A model for the FCC→HCP transformation,its applications,and experimental evidence

A model for the FCC→HCP transformation is proposed. It is envisaged that the dislocation reaction may govern the nucleation of six-layer HCP crystal. A macroscopic HCP region forms when these nuclei, located at different levels within a localized slipped region, growth into each other. The observed orientation dependence of the strain-induced martensite and the coexistence of HCP and twinned regions have been rationalized in terms of the proposed model. In addition, the supporting evidence has been developed by examining the crystallographic features of faulted regions in partially transformed Co-6.25 wt pct Fe alloy by transmission electron microscopy. M. L. GREEN, formerly with Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ     

A multilevel perspective on gender in classroom motivation and climate: Potential benefits of male teachers for boys?

Are boys better motivated by male than female teachers in high school math, science, and English classes, and can these differences be explained by classroom climate? Using a cross-classified multilevel model with 5 levels (school, teacher, class, student, subject), the authors found little or no support for this contention. In general (except in terms of anxiety and persistence), girls were better motivated than boys, and these differences tended to generalize over student age and school subject in classes taught by both male and female teachers. Student perceptions of classroom climate were more specific to the group of students within a particular class than to the teacher who taught the class and had moderate to large effects on the motivation of individual students. The surprisingly small amounts of variance explained in motivation by student gender and age, teacher gender, school subject, and their interactions support a gender invariance and similarities model but not theoretical predictions based on gender stereotype, gender intensification, and gender matching perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A novel method for synthesis of styryl phosphonate monoester and its application in La(Ⅲ) extraction

Herein,styryl phosphonate monoester(SPE) was synthesized and first introduced as rare earth extractant.The solvent extraction of lanthanum(Ⅲ) from nitrate solution using styryl phosphonate mono-isooctyl ester(SPE108),di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid(D2 EHPA) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acidmono-2-ethylhexyl ester(EHEHPA) as extractants was investigated.The effects of experimental parameters including equilibrium time,extractant concentration,aqueous pH,phase ratio and salt concentration on the extraction process were studied.The results indicate that the extraction ability and capacity of the extractants follow the order:SPE108 D2 EHPA EHEHPA.What's more,the extraction process is less affected by ammonium sulfate in the aqueous phase with SPE108.The results of the separation between lanthanum and adjacent lanthanides(Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm) show that SPE108 can separate lanthanides efficiently at low pH.The extraction mechanism of SPE108 is proved to be similar to D2 EHPA,and the density functional theory(DFT) calculation results infer that SPE108 exhibits superior extraction ability due to its strong electron-accepting ability.     

Test characteristics of acridine orange, Gram, and May-Grünwald-Giemsa stains for enumeration of intracellular organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

For enumeration of intracellular organisms (ICO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples, the May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain displayed higher interobserver agreement than the acridine orange and Gram stains. The MGG stain offered a reliable enumeration of ICO when 200 cells were counted by one observer.     

A comparison of the stress–strain process for business owners and nonowners: Differences in job demands, emotional exhaustion, satisfaction, and social support.

One hundred sixty licensed morticians were surveyed to examine differences among business owners, managers, and employees on the relations proposed by G. F. Koeske and R. D. Koeske's (1993) stressor-strain-outcome model. Forty-eight percent of the morticians were owners, 16% were managers, and 36% were employees. Owners had less social support from work-related sources and perceived lower levels of role ambiguity and role conflict, less emotional exhaustion, and higher levels of job satisfaction and professional satisfaction than did nonowners. Social support from work-related sources and ownership each moderated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction but not between emotional exhaustion and professional satisfaction. Emotional exhaustion partially mediated the effect of stressors on job satisfaction and professional satisfaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Developmentally sensitive diagnostic criteria for mental health disorders in early childhood: The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders—IV, the research diagnostic criteria—preschool age, and the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood—Revised.

As the infant mental health field has turned its focus to the presentation, course, and treatment of clinically significant mental health disorders, the need for reliable and valid criteria for identifying and assessing mental health symptoms and disorders in early childhood has become urgent. In this article we offer a critical perspective on diagnostic classification of mental health disorders in young children. We place the issue of early childhood diagnosis within the context of classification of psychopathology at other ages and describe, in some detail, diagnostic classifications that have been developed specifically for young children, including the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC:0–3R; ZERO TO THREE, 2005), a diagnostic classification for mental health symptoms and disorders in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. We briefly outline the role of diagnostic classification in clinical assessment and treatment planning. Last, we review the limitations of current approaches to the diagnostic classification of mental health disorders in young children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Can it be predicted which patients with chronic low back pain should be offered tertiary rehabilitation in a functional restoration program? A search for demographic, socioeconomic, and physical predictors

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective clinical trial was conducted that involved six groups of patients with chronic low back pain selected from a large cohort (N = 816). OBJECTIVES: To correlate pretreatment baseline variables with outcome parameters after treatment in a functional restoration program or in control programs, to identify possible factors predictive of the need for functional restoration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Since the functional restoration program was first described, research has focused on identifying patients who will or will not benefit from such a program. The value of previous studies is limited, however, because predictive factors from a control group were not "subtracted." METHODS: Eight hundred sixteen patients with chronic low back disability were included. All had a structured medical examination, including various physical tests before participation in either a functional restoration program (n = 621) or shorter "control" outpatient programs (n = 144). A smaller group of the cohort (n = 51) had no treatment and served as a pure control group. Six groups were selected from the cohort: Three underwent an identical functional restoration program and three underwent different outpatient control programs. Several baseline demographic, physical, and socioeconomic variables were correlated to 1-year outcome parameters. RESULTS: Age, days of sick leave, connection to the work force, and back pain intensity, were significantly correlated to success 1 year after entry into the study in all groups, no matter what kind of treatment was administered. Back muscle endurance, sports activity, activity of daily living scores, and vibrations were of importance in some outcome parameters for success after functional restoration. Smoking was positively correlated to disability pension. Days of sick leave and, in functional restoration, ability to work were the only factors that were correlative with statistics for people who withdrew. CONCLUSIONS: Different factors can be identified as predictive of outcome in a functional restoration program, but most of these factors were also shown to predict success for shorter control outpatient programs or of no treatment.     

Molecular Biology to Radiation Oncology: A Model for Translational Research? Opportunities in basic and translational research. From a workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Radiation Research Program, January 26-28, 1997, Bethesda, Maryland

Many exciting discoveries are being made that are providing new insights into how molecules, cells and tissues respond to ionizing radiation. There remains a need, however, to translate these findings into more effective treatments for cancer patients, including those treated with radiation therapy. This complex task will require the collaboration of scientists studying molecular, cellular and tissue responses, and those performing clinical trials of emerging therapies. The Radiation Research Program of the National Cancer Institute sponsored a workshop entitled "Molecular Biology to Radiation Oncology: A Model for Translational Research?" to bring together basic scientists and clinicians to exchange ideas and fundamental concepts and to identify opportunities for future research and collaboration. Four broad topics were addressed: signal transduction and apoptosis, the cell cycle, repair of radiation damage, and the microenvironment. The development, selection and use of appropriate experimental models is crucial to finding and developing new therapies, and opportunities exist in this area as well. This paper and the accompanying paper by Coleman and Harris that provides the viewpoint of radiation oncologists (Radiat. Res. 150, 134-147, 1998) summarize the background concepts and opportunities for translational research identified by the workshop participants.     

Synthesis of photocatalytic La(1-x)AxTiO3.5-δ(A=Ba,Sr, Ca) nano perovskites and their application for photocatalytic oxidation of congo red dye in aqueous solution

A-site substituted La0.8A0.2TiO3.5–δ(A=Ba, Sr, Ca) nano perovskites were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized using thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis(TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction(XRD), ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). XRD analysis showed that the La0.8A0.2TiO3.5–δ(A=Ba, Sr, Ca) nano perovskites derived after calcination at 800 oC were in single phase with orthorhombic structure. The particle size of all nano perovskites was found to be ~20 nm. The synthesized nano perovskites were tested for the photocatalytic decomposition of an azo dye, Congo red. The sequential behavior of La0.8A0.2TiO3.5–δ(A=Ba, Sr, Ca) nanoperovskites for photocatalytic decomposition of congo red in aqueous solution by visible light at room temperature was studied at various time intervals and the efficiency of degradation of the nanoperovskites was compared. Among all the A-site substituted La0.8A0.2TiO3.5–δ(A=Ba, Sr, Ca) nano perovskites, Ba substituted compound showed the highest dye degradation.