超声-微波处理对米饭品质的影响

研究了超声-微波协同加热、微波加热和传统加热对粳米米饭和糯米米饭品质特性的影响.结果表明,与传统加热的样品相比,超声-微波协同加热和微波加热的粳米米饭感官综合品质较好,米饭硬度较小且非烃类风味物质含量较高,体外淀粉消化速度较慢且酶解终点葡萄糖含量较少.与粳米米饭相比,糯米米饭变化差异较小.原因在于微波加热和超声-微波协同加热方式下米饭中淀粉颗粒破裂不充分,且物理辐射下不同品种的米饭性质变化的敏感程度与其直链淀粉含量相关.     

新型加热处理对小麦淀粉性质的影响研究

针对小麦淀粉的糊化性质和回生性质,研究其在高压加热、超声-微波协同加热、微波加热、普通加热下的影响结果。试验结果表明,新型的加热方式具有糊化效率高的优势,并且与普通加热糊化的小麦淀粉相比,高压加热、超声-微波协同加热、微波加热的样品黏度较小,淀粉酶解终点葡萄糖含量更少。高压糊化和微波糊化的小麦淀粉酶解终点值只有67.2%和60.1%,并且新型的加热方式能有效减少小麦淀粉的回生程度,与4℃储存14 d的普通加热的小麦淀粉相比,高压糊化和微波糊化的样品ΔH只有(1.8±0.1)J/g和(2.0±0.2)J/g,扫描电镜结果也证明了不同加热方式造成小麦淀粉糊化性质和回生性质差异性的试验结果。     

不同种类淀粉在微波辐射下性质的差异性研究

采用马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、绿豆淀粉3种不同类型的淀粉,研究其在微波物理辐射下产生的差异性性质,并分析结果产生的原因。试验结果表明,3种淀粉所含直链淀粉量不同,含量由高到低顺序是绿豆淀粉玉米淀粉马铃薯淀粉。3种淀粉糊化后的凝胶水分含量和凝胶强度不同,水分含量由高到低顺序是马铃薯淀粉玉米淀粉绿豆淀粉,凝胶强度由高到低顺序是绿豆淀粉玉米淀粉马铃薯淀粉,且绿豆淀粉的回生度最高。与普通加热相比,微波加热糊化的淀粉凝胶水分含量稍高,并且在相同的储存时间下回生度较小。通过试验结果可知,微波加热下3种淀粉糊化性质及回生性质的差异性与其直链淀粉的含量不同和凝胶水分含量不同有关系。     

微波对淀粉特性影响的研究进展

微波是一种能以高频的方式使介质在电磁场中加热的非电离能量。微波辐射使淀粉支链和直连淀粉发生了降解因而改变了淀粉的结构。综述了微波辐射对淀粉颗粒的形态结构、微观结构、流变学、回生抗性、凝胶特性等影响的研究进展。     

微波加热对马铃薯淀粉颗粒内部水状态及分布的影响

为了明确微波在淀粉物料加热过程中的机制,本实验选取典型B型淀粉-马铃薯淀粉作为研究对象,根据微波加热的升温规律,建立和评价可对照的加热模型,运用低场核磁共振技术,以Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列为手段,通过对微波加热、快速加热和慢速加热等三种加热方式下样品的横向弛豫时间(T2)衰减曲线进行PCA分析,利用多指数回归拟合计算得到T2,从而分析样品内部水分的变化信息,研究微波加热对马铃薯淀粉颗粒内部水状态及分布的影响。结果表明三种加热方式对样品T2的影响具有显著性差异,具体表现为在糊化前期及糊化刚开始阶段,微波加热对马铃薯淀粉颗粒内水分分布有显著影响,本实验一定程度上证明了微波的特殊效应在该阶段对马铃薯淀粉内氢键的破坏有促进作用。     

超声-微波协同酶法制备芸豆抗性淀粉工艺优化及结构分析

探究超声-微波协同酶法制备芸豆抗性淀粉的最佳工艺条件及其物理结构特性。以紫花芸豆为试验材料,利用超声-微波协同酶法制备RS3型抗性淀粉,考察不同水平时淀粉悬浮液质量分数、超声时间、普鲁兰酶添加量和微波功率对抗性淀粉得率的影响,同时做响应面优化试验;通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱仪等方法分析芸豆淀粉及抗性淀粉的结构特性。结果表明:淀粉悬浮液质量分数16%、普鲁兰酶添加量12.5 ASPU/g(干基)、微波功率300 W、超声-微波协同处理20 min时,芸豆抗性淀粉得率最高为(24.37±0.41)%。与原淀粉相比,芸豆抗性淀粉颗粒破损,呈形状大小各异的块状碎石结构;抗性淀粉未出现新的特征吸收峰;处理后的芸豆抗性淀粉平均聚合度降低,多分散系数降低。超声-微波协同酶解法可提高芸豆抗性淀粉得率,抗性淀粉形成过程中淀粉官能团没有变化,其余结构特性改变。     

蕨根抗性淀粉微波法制备条件的优化

以蕨根淀粉为试验材料,采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验优化微波法制备蕨根淀粉的工艺条件。微波法制备蕨根抗性淀粉优化工艺条件为微波时间1 min、微波功率480 W、淀粉乳浓度20%、回生温度4℃、回生时间24 h。该条件下,蕨根抗性淀粉含量为14.21%,明显高于原蕨根淀粉的抗性淀粉含量（1.02%）。     

电解法和微波法联合处理提高甘薯淀粉回生率

以甘薯淀粉为原料,采用电解、微波复合法制备回生抗性淀粉;以抗性淀粉制备率为考察指标,讨论微波、电解顺序对回生抗性淀粉制备产率的影响。最佳工艺为：淀粉→糊化→高压→微波→电解→老化→酶解→离心→干燥;最佳工艺参数：淀粉乳质量浓度50 g/L,高压温度120℃,高压时间30 min,糊化温度90℃,糊化时间30min,微波功率400 W,处理时间4 min,电解电压90 V,电解时间2 min,老化温度4℃,老化时间12 h。在此工艺条件下,甘薯回生抗性淀粉产率为24%,比空白组12%产率提高了1倍。     

微波辐射制备蚕豆抗性淀粉研究

分析了不同辐射和回生条件对蚕豆抗性淀粉形成的影响,包括淀粉乳浓度、辐射时间、功率、辐射后回生时间和温度.结果表明:微波辐射对蚕豆抗性淀粉的形成有促进作用,有利于蚕豆抗性淀粉生成的条件是:30%的淀粉乳在18%的输出功率下处理6.5 min、置于4℃回生24 h,抗性淀粉的产率为42.37%.     

大米淀粉的微波糊化特性研究

以大米淀粉为材料,用微波加热制备淀粉糊,并与常规水浴加热的淀粉糊相比较,研究微波处理对大米淀粉糊碘兰值、酶解力和流变特性的影响,为微波技术在淀粉质食品中的应用提供参数。结果表明,糊化过程中淀粉的碘兰值和酶解力上升,微波加热淀粉的糊化速度大于常规加热,但淀粉糊的碘兰值和酶解力比常规加热的低。大米淀粉糊为假塑性流体,经微波加热的淀粉糊的粘度系数较大,而流变指数较小,表明微波加热的淀粉糊的粘稠性和柔软性较大。     

加热时间对大米淀粉特性及抗性淀粉含量的影响

采用不同的加热时间对大米进行处理,并从加热处理过的大米中提取淀粉,采用电镜扫描仪、差示扫描量热仪、质构仪、流变仪等检测仪器研究加热时间对大米淀粉的颗粒形貌、热力学性质、凝胶特性、流变等性质的影响,采用酶解法测定加热处理过的大米中抗性淀粉的含量。结果表明：随着加热时间的延长,淀粉的膨润力与溶解度先增大后减小;加热时间在0～10min 时,抗性淀粉含量减少,其范围为18.01%～8.10%;淀粉颗粒由单个独立的颗粒逐渐膨胀至相互粘连,糊化焓值降低;硬度、延伸性等都有不同程度的变化;淀粉糊的剪切稳定性降低。     

Pasting Properties of Ohmically Heated Rice Starch and Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Pasting characteristics were examined for conventionally or ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours. Brown rice flour showed the greatest cooking stability and least retrogradation potential. Brown rice flour also showed the greatest pasting temperature and lowest peak viscosity, whereas commercial starch had the lowest pasting temperature. Nonstarch components of the brown rice flour, such as fat and protein, may have acted as stabilizers delaying water access into the granules and reducing swelling of the starch. Ohmic heating reduced pasting temperature for commercial rice starch, resulting in a starch that swelled faster. Furthermore, ohmic heating produced better cooking stability in white rice flour 1 and 2 than in the native sample, and caused white rice flour 2 to have less potential for retrogradation than the conventionally heated sample. At lower electric field strength (20 V/cm), ohmic heating resulted in the greatest cooking stable starches compared to higher voltages (40 and 70 V/cm) because more starch granules were disrupted from a longer cooking time, so there were fewer intact granules for pasting. Ohmic heating has been shown to alter rice starch and flour pasting characteristics with an added influence of lipids, proteins, and amylose contents.     

Effect of microwave heating on optical and thermal properties of rice starch

This study used the oil bath to imitate the high heating rate of the microwave heating (MV) and evaluated the effects of conventional and MV on optical and thermal properties of rice starch at the same heating rate. The results indicated that the time–temperature profiles for microwave and rapid conventional heating fitted well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9989. During both conventional and MV starch granule did not swell until 60°C, and granule swelling and loss of granule birefringence occurred simultaneously. DSC revealed a 50% decrease in enthalpy when temperature rose from 60 to 65°C, and a further decrease in enthalpy until 70°C. Therefore, microwave irradiation had no effect on the optical and thermal properties of starch during gelatinization.     

不同加热方法对大米主要化学成分及食味的影响

以大米为对象,研究常规加热、微波加热和混合加热对不同品种大米品质的影响,为微波防虫防霉和生产应用提供参考。结果表明,加热方法和品种对大米品质的影响有差异,水浴加热对大米品质的影响大于微波处理。在试验范围内,先用常规加热将大米预热,再用微波处理的混合加热法对大米品质的影响小于单独加热。预热后大米温度、微波功率和微波加热时间对大米品质有极显著或显著影响。建立了预热后大米温度、微波功率和微波加热时间与大米的水分含量、直链淀粉含量等主要化学成分和食味之间的多元线性回归方程,具有较高的拟和精度。     

Thermal characteristics of ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours

ABSTRACT:  Thermal properties of conventionally and ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours at various frequencies and voltages were studied. There was an increase in gelatinization temperature for conventionally heated rice starches since they were pregelatinized and became more rigid due to starch–chain interactions. In addition, there was a decrease in enthalpy (energy needed) for conventionally and ohmically heated starches during gelatinization; thus, the samples required less energy for gelatinization during DSC analysis. Ohmically heated commercial starch showed the greatest decrease in enthalpy probably because of the greatest extent of pregelatinization through ohmic heating. Brown rice flour showed the greatest gelatinization temperature resulting from the delay of starch granule swelling by lipid and protein. Enthalpy of ohmically heated starches at 20 V/cm was the lowest, which was most likely due to the lower voltage resulting in a more complete pregelatinization from a longer heating time required to reach 100 °C. Ohmic treatment at 70 V/cm decreased onset gelatinization temperature of white flour; therefore, it produced rice flour that swelled faster, whereas the conventionally heated sample showed a better thermal resistance.     

Effects of microwave heat-moisture treatment on properties of waxy and non-waxy rice starches

Waxy and non-waxy rice starches adjusted to 20% moisture (wet basis, w.b.) were heat-moisture treated in a microwave oven to determine the effects of the microwave heating characteristics on digestibility, pasting, and morphological properties of the heated starches. Microwave heating produced only minimal changes in digestibility as well as the physical characteristics of heated starches. Significant changes in viscosity properties after microwave heat treatment were observed for both waxy and non-waxy starches heat-treated in a microwave oven, relative to non-treated samples. Non-waxy starch heated in microwave oven showed an increase in breakdown viscosity from 29.8 RVU (non-treated starch) to 35.8 RVU after heating for 60 min. However, for waxy starch, breakdown viscosity decreased from 112.7 to 35.9 RVU after 60 min of microwave heat treatment, reflecting an increased stability of microwave heat-treated starch under cooking. The data obtained in this study indicate that there was much higher re-aggregation of starch granules in waxy starch after microwave heat treatment than occurred in non-waxy starch, suggesting a re-association of amylopectin branch chains in the heat-treated waxy starch.     

淀粉溶液的通电加热研究

本文研究了食盐浓度、淀粉浓度和电压对淀粉溶液的电导率和通电加热速率的影响;研究了通电加热对淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明:淀粉溶液在通电加热过程中,加热速率和电导率随食盐浓度的增大而增大;随电压的升高而增大;随淀粉浓度的增大而减小。而电导率在达到糊化温度之前随温度的升高而增大,在糊化温度之后随温度的升高而降低。淀粉溶液在通电加热时其糊化特性无明显变化。     

不同物理方法处理对碎米中淀粉特性的影响

采用挤压、微波、超声波三种物理方法对水分含量18%的碎米淀粉进行处理,研究分析碎米淀粉经物理方法处理前后的理化性质和结构变化。结果表明,碎米淀粉经微波和超声处理后酶解力增加,糊化黏度下降,而溶解度、膨胀力、糊化温度和直链淀粉含量变化不显著;两种淀粉颗粒表面棱角减少,淀粉颗粒晶型基本没有发生变化,淀粉结晶区降低。挤压后的碎米淀粉变化较大,颗粒形状为片状,凝沉性强,1.0 h后体积仅为3 mL,糊化温度明显降低至55.0 ℃,直链淀粉含量增长为30.75%,溶解度强,为0.59%,酶解力达到45%,X-射线主要衍射峰的强度降低。