初始油温对变压器油燃烧特性影响

利用锥形量热仪开展了不同初始油温对变压器油燃烧特性影响的试验研究。结果表明,变压器油的引燃时间随初始油温的升高基本呈现缩短趋势;外加辐射热通量为20 kW/m~2时,初始油温升高会导致变压器油热释放速率峰值和CO生成速率的增大;50 kW/m~2时,外加热源强度是变压器油燃烧特性的主要影响参数,此时初始油温对变压器油热释放速率和CO生成速率的影响均不明显;不同初始温度的变压器油,燃烧过程中的烟气生成速率均较为接近。     

热辐射通量对PMMA燃烧特性影响的实验研究

采用锥形量热仪研究了15~65kW/m2范围内不同的热辐射通量对PMMA燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,PMMA的平均热释放速率、质量损失速率和CO2产率与热辐射通量成线性递增关系;计算得到PMMA的气化热为2.35kJ/g;点燃时间和到达峰值时间随着辐射通量的增加而呈指数衰减趋势;CO产率与比消光面积随着热辐射通量的增加而增大;热辐射通量对有效燃烧热和总释放热的影响较小。并将实验得到的PMMA的燃烧特性参数与文献报道的值进行了对比,可以作为PMMA的燃烧性能测试及火灾危险性评价的参考。     

野外组合式软体油囊油料火灾发展规律数值模拟

针对油料火灾燃烧特性,基于油料燃烧实验结论,选用湍流燃烧模型、热辐射模型以及烟气模型,利用FLACS 模拟直径0.5 m 的小尺度油池火燃烧和大尺度野外组合式软体油囊油料泄漏起火。结果表明：油池火燃烧最大热辐射通量分布并不以油池中轴线严格对称;野外组合式油囊发生油料泄漏后的流淌火灾燃烧过程中整体自装卸托盘处受到的最大辐射强度高达35 kW/m2,油囊处受到的最大辐射强度约18 kW/m2;火灾发生20 s 后油囊受到的热辐射强度即可达到使油囊熔化的最低能量。     

利用CONE研究阻燃胶合板的动态燃烧行为

利用锥形量热仪CONE调查了磷氮硼系阻燃剂FRW处理胶合板在不同热辐射通量条件下的动态燃烧行为.结果显示:随热辐射通量提高,未阻燃胶合板的热释放速率峰值、烟气释放量和火势增长指数上升明显,火灾危险性高;阻燃胶合板的成炭率较高、热释放和烟释放较低;在燃烧过程中CO产率受热辐射通量增大的影响较小;FRW能显著抑制胶合板的可燃性,从而降低胶合板在使用过程中的火灾安全风险.     

聚丙烯腈织物热稳定性与燃烧特性研究

对聚丙烯腈(PAN)织物在空气气氛下的热稳定性和3种热辐射强度下的燃烧特性进行研究。结果表明,PAN织物在空气气氛中的热分解过程主要包括3个失重阶段;随着热辐射强度的增大,PAN织物点燃时间有所提前,热释放速率和产烟率的峰值均得到了一定程度的提高,到达峰值的时间均有不同程度的提前,质量损失率增加,且初始热分解时间提前;当热辐射强度为25 kW/m2时,PAN织物的燃烧不充分,烟密度最大;热辐射强度越大,烟气扩散越快,且PAN织物的火灾性能指数值减小,火灾增长指数值增大;PAN织物具有较高的火灾危险性。     

热辐射通量对谷物粉尘燃烧特性的影响

为研究热辐射通量对谷物粉尘燃烧特性的影响,以可食用玉米淀粉为研究对象,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究不同热辐射通量对热释放速率、质量损失速率、烟气温度、引燃时间等的影响。原料分别过120、140、160、180、200目标准筛进行筛分,于22、24、26、28、30 kW/m~2热辐射通量下进行点火燃烧实验。结果表明:相同测试条件下,玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值随热辐射通量的增大而增加,30 kW/m~2时峰值强度增大至最大80.293 6kW/m~2。热辐射通量变化对平均热释放速率、平均有效燃烧热、放热总量的影响较小。质量损失速率变化曲线随热辐射通量的增加向左移动,辐射通量22 kW/m~2质量损失速率曲线呈现一个较大的峰,其他辐射通量时均呈现双峰特征。烟气温度变化曲线随热辐射通量的增加整体向上移动。引燃时间随热辐射通量的增加而减小,呈线性减小关系且影响较大:热辐射通量为22 kW/m~2时,引燃时间为104 s;30 kW/m~2时,引燃时间减小至58 s。故相关涉粉企业在生产过程中应加强厂房内通风换气,严格控制设备、通风除尘管道等的温度避免内部热辐射温度过高。     

醇基燃料小尺度燃烧实验研究及防治措施

对3种不同浓度的醇基燃料进行了小尺寸燃烧实验,测量了其在不同工况下的热释放速率、着火时间、放热总量等参数。结果表明,随着热辐射强度和燃料浓度的增大,醇基燃料的点燃时间缩短,热释放速率峰值增加,放热总量增加,火灾危险性增大。基于对醇基燃料火灾危险性的分析和判断,提出相应储罐设置位置及储量的消防建议。     

风机机舱内可燃物火灾危险性评价

针对风机机舱内软质聚氨酯吸音泡沫和润滑脂等典型(半)固态可燃物,通过锥形量热仪测试获取不同外加热辐射功率下的热释放速率、总释放热、比消光面积、烟气释放速率、总释放烟气量等。结合以上单项参数发展的FPI、FGI及SP复合参数进行综合潜在火灾危险性评估。利用热薄型积分模型,推导两者的最小点火辐射能,从本质安全的角度出发评价其火灾安全性。结果表明:随热辐射功率增加80%,聚氨酯峰值热释放速率增大约97.5%,点燃时间缩短92%,容易形成机舱火灾中首项可燃物;热辐射功率为75 kW/m~2时,润滑脂引燃时间较聚氨酯增加81.8%,其峰值热释放速率约是聚氨酯的29.5倍。     

典型电力用油的油气/雾燃爆危险性研究

为深入了解变压器油的燃爆危险性，采用可燃气体/蒸气爆炸特性测试系统和可燃液体雾滴燃爆测试系统，对 45#新鲜变压器油和废旧变压器油的油气/雾燃爆危险性进行对比研究。结果表明：随着温度从 115 ℃上升到 150 ℃，油气的爆炸下限降低，燃爆危险性变大；温度一定时，随着喷射压力从 0.8 MPa 上升到 2.4 MPa，油雾粒径变小，发生燃烧爆炸的持续时间变长，燃爆危险性变大；新鲜变压器油的燃爆危险性更大。     

核心层厚度对聚乙烯基铝塑板燃烧特性影响研究

通过锥形量热仪研究了不同核心层厚度聚乙烯基铝塑板的燃烧特性。选用35、50、65、80 kW/m²共4种热流强度,得到不同核心层厚度铝塑板的点燃特性、火灾风险和烟气毒性等。结果发现：聚乙烯基铝塑板符合热薄型材料点燃规律,3、4、5 mm厚核心层铝塑板临界点燃热流强度的推导值分别为33.9、25.1、9.9 kW/m²。铝塑板燃烧的热释放速率随热流强度增加而明显增加,且有向双峰发展的趋势。随着热流强度和铝塑板核心层厚度增加,聚乙烯基铝塑板的火灾性能指数(FPI)由41迅速下降到0.14,火灾蔓延指数(FGI)则由0.02迅速增加到3.19,CO释放速率也迅速增大,导致火灾危险性大幅增加。     

Fire thermal boundary condition measurement using a hybrid heat flux gage

New experimental methods have been developed using a hybrid heat flux gage to quantify the thermal boundary condition to a surface exposed to fire. The hybrid heat flux gage is capable of measuring the net heat flux and exposure heat flux at gage temperatures up to 1000 °C without the need for water cooling. Using these heat fluxes at elevated surface temperatures, new methods were developed to quantify the convective heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic surface temperature. In addition, a procedure is presented for determining the convective and radiative heat flux components when the gas temperature is measured close to the gage surface. Techniques were validated in a series of experiments performed in a cone calorimeter at different heat fluxes. Cold surface heat fluxes from the hybrid heat flux gage were within 5% of heat fluxes measured using a water-cooled Schmidt-Boelter gage. Temporal adiabatic surface temperature measurements from the hybrid gage compared well with steady-state plate thermometer measurements.     

辐射热作用下金属钠燃烧现象试验研究

在辐射热通量为25~60kW/m²条件下对利用锥形量热仪对金属钠的燃烧现象进行了研究,测量了燃烧尾气中的氧气含量与剩余物料的质量。结果表明:随着环境热通量增加,金属钠燃烧现象存在较大差异性,残留物数量逐渐减少至完全参与燃烧。当辐射热通量小于30kW/m²时,金属钠未出现明火燃烧;在外界辐射热通量为50~60kW/m²时,金属钠发生较不稳定、不充分的明火燃烧;当辐射热通量大于60kW/m²时,金属钠发生较为稳定且全面的明火燃烧。     

汽车门板材料燃烧特性及火灾危险性研究

使用锥形量热仪研究汽车典型门板材料（聚丙烯蜂窝板填料/包覆层组合件）在15、25、35、45 kW/m2热辐射功率条件下的点燃时间、热释放速率及热释放总量等特性参数。引入火灾性能指数、火灾增长指数,利用Petrella评价体系分析各组合件的火灾危险性。结果表明,PP-PVC较难被点燃,具有高火灾性能指数和低火灾增长指数,PP-PVC组合件火灾危险性较低。     

基于CONE的超高温耐火电缆火灾危险性分析

利用锥形量热仪对超高温耐火电缆在不同辐射功率下的点燃时间（TTI）、热释放速率（HRR）、质量损失速率（MLR）和燃烧残余物进行了研究。研究表明,随着辐射功率增加,耐火电缆的TTI逐渐缩短,HRR和MLR逐渐增大,火灾危险性逐渐增加。超高温耐火电缆在35 kW/m2和50 kW/m2辐射功率下火灾性能指数相比于25 kW/m2分别增加了44.4%和176.5%,火灾增长指数分别增加了30.4%和83.0%。结合理论分析可以得出,耐火电缆的临界辐射功率为3.61 kW/m2、零辐射平均热释放速率为36.5 kW/m2,表现出较低的火灾危险性。     

封闭空间火灾中燃料烟尘对墙体所受热通量的影响

尽管在封闭空间内已经做过很多关于气体温度和燃烧率的研究,但目前仍然缺乏封闭空间内墙体上热通量及其分布方面的信息。该热通量数据是确定墙体材料特别是玻璃的热反应及性能的必要输入参数。试验用封闭空间墙体上的热通量是通过多块薄钢片(25.4mm×25.4mm×3mm)以及钢片周围隔热材料的温度推算出来的。另外,笔者还测量了热流计附近墙体的质量损失率和温度。试验用封闭空间是ISO标准墙脚火试验的1/3,有六个开口,燃料为甲醇、IMS(工业用甲基化酒精)以及甲苯,装在大小不同的三个方形油盘里,油盘放置在封闭空间的内外拐角处。在选择燃料方面,笔者的依据是燃料燃烧产生的烟尘应越来越浓。试验发现,与以前对地板的研究结果有所不同的是,墙体上的热通量不仅仅取决于烟气温度,还取决于热释放速率的强弱以及燃料所产生的烟尘的多少。另外,对甲醇、IMS以及甲苯所产生的热通量的比较发现,对流热可以与辐射热通量(热烟气流以及封闭墙体造成)以及来自烟羽流的辐射热通量分开。     

典型汽车内饰材料的燃烧特性研究

采用锥形量热仪实验对涤纶面料丙纶玻璃纤维板、涤纶面料丙纶麻纤维板和 PVC 革丙纶麻纤维板 3 种典型汽车内饰材料在 25、35、50 kW/m2 热辐射强度下的点燃时间、质量损失率、热释放速率等燃烧特性参数进行研究,并选取点燃预测模型计算材料的临界热辐射强度,使用轰燃倾向指数和热释放总量评价其潜在火灾危险性。结果表明,在实验热辐射强度下,涤纶面料丙纶麻纤维板质量损失百分率最大,结构完整性最差;涤纶面料丙纶玻璃纤维板平均点燃时间最短,临界热辐射强度最小,最容易被引燃;PVC 革丙纶麻纤维板热释放速率峰值最大,火灾性能指数最小,发生轰燃的可能性最大。     

Application of release rate data to hazard load calculations

The author illustrates methods of applying heat, smoke and toxic gas release rate data to calculating fire hazard loading values. Note: This paper was presented by the author at the 78th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association on May 23, 1974 at Miami Beach, Florida.     

Smoke and heat release and ignitability as measures of fire hazard from burning of carpet tiles

A series of 22 commercial carpet tiles, covering the range of backings found in the marketplace, and with the same face material (nylon) was chosen for fire testing. All the carpets were tested in the cone calorimeter rate of heat release apparatus. They were also all tested in the NBS smoke density chamber, in the flaming mode. A selection of samples was further tested using the flooring radiant panel. A preliminary investigation was made to choose the optimum radiant incident flux to be used, which was determined to be 25 kW/m².

It was found that the carpets showed a wide range of fire performance, including ranges of peak rate of heat release and of time to ignition of c. 3 and of smoke factor of c. 8. It was not found possible to correlate the results of the NBS smoke chamber or radiant panel tests with any of the results obtained from the cone calorimeter. A classification scheme was proposed to determine fire performance of carpets, based on the ratio of time to ignition (in seconds) and peak rate of heat release (in kW/m²). According to this scheme, four categories of fire performance would be expected:

4.

     

Evolving fire retardant material issues: A cable manufacturer's perspective

Material compositions for both copper and optical fiber building cables are currently being reevaluated in view of increasing domestic and international concerns regarding combustion with respect to smoke emission, corrosive combustion gases, and material chemical composition. The rationale and driving force behind an increasing desire for data and telecommunications cables with unique chemical or combustion characteristics vary among the global community. Several specific differences between the domestic and international emphasis with respect to fire hazard assessment testing procedures are discussed. For applications which are suitable for particular combustion characteristics, a balance of a multitude of combustion and cable performance parameters is suggested as being the most beneficial.A study designed and coordinated by AT&T Bell Laboratories was conducted to investigate the combustion properties of a wide range of highly flame retardant cable materials. A total of 39 commercial and developmental materials were tested. There were 24 materials classified as nonhalogen and 15 materials containing halogens beyond contamination levels. The cone calorimeter and a combustion gas exposure system were used to examine combustion parameters such as heat release and smoke release while also exploring the corrosivity of combustion gases. Copper metal loss corrosion was determined by resistance changes in circuit probes exposed to combustion gases of each material.The data indicated that a significant distribution overlap exists between the halogenated and the nonhalogenated classifications with respect to both heat release and smoke release. Several halogenated compounds produced significantly less total heat and smoke at the end of the test duration than nonhalogenated materials. In general, the combustion of halogenated materials resulted in significantly more corrosion than the combustion of most nonhalogenated materials. Evidence for some degree of overlap, however, was obtained. In addition, there was a considerable range of metal loss results within both the halogenated and the nonhalogenated classifications.Based on the data presented, assessment of fire hazard parameters such as heat release, smoke release, or combustion gas corrosivity should be built on performance-based tests rather than assumed relationships for broad material classifications.     

Heat feedback to the fuel surface of a pool fire in an enclosure

As a part of an effort to determine the energy balance at the pool fire surface in compartments, a series of fire experiments were conducted to study heat flux of the flame in a vitiated environment formed with air and combustion products gases. This paper presents experimental results of the burning behaviour of a heptane pool fire in a reduced scale compartment equipped with a mechanical ventilation network. Measurements of heat fluxes, fuel mass loss rate, oxygen concentration and temperature are performed for heptane fires of 0.26 and 0.3 m diameter pans at different ventilation flow rates. An original method to separate effects of the radiant heat flux of the flame and of the external heat feedback to the fuel surface is developed. This was achieved by using an additional heat flux measurement located under the pool fire. A correlation was also developed to determine the temperature rise on the plume centerline in the compartment as a function of the heat release rate. The results indicate a decrease in the fuel mass loss rate, flame temperature and heat fluxes to the fuel surface as the oxygen concentration measured near the fuel decreases by varying the air refresh rate of the compartment. The flame radiation fraction shows a similar behaviour, whereas the convective fraction of the flame heat flux increases when oxygen concentration decreases. Based on these experimental findings, it was discussed that any classification of the burning regime of a pool fire should consider both the effects of pan diameter and the burning response to vitiated air.