温18h后凝胶强度为1 202.65g,约290Bloom,凝胶温度和熔化温度分别为20.8℃,26.9℃,等电点约为pH 7,可达到高品质明胶的要求。     

提取pH对鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶功能性质的影响

研究了制备过程中pH值(3.0~7.0)对鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶组成、得率和功能性质(凝胶强度、胶融温度和浊度)的影响,并对鱼鳞明胶的分子量分布进行了探究。结果表明,pH值在3.0~7.0时均能得到高品质的鱼鳞明胶(高蛋白质含量、低灰分含量)。随着pH值的增加,鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶得率逐渐降低,浊度逐渐增加,凝胶强度和胶融温度先增加后减小。此外,鳙鱼鱼鳞明胶的凝胶强度与分子量分布具有一定的相关性。上述研究结果可为特定用途的鱼明胶制备提供技术支撑。     

采用“梯度升温法”提取鱼鳞明胶及其理化特性的研究

以草鱼鳞为原料提取明胶,首先采用单因素试验明确了明胶提取温度为60℃～80℃,时间为6h。在此基础上采用60℃～70℃～80℃三段式加热的梯度升温法提取草鱼鳞明胶,并以恒温提取法(60℃、70℃和80℃)为对照组,对所制备的明胶理化特性进行了比较研究。实验表明,梯度升温法所得明胶相比市售明胶和对照组,含有更多的高分子量组分(130～250ku),使其具有更高的凝胶强度,傅里叶变换红外光谱显示梯度升温法所得明胶具有明胶特有的典型酰胺带,其溶胶-凝胶点和热变性温度居于恒温提取法60℃组和80℃组之间,但提取率和凝胶强度均相对较高,且灰分含量低于0.20%,脂肪含量低于0.60%。综上所述,采用梯度升温法提取明胶兼顾了提取率和明胶品质,具有较好的应用前景。     

草鱼鱼鳞明胶的提胶工艺及特性研究

探讨草鱼鱼鳞明胶的提胶条件及其特性。采用正交试验研究pH值、温度和时间对鱼鳞明胶品质的影响,利用物性仪、高效液相色谱仪和红外光谱仪等对制备的明胶特性进行分析研究。得到最佳提胶条件:提胶液pH值为6、提胶温度为55℃和时间为6h。得到的明胶提取率为35.56%,黏度为6.04mPa·s,凝胶强度为478.58g,等电点为pH值7.6,亚氨基酸(脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸)含量达21.6%。所得鱼鳞明胶结构稳定,为较高品质的明胶。     

罗非鱼鱼鳞明胶微胶囊化抗坏血酸的研究

以罗非鱼鱼鳞明胶为壁材,玉米油为流动相,山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯(司盘65)为乳化剂,结合超声波技术,制备包埋抗坏血酸的微胶囊。探讨了乳化剂用量,固化时间,流动相用量,鱼鳞明胶与抗坏血酸质量比对微胶囊包埋率的影响。结果表明:1 mL含质量比为2∶1的15 mg/mL的明胶与抗坏血酸的混合液,乳化剂用量为100μL,玉米油用量为20 mL,在40℃下以0.12 g/mL谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG酶)固化7 h,微胶囊包埋率达到89.78%,同样条件下获得的动物源明胶制备的微胶囊包埋率仅为57.3%,且该微胶囊粒径分布较为集中,平均粒径为3.57μm,证明了鱼鳞明胶对哺乳动物源明胶具有一定的可替代性。     

阿魏酸改性明胶的性质变化研究

本文将不同浓度的阿魏酸用于明胶改性,用以研究其对明胶凝胶强度、流变性等主要性质的影响。利用凝胶强度检测、流变学分析、红外分析、X-射线衍射和扫描电镜分析法对明胶改性前后的性质做了分析比较。结果表明,阿魏酸可以提高明胶的凝胶强度和熔点。当阿魏酸总浓度为2.00 g/L时,明胶的凝胶强度得到明显提高。通过红外光谱的分析和X-射线衍射分析可以证实阿魏酸分子与不同的肽链交联,拉近了肽链之间的距离,使肽链间连接更紧密,而交联作用的主要作用力是氢键。本文研究表明,阿魏酸在特定浓度下可作为明胶良好的改性剂。      

不同提取温度对白鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本实验以白鲢鱼皮为原料提取鱼皮明胶,考察不同提取温度（30、50、70、90、100 ℃）对鱼皮明胶得率和理化性质的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收峰均在波长218 nm左右;明胶提取率在提取温度为90 ℃时最大,为（86.91±0.98）%;50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度最大,为（896.75±117.03）g;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,30、50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由α1、α2、β 3 条肽链组成,70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由于明胶分子的热降解,电泳条带不明显;30、50、70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为（97.88±2.65）、（108.66±0.43）、（106.48±3.33）、（100.27±2.37）、（99.56±0.37）℃;提取温度越高,明胶的G’’和G’值越小、流变性能越差。     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮明胶的制备

目的以斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮为原料,采用酸碱法制备鱼皮明胶;方法选用NaOH溶液和H2SO4溶液进行明胶的提取,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮明胶最佳制备工艺;结果NaOH质量分数为0.3%,H2SO4质量分数为0.4%,处理时间均为120 min,提取温度45℃,提取时间6 h,此时,所得明胶的凝胶强度和黏度分别为672.2 g和9.46 mPa·s,明胶提取率为65.21%.     

不同pH值条件下超声波辅助水浴提取对鱼鳞明胶凝胶特性、流变特性和结构特性的影响

对比分析不同pH值条件下的普通水浴（waterbath,WB）和超声波辅助水浴（ultrasonic-assisted waterbath,UWB）提取对草鱼鱼鳞明胶提取动力学、凝胶性质、流变特性与结构特性的影响。结果表明,当pH>7.0时,UWB作用下鱼鳞明胶的凝胶强度较WB更大。流变特性结果表明,UWB处理增强了鱼鳞明胶表观黏度,却降低了其凝胶点和融胶点。结构分析结果表明UWB可以降低鱼鳞明胶α-螺旋与β-折叠的含量,此外,pH值和UWB均可以改变鱼鳞明胶的三级结构。本研究可为实现鱼鳞废弃物的高值化综合利用提供思路。     

鱼皮明胶的超高压辅助提取工艺

为建立鱼皮明胶清洁生产工艺,对超高压辅助提取鱼皮明胶进行系统研究,考察超高压处理压力、超高压作用时间、提取温度、提取时间对凝胶强度和提取率的影响。结果表明,较优提取工艺为处理压力300MPa、超高压时间10min、提取温度50～60℃、提取时间4h,在此条件下明胶凝胶强度可达274g,得率可达75.03%,溶解温度和凝胶温度分别为23.6℃和16.4℃。     

鱼皮明胶的制备、特性及应用

由于传统哺乳动物明胶带来的传染病问题以及穆斯林、犹太等特定消费者的需求,鱼明胶受到了很大的关注。本文叙述了鱼皮明胶的制备方法,并在分析其结构的基础上,论述了鱼皮明胶的胶凝特性、成膜性和感官特性,同时对鱼皮明胶在食品中的应用作了简单介绍。     

Water Vapor Permeability of Mammalian and Fish Gelatin Films

ABSTRACT:  Water vapor permeability of cold- and warm-water fish skin gelatins films was evaluated and compared with different types of mammalian gelatins. Alaskan pollock and salmon gelatins were extracted from frozen skins, others were obtained from commercial sources. Water vapor permeability of gelatin films was determined considering differences on percent relative humidity (%RH) at the film underside. Molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, gel strength, viscoelastic properties, pH, and clarity were also determined for each gelatin. Water vapor permeability of cold-water fish gelatin films (0.93 gmm/m²hkPa) was significantly lower than warm-water fish and mammalian gelatin films (1.31 and 1.88 gmm/m²hkPa, respectively) at 25 °C, 0/80 %RH through 0.05-mm thickness films. This was related to increased hydrophobicity due to reduced amounts of proline and hydroxyproline in cold-water fish gelatins. As expected, gel strength and gel setting temperatures were lower for cold-water fish gelatin than either warm-water fish gelatins or mammalian gelatins. This study demonstrated significant differences in physical, chemical, and rheological properties between mammalian and fish gelatins. Lower water vapor permeability of fish gelatin films can be useful particularly for applications related to reducing water loss from encapsulated drugs and refrigerated or frozen food systems.     

Ultraviolet-B Radiation Induced Cross-linking Improves Physical Properties of Cold- and Warm-Water Fish Gelatin Gels and Films

Cold- and warm-water fish gelatin granules were exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation for doses up to 29.7 J/cm(2) . Solutions and films were prepared from the granules. Gel electrophoresis and refractive index were used to examine changes in molecular weight of the samples. Also, the gel strength and rheological properties of the solutions as well as the tensile and water vapor barrier properties of the films were characterized. SDS-PAGE and refractive index results indicated cross-linking of gelatin chains after exposure to radiation. Interestingly, UV-B treated samples displayed higher gel strengths, with cold- and warm-water fish gelatin having gel strength increases from 1.39 to 2.11 N and from 7.15 to 8.34 N, respectively. In addition, both gelatin samples exhibited an increase in viscosity for higher UV doses. For gelatin films, the cold-water fish gelatin samples made from irradiated granules showed greater tensile strength. In comparison, the warm-water gelatin films made from irradiated granules had lower tensile strength, but better water vapor barrier properties. This might be due to the UV induced cross-linking in warm-water gelatin that disrupted helical structures.     

鱼鳞明胶对鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白的冷冻保护作用及其机制

分别从肌原纤维蛋白分子结构和凝胶特性角度,探究不同质量分数鱼鳞明胶（0.5%、1%、2%）的添加对冻融处理鱼糜的冷冻保护作用。结果表明：添加1%明胶时,肌原纤维蛋白在8 次冻融后其蛋白溶解度、总巯基含量和Ca2＋-ATP酶活性的下降幅度分别为49.2%、17.4%和31.2%,均低于对照组的下降幅度（69.8%、26.6%和49.4%）;表面疏水性和羰基含量的抑制程度分别为42.7%和229.9%,高于商业抗冻剂组（159.4%）。同时鱼鳞明胶的添加明显抑制了鱼糜冻融过程流变学特性和凝胶特性的劣化。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱结合差示扫描量热分析结果表明,除通过抑制冰晶生长以外,明胶亦可通过与鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白侧链间的疏水相互作用,抑制肌原纤维蛋白降解,实现冰晶抑制与组分稳定的双重低温保护作用。     

Optimization of Gelatin Extraction from Silver Carp Skin

ABSTRACT:  Fish skins are a by-product of the fish processing industry that can be successfully processed into gelatin. This study was designed to optimize the extraction process to obtain the highest yield, gel strength, and viscosity for gelatin production from silver carp skin. A fractional factorial design (2 levels, resolution III, 2^9-5) was chosen to screen 9 parameters to determine the most significant ones. Those found to be significant were optimized to determine the maximum value for 3 dependent variables mentioned above. The hydroxyproline content and hydroxyproline/protein ratio of the skin were 1.7% and 6.5%, respectively. The protein content of the skin was 26%. The hydroxyproline content of the gelatin for the sample giving the highest hydroxyproline/protein ratio was 10.9%. This sample was arbitrarily called pure gelatin and the purity of the remaining samples was between 71.8% and 97%. The highest protein and gelatin recovery was 78.1% and 98.8% of the total available, respectively. The latter, gelatin recovery, is proposed to be used instead of protein yield. Four variables were determined as significant in screening and these variables were studied by a central composite rotatable design (4-factor and 5-level with 6 central points) to model the system and response surface methodology was used for optimization. The optimum extraction conditions were 50 °C for the extraction temperature, 0.1 N HCl for the acid concentration, 45 min for the acid pretreatment time, and finally 4 : 1 (v/w) for the water/skin ratio. The predicted responses for these extraction conditions were 630 g gel strength, 6.3 cP viscosity, and 80.8% gelatin recovery. The data suggest that silver carp skin gelatin is similar to those of fish gelatins currently being exploited commercially.     

明胶冻力影响因素的研究

以中和后的猪原皮为原料提取明胶，研究了蒸胶过程中温度、pH值、时间等因素对明胶冻力、下胶量、胶液浓度及胶液体积的影响，确定了提取高冻力明胶的最优参数。结果表明，温度57℃、pH值为4.7、时间为4．5h时，冻力最大。