外源乳酸菌对低聚异麦芽糖肠道发酵产酸的影响

利用健康成人粪便提取物体外模拟低聚异麦芽糖的肠道发酵,采用气相色谱法定量分析3种短链脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸和丁酸)的生成量,揭示6株外源乳酸菌对低聚异麦芽糖肠道发酵产酸模式的影响。结果表明:粪便提取物单独发酵低聚异麦芽糖12~48 h时可产生短链脂肪酸,且其含量随发酵时间的延长而增加。分别添加6株外源乳酸菌于发酵体系后,发酵产物中3种短链脂肪酸的生成量明显增加,其中丁酸量增加最为显著,从0.12 mmol/L增至6.55~12.45 mmol/L。不同菌株促进低聚异麦芽糖肠道发酵产酸能力不同,从整体上看,屎肠球菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌促进低聚异麦芽糖产生3种短链脂肪酸的能力最强。     

低聚异麦芽糖调节肠道菌群及润肠通便作用的研究

为研究体外检测低聚异麦芽糖对长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响及低聚异麦芽糖对BALB/c小鼠肠道菌群影响以及对便秘小鼠润肠通便的作用。采用不同浓度低聚异麦芽糖与葡萄糖作为培养基中的碳源,与碳源为葡萄糖比较,检测不同浓度低聚异麦芽糖条件下长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的生长情况。体内实验以BALB/c雌性小鼠为实验对象,连续给予小鼠高剂量(1.0 g/(kg·bw))、低剂量(0.5 g/(kg·bw))的低聚异麦芽糖14 d后,测定小鼠粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌的含量;连续给予小鼠高、低剂量的低聚异麦芽糖21 d后,以复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型,测定给予低聚异麦芽糖后便秘小鼠的排首黑便时间、6 h内黑便重量及小肠推进率。得到在体外实验中,与碳源为葡萄糖相比,碳源为不同浓度低聚异麦芽糖与葡萄糖时,长双歧杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌的数量显著增加。体内实验中,实验组小鼠灌胃低聚异麦芽糖14 d后,与正常组相比,粪便中乳杆菌与双歧杆菌都极显著增加,B/E值也明显提高,且低剂量组中肠杆菌显著减少;灌胃前后自身相比,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量也显著增加。灌胃便秘小鼠低聚异麦芽糖后,其首粒排黑便时间明显缩短,排黑便总量明显增加,小肠推进率明显提高。体外培养条件下,低聚异麦芽糖可以增加长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的数量;低聚异麦芽糖具有改善小鼠胃肠道菌群及润肠通便的功效。     

不同凝结芽孢杆菌在单一及混合碳源下的发酵特性

本文研究了凝结芽孢杆菌BH1、HL5和36D1在木糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖、低聚异麦芽糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖等单一碳源和葡萄糖分别加其他五种碳源(即混合碳源)下的底物利用和代谢情况,对三株菌以葡萄糖和低聚异麦芽糖作为混合碳源进行5 L罐发酵,进一步考察三株菌发酵特性,以期确定一株菌株作为后续高效乳酸发酵菌株筛选的出发菌株。结果显示:单一碳源发酵下,凝结芽孢杆菌36D1可以完全利用海藻糖、木糖和葡萄糖,而BH1和HL5对木糖和海藻糖几乎无利用,同时三株菌对蔗糖均无明显利用;混合碳源发酵下,凝结芽孢杆菌36D1发酵过程中表现出明显的葡萄糖阻遏效应,BH1和HL5对其他糖(尤其是麦芽糖和异麦芽糖)的利用几乎不受影响;5 L罐发酵结果表明,HL5对异麦芽糖的利用能力较优。凝结芽孢杆菌HL5对麦芽糖、异麦芽糖以及葡萄糖的利用能力较高,最终确定HL5作为后续菌株筛选的出发菌株。     

甘薯渣中可溶性膳食纤维对肠道菌群代谢产物的影响

利用体外发酵技术,用酶解法将甘薯渣中的可溶性膳食纤维提取后作为体外培养肠道菌群的主要碳源,体外发酵并观察发酵液在0,6,12,24 h中的pH值、产气量、NH3-N含量的变化,在12,24,48 h分别测定发酵液中的短链脂肪酸（SCFA）含量,通过以上指标的变化来判定甘薯可溶性膳食纤维对肠道菌群代谢产物的影响。结果表明,添加甘薯可溶性膳食纤维的试验组相较于空白组能显著降低（P＜0.05）发酵液的pH值,降低发酵液中的NH3-N含量,并显著提升（P＜0.05）SCFA的产量,说明甘薯渣中的可溶性膳食纤维具有改善肠道菌群代谢产物的作用,有利于人体肠道健康。     

低聚合度魔芋甘露寡糖对正常小鼠肠道及微生物菌群的影响

研究以有机溶剂沉淀法制备的低聚合度魔芋甘露寡糖(LMOS)对正常小鼠肠道形态、肠道菌群的影响。取ICR小鼠50只,随机分为4组实验组和1组对照组,分别用不同剂量1,2,4,8,8g/(kg·d)的LMOS溶液和等体积的生理盐水灌胃,连续30 d后,观察比较不同LMOS添加量对小鼠肠道形态、盲肠内短链脂肪酸(SCFA)及微生物菌群的影响。实验结果表明,与对照组相比,高剂量的LMOS能显著增加小鼠盲肠内SCFA的含量,并能使肠绒毛高度增加。变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图谱结果分析表明,与对照组相比,喂食高剂量LMOS能使小鼠肠道中乳杆菌等有益菌含量增加。得出LMOS能够通过促进SCFA的产生、促进乳杆菌的增殖,调节小鼠肠道健康,是一类具有开发前景的益生元。     

促生长因子对发酵乳杆菌H0801培养的影响

本文研究以低聚异麦芽糖、低聚果糖、菊粉、棉籽糖和乳糖作为促生长因子对发酵乳杆菌培养的影响。结果表明:低聚异麦芽糖对发酵乳杆菌培养菌液活菌数和菌泥收率具有促增长作用,当添加量为2%时,效果尤为显著。     

还原低聚异麦芽糖调节肠道菌群动物实验研究报告

还原低聚异麦芽糖是还原饴糖的一种,它以低聚异麦芽糖为原料,与其他糖醇一样,在高压的条件下,用氢还原制造而成的.产品是无色透明的液状,并含有70%的固体成分,也称低聚异麦芽糖醇.还原低聚异麦芽糖具有低聚异麦芽糖的所有生理功能.它能明显改善肠道微生态平衡及增殖双歧杆菌,改善肠胃功能,抑制病原腐败菌生长、减少肠内腐败物质、促进肠道蠕动、改善便秘、增强免疫力、降低血脂的功效.研究表明低聚异麦芽糖促使杆菌和双歧杆菌数量明显增加,肠杆菌和肠球菌数量明显减少,产气荚膜梭杆菌数量无显著变化,低聚异麦芽糖对小鼠体重无不良影响.     

益生菌乳酸发酵法生产高纯度低聚异麦芽糖

研究了一种新的高纯度低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)生产方法。利用益生菌添加甜菜碱进行乳酸发酵,将可发酵性糖葡萄糖、果糖和麦芽糖转化为乳酸,使原料IMO等级由IMO-50提高到IMO-90,发酵液无需进行菌体分离即可用于食品加工。     

低聚异麦芽糖的研究进展

低聚异麦芽糖作为饲料添加剂显著优于抗生素及益生素。动物实验表明：低聚异麦芽糖可以增殖肠道中的双歧杆菌数量；降低大肠杆菌的数量；提高生产能力和抗病能力，降低饲料消耗。本文就低聚异麦芽糖的理化性质、生理功能、生产开发及其在饲料工业中的应用作一概述。     

具有肠道动力及肠道菌群调节功能乳杆菌的筛选及功能评价

便秘作为常见的胃肠道疾病,常伴有肠道动力及肠道菌群的异常。本研究通过测定45 株乳杆菌的体外生理特性,并筛选出3 株进行体内功能性评价,探讨乳杆菌对肠道动力以及肠道菌群的调节能力。结果表明：干酪乳杆菌LC9、发酵乳杆菌LF37和鼠李糖乳杆菌LR45的耐酸耐胆盐存活率高于10%,均能利用低聚果糖、低聚木糖、低聚半乳糖,且短链脂肪酸产量高于1.2 mmol/L。此外,3 株乳杆菌均能促进小鼠的小肠推进率,缩短首粒排黑便时间,增加粪便水分质量分数,加快肠道运动,同时能提高小鼠粪便菌群中有益菌的相对丰度,改善菌群结构。综上,这3 株菌对小鼠肠道功能有一定的调节作用,具有潜在的应用价值。     

肠道梭菌在机体能量过度摄入中的作用

肥胖与肠道菌群对能量的过度摄入有密切的关系。目前发现人体肠道中与肥胖有关的细菌主要有厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门细菌,其中梭菌属是厚壁菌门中非常重要而且数量庞大的一类菌。研究表明肠道梭菌属细菌代谢是导致机体能量摄入过度的主要原因之一。此外,肠道菌的多糖水解酶降解膳食纤维产生短链脂肪酸提供机体额外的能量,细菌脂多糖的吸收增多促进机体能量过度摄入,饥饿诱导脂肪因子的表达受到抑制时能量更容易以脂肪的形式蓄积,这些因素均与肥胖的形成有密切关系。但是目前对肠道梭菌在以下几个方面的作用仍未被阐明:1)梭菌是否是多糖水解酶的主要来源;2)多糖水解酶产生的短链脂肪酸对能量摄入的贡献;3)梭菌占优对细菌脂多糖的产生与吸收的影响;以及4)梭菌对FIAF表达的影响等。本文提出了可能的机制,为进一步的研究提供参考。     

几类不同食物对肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分,肠道菌群能在一定程度上影响宿主的营养代谢和健康。肠道菌群的组成与功能受宿主生理状态、遗传、饮食习惯、年龄和环境等多重因素的影响。其中,膳食是影响肠道菌群结构和功能最为重要且较为迅速的因素。作为日常生活中常见的食物资源,杂粮、杂豆和果蔬等食物含有的膳食纤维和多酚等物质已经被证明具有调节肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群能够发酵膳食纤维,代谢后释放维生素以及短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,并选择性地促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖,进而在一定程度上促进宿主健康。此外,大部分酚类物质也在肠道中被肠道菌群代谢分解后进一步提高酚类物质的生物利用率,从而改善宿主生理状态。本文围绕日常生活中常见的食物资源如杂粮杂豆以及水果蔬菜等对肠道菌群的调节作用进行综述,展望以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢性疾病预防与治疗或膳食干预的前景。     

中性大蒜果聚糖体外发酵产短链脂肪酸

大蒜果聚糖是大蒜深加工后废弃蒜渣中的主要成分,不能被人体消化利用,可选择性增殖肠道益生菌,具有开发成新型益生元的潜力。体外发酵产短链脂肪酸的分析对进一步评价大蒜果聚糖对肠道微生态的影响有重要意义。方法:本研究通过体外模拟人体肠道系统的pH、温度和营养条件,接种人体新鲜粪便悬浮液进行间歇式静态厌氧培养,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析不同聚合度(平均DP为11、16、21)的中性大蒜果聚糖为唯一碳源,培养0、4、8、12、24 h产短链脂肪酸的情况。结果:发酵12 h时短链脂肪酸浓度达到最高,之后便开始下降。其中样a(平均DP为11)的发酵液中总SCFA浓度最高,达86.38μmol/mL。总短链脂肪酸产量为样a(DP 11)>样b(DP16)>样c(DP 21)。24 h时,各发酵液的短链脂肪酸中丁酸和乳酸的比例较乙酸和丙酸高。结论:大蒜果聚糖能被人体肠道微生物发酵利用在体外产短链脂肪酸。其中丁酸和乳酸的摩尔浓度较乙酸和丙酸高。聚合度低的大蒜果聚糖产酸高于聚合度高的果聚糖。     

Resistant starch prepared from high-amylose maize starch with citric acid hydrolysis and its simulated fermentation in vitro

Resistant starch (RS) was prepared from high-amylose maize starch through two autoclaving–cooling cycles and then acid hydrolysis of retrograded starch. Experimental results showed that hydrolysis of retrograded high-amylose maize starch with 0.1 mol L⁻¹ citric acid at room temperature for 12 h would increase RS yield to 39%. At simulated conditions of large intestine (anaerobic and 37 °C), the prepared RS product was fermented in culture by fresh feces extract from healthy adult or healthy infant to produce short chain fatty acids. Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid produced in culture were analyzed by GC with capillary column. The GC analysis results showed that as the increase of fermentation time and the addition level of RS in culture, the production of short chain fatty acids was increased. However, the production of short chain fatty acids (especially butyric acid) in culture fermented by healthy infant feces extract was much higher than that fermented by healthy adult feces extract. It suggested that the production of short chain fatty acids from RS in simulated intestinal conditions might be affected by the intestinal microflora.     

Effectiveness of probiotics,prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components in common functional foods

The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic‐like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. The bioactive ingredients in functional foods have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid in shaping of gut microflora and promotion of immunity. These functional components also contribute in preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction and tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of these positive influences on human health are still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize the major contents of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components commonly found in consumable functional foods, and we present an overview of direct and indirect benefits they provide on human health. The major contributors are certain families of metabolites, specifically short‐chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by probiotics, and prebiotics, or prebiotic‐like components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins that are found in functional foods. These functional ingredients in foods influence the gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes and the production of beneficial metabolites that, in turn, have direct benefits to the host, while also providing protection from pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut ecosystem. The complex interactions that arise among functional food ingredients, human physiology, the gut microbiota, and their respective metabolic pathways have been found to minimize several factors that contribute to the incidence of chronic disease, such as inflammation oxidative stress.     

抗性淀粉的体外产酸发酵研究

分别采用健康成人和健康婴儿的新鲜粪便提取液,在模拟大肠环境下(厌氧,37℃),作用于不同含量的抗性淀粉,发酵不同时间,采用气相色谱法测定不同发酵时间的发酵产物中短链脂肪酸的含量。分析结果表明,对于2种不同的粪便提取液,随着发酵时间的延长和抗性淀粉含量的增加,发酵产物中短链脂肪酸的总含量均逐渐增加,特别是丁酸含量增加显著;但在婴儿粪便提取液的发酵产物中,短链脂肪酸的含量,尤其是丁酸的含量,显著高于成人粪便提取液的发酵产物。     

皂化-冷冻-萃取法研究加热或长期放置对植物油中短链脂肪酸含量的影响

为研究加热或长期放置对植物油中短链脂肪酸含量的影响,采用皂化-冷冻-萃取法分离除去植物油中的高级脂肪酸等干扰成分,采用气相色谱法(GC-FID)对植物油加热或长期放置后的短链脂肪酸含量进行了分析测定。结果表明:长期放置及加热的植物油中均检出了己酸、庚酸、辛酸3种短链脂肪酸,而正常植物油中未检出;短链脂肪酸含量随植物油加热温度升高、放置时间延长增加,其存在可用于表征植物油发生了氧化劣变;此外,反复加热及水洗不能去除这些短链脂肪酸,因而短链脂肪酸有望作为植物油品质评价的辅助指标。     

Characterization of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from olives: Evaluation of short chain fatty acids production and analysis of the extracellular proteome

Probiotic strains can exert positive effects on human health by various mechanisms, among which the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). All the SCFA, mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acid, display beneficial effects on human health; butyric acid is the most interesting for its role in the prevention and treatment of colonic diseases.In this study the ability of 17 potentially probiotic food-isolated lactic acid bacteria to produce SCFA, directly or indirectly through the production of lactic acid, was investigated. Propionic and butyric acids were quantified by gas chromatography; acetic and lactic acids were quantified by specific enzymatic kits. All the tested strains displayed the ability to produce significant amounts of acetic and lactic acids (in the range of g/L) and just small amounts of propionic and butyric acids (in the range of mg/L).The extracellular proteomes of two of these strains, Lactobacillus plantarum S11T3E and Lactobacillus pentosus S3T60C, were evaluated by coupling 2-DE and MALDI TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. This is an interesting approach to investigate a probiotic strain, since secreted proteins represent the first contact point between bacteria and the host after ingestion. Six and seven proteins, in different isoforms, were identified from L. pentosus S3T60C and L. plantarum S11T3E, respectively. All of them have a predicted extracellular location, indicating the effectiveness of the used protocol. L. plantarum S11T3E secretes several proteins with adhesive function, suggesting that in this strain the ability to adhere to gut mucosa depends on this kind of molecules. In L. pentosus S3T60C just one adhesive protein is secreted suggesting that other families of molecules play a role in its adhesive ability.     

The prebiotic effect of α-1,2 branched,low molecular weight dextran in the batch and continuous faecal fermentation system

The aim of this study was to establish the effect of smaller molecular weight (0.5 and 1.0 kDa) on prebiotic efficacy and its putative sustainability in the human gut. The prebiotic effect of α-1,2 branched, 0.5 and 1 kDa dextrans were evaluated in faecal batch fermentations as compared with inulin. Both dextrans induce similar selectivity towards Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus/Enterococcus and Bacteroides/Prevotella, and producing similar concentrations of short chain fatty acids. However, the 0.5 kDa dextran was fermented faster than the 1 kDa dextran, where both produced lower amount of gas than inulin. The fermentation of 1 kDa dextran was further investigated in continuous gut models. The dextran increased Bifidobacterium and Roseburia sp. populations in the final vessel, while decreasing Clostridium histolyticum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Overall, the α-1,2 branched, 1 kDa dextran induced selective effect on the gut microbiota and stimulated short chain fatty acids, indicating prebiotic sustainability in distal regions of the gut.     

Comparison of Methods for Quantitation of Free Fatty Acids in Cheese

A comparison of three relatively rapid methods of determining free fatty acids concentrations in cheese was performed by correlating the results with a more laborious but accurate gas chromatographic (GC) technique. Acid Degree Values were found to correlate poorly with the GC data, particularly for short chain fatty acids. Values obtained using a Copper Soap Method correlated closely with the GC data for total and long chain fatty acids, but did not correlate as well with short chain fatty acids levels. The Extraction-Titration Method was found to be a simple and reliable technique that yielded values which correlate closely with short chain fatty acid concentrations.