地铁区间列车火灾烟气特性及控制策略的数值模拟

为了探究火灾发生后风机启动时间对地铁区间烟气控制的影响,现以内径为5.5m圆形盾构地铁区间隧道为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究不同火源功率(5、7.5、10 MW)下隧道内烟气的温度分布,分析了4种火灾工况下隧道顶部最高温度值以及出现位置,研究了风机延迟启动时间对隧道内烟气温度分布的影响。结果表明,隧道顶部最高温度随火源功率增大而增高;纵向通风风速会造成隧道顶部最高烟气温度区域向通风方向偏移,但随着火源功率增加,排烟风速的影响会逐渐减弱;延迟启动风机会破坏烟气层的稳定性,导致烟气沉降到列车的车厢位置,从而会影响乘客安全疏散。     

隧道火灾烟气运动的数值模拟

对不同入口风速和隧道高宽比情况下隧道内的烟气运动进行模拟,分析隧道内的烟气分布情况.结果表明:随着入口风速的增大,隧道内整体的烟气浓度会逐渐降低.入口风速过大,加强了气流的湍流程度,使烟气层较早降至路面,隧道断面提前充满烟气,使火源附近近地面处的烟气浓度过高.当入口风速较小时,火源上部的部分烟气会逆着风向流动,产生回流现象,所研究工况下烟气不发生回流的临界入口风速为2.2 m/s左右.横截面积相同的情况下,隧道高宽比越小,烟气上升高度越高,隧道下部烟气量越少,利于救援和人员疏散.     

高海拔隧道全尺寸火灾烟气及温度场特征试验研究

通过对海拔为4100m的高海拔隧道进行全尺寸火灾试验,揭示高海拔隧道火灾烟气下沉及温度场变化特征。试验采用三种不同尺寸火源(0.8m2、1.0m2、2.0m2),对隧道火灾烟气蔓延特征、火区最高温度、隧道拱顶纵向温度分布进行研究。试验研究结果表明：隧道火灾试验初期及燃烧稳定阶段,火源附近隧道上层烟气与下层冷空气分界明显,火灾后期烟气下沉严重;较小风速有利于高海拔隧道小规模火灾烟气逆流层纵向和垂向蔓延的控制。隧道火灾温度场研究表明：隧道火灾温升速率随火源热释放率增大而增加;火源附近20m范围内温度衰减速率较快,远火源区域隧道拱顶纵向温度衰减较慢,趋于平缓;通过对火源上方拱顶烟气温度分析,发现隧道火灾探测采用差温报警模式较定温报警模式更加有效,并得出10℃/min的温升速率可基本满足高海拔隧道小规模火灾的初期报警;隧道拱顶纵向温度分布规律导致火源远场烟气下沉严重而近火源区域烟气层化较好的特征。高海拔隧道火灾温度分布特性试验研究,可为高海拔隧道火灾动力特性研究提供依据,为高海拔隧道人员疏散逃生提供指导及建议。     

着火列车制动进站过程烟气扩散特性模拟

为探究火灾列车制动驶向地下车站进行救援时的烟气扩散特性，采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法研究在不同控制烟气措施下，火灾列车减速至停止过程中烟气在车站轨行区及站台层的扩散规律，以及车站防灾通风系统受到的影响。结果表明：火灾列车制动进站时受移动火源与活塞风两大特性影响，烟气在上下游表现出明显的不均匀、不对称分布规律；屏蔽门虽能有效阻止烟气蔓延至站台层，但同时会增大轨行区活塞风速，增加烟气蔓延速度，不利于安全疏散；受活塞风影响，轨行区排烟效率下降了14%，轨行区各排烟阀火灾中下游排烟效率更高。     

几个典型隧道火灾问题研究进展

由于隧道数量的增加和隧道火灾造成的人员伤亡和财产损失巨大,隧道消防安全的研究一直是个热点问题。鉴于目前隧道火灾基础理论方面所开展的研究尚需深入细化,本文分析总结了几个隧道火灾基础问题的研究进展情况,主要包括隧道火灾的最高温度、火焰长度计算及隧道内温度衰减、火灾烟气回流和临界风速模型的演化等,较系统地总结了目前隧道火灾的几个主要研究方面的成果,指出了以往研究的一些不足之处。分析结果表明:目前对隧道火灾的研究主要集中于隧道内温度场特性、隧道内纵向风火灾发展的影响以及对隧道火灾烟气控制的研究。然而在隧道火灾基础理论方面所开展的研究还不够系统,因此要有效利用已有的可靠数据,对交通隧道火灾进行更加基础性和系统性地研究。需要进一步研究的内容包括:1)目前隧道火焰长度模型主要用于自由燃烧及机械通风影响下的隧道火灾,对于采用自然通风或横向通风的隧道,其火焰长度模型还有待进一步研究。2)当前的烟气回流模型多是通过小尺寸实验或较小火源功率实验进行验证,对于火源功率较大时烟气回流距离的函数关系是否仍然成立尚需进一步验证。3)由于限制风速较临界风速在控制烟气回流的同时可保持烟气层的稳定,更有利于火灾扑救和人员疏散,但目前关于限制风速的计算模型还未被提出,其与隧道几何尺寸的定量关系还需进一步研究。4)国内外对隧道火灾的研究主要是基于小尺寸模型,虽然得到了不少结论,澄清了很多现象,但是缺乏大规模火灾实验数据的验证,还要进行更多大尺寸或全尺寸实验来验证这些理论。5)对于UTLT类隧道的烟气蔓延与控制目前只进行了一些小尺寸实验研究,不能很好地指导该类隧道的防火设计,亟需进一步的理论研究和大尺寸实验验证。     

公路隧道中临界风速数值模拟研究

利用性能化防火设计的思想,结合工程算例,运用模型实验和数值模拟的方法对公路隧道火灾进行研究。实验验证隧道中存在烟气逆流现象;数值模拟得到不同火源功率下相应的临界风速:火灾功率为5、20、100 MW时,临界风速分别为4.0~4.5、6.0~6.51、0.0~10.5 m/s。研究发现,隧道内的临界风速与燃烧强度有关;当纵向通风速度等于临界风速时,不会发生逆流现象,有利于火源上风区域的人员逃生和消防救援工作的开展。     

火源尺寸对地铁隧道火灾临界风速的影响

以地铁区间隧道为研究对象,考虑有无列车两种情况,采用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS 5.5.3对不同火源尺寸条件下控制地铁隧道火灾烟气不向上游蔓延的临界风速进行数值模拟。结果表明:火源功率一定时,有无列车情况下火源高度、长度及宽度均对临界风速产生影响。无列车时,临界风速随着火源高度、长度、宽度的增加逐渐减小;有列车时,临界风速随着火源高度、宽度的增加先增大后减小,随着火源长度的增大而递减。     

基于PyroSim的不同曲率弯曲隧道火灾特性研究

为探究弯曲隧道的火灾特性,研究曲率对弯曲隧道火灾烟气蔓延的影响规律,使用火灾动力学模拟软件PyroSim,对不同曲率弯曲隧道的临界风速、温度分布、烟气蔓延规律及顶棚温度衰减规律进行研究。结果表明：在同一火源功率和火源位置的情况下,临界风速与隧道曲率呈正相关性;由于壁面沿程阻力的特殊性,弯曲隧道内高温烟气在隧道内侧的传播速度更快,并且随着火灾持续时间增加,隧道两侧烟气传播速度的差距增大;火灾的顶棚温度衰减与曲率呈正相关,给出了曲率为0.6%、0.5%、0.3%、0.25%、0.14%的顶棚温度衰减预测模型。     

不同火源功率下地下环道火羽流运动机理研究

为研究地下环道不同火源功率下火羽流卷吸特性机理,采用数值模拟结合理论分析,设置9个典型火灾场景,定量分析火羽流温度场、烟羽流高度变化等卷吸特性。得出结论认为,火源功率对温度场影响最大,对烟气层高度影响较小;火源位于主干隧道火灾危险性最高,该位置发生火灾时不同火源功率下的温度、烟气层高度均达到人员疏散危险值。研究可补充现有受限空间的火灾动力学理论,为地下受限空间烟气控制、人员疏散及火灾综合防治提供理论依据。     

纵向通风下公路隧道双火源火灾烟气扩散研究

采用试验与数值模拟研究隧道双火源火灾临界风速变化,重点研究双火源功率和火源间距对临界风速的影响。结果表明：随着火源间距增加,临界风速逐渐降低,当两火源间距达到极限距离时,临界风速不再变化;当进风口侧火源功率确定时,在极限间距内出风口侧火源功率增大时,临界风速增大,说明出风口侧的火源对进风口侧的烟气回流有促进作用;在极限间距内,临界风速随火源间距增加呈二次方递减到一个稳定值;两火源总功率越大,临界风速随着间距增加降低的幅度越明显。并得到了临界风速的预测公式。     

Critical velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation

Since the prediction of ‘critical velocity’ is important to control the smoke in tunnel fires, many researches have been carried out to predict critical velocity with various fire sizes, tunnel shape, tunnel slope, and so forth. But few researches have been conducted to estimate critical ventilation velocity for varied burning rate by longitudinal ventilation, although burning rate of fuel is influenced by ventilation conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the difference of upstream smoke layer (e.g., backlayering) between naturally ventilated heat release rate and varied heat release rate by longitudinal ventilation.In this study, the 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to examine the difference of backlayering between naturally ventilated heat release rate and varied heat release rate by longitudinal ventilation. And the experimental results obtained are compared with numerical ones. Three-dimensional simulations of smoke flow in the tunnel fire with the measured burning rates have been carried out using Fire Dynamics Simulator; Ver. 406 code, which is developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology. They show a good degree of agreement, even if some deviation in temperature downstream of the fire is evident. Since ventilation velocity had a greater enhancing effect on the burning rate of fuel due to oxygen supply effect, the critical ventilation velocity should be calculated on the basis of varied HRR by ventilation velocity.     

An experimental study on the effect of ventilation velocity on burning rate in tunnel fires—heptane pool fire case

The 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to investigate the effect of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the burning rate in tunnel fires. The n-heptane pool fires with heat release rate ranging from 3.71 to 15.6 kW are used in this study. A load cell is used to measure the mass loss rate of burning fuel and the temperature distributions are measured by K-type thermocouples in order to investigate smoke movement. The ventilation velocity in the reduced-scale tunnel is controlled by the wind tunnel through an inverter. The increases in ventilation velocity lead to enhance burning rate of n-heptane fuel. The reason is that the oxygen supply effect prevails rather than the cooling effect as the ventilation velocity increases. As a result, the heat release rates in experiment are larger than constant heat release rates by 4.45–11.3 times in the n-heptane pool fires. Also, it is found that non-dimensional critical ventilation velocity is proportional to one-third power of non-dimensional heat release rate.     

Performance validation of a hybrid ventilation strategy comprising longitudinal and point ventilation by a fire experiment using a model-scale tunnel

We examined the exhaust performance of a hybrid ventilation strategy for maintaining a safe evacuation environment for tunnel users in a tunnel fire. The hybrid ventilation strategy combines the longitudinal ventilation strategy with the point ventilation strategy which is a type of transverse ventilation strategy. The model tunnel developed by this study was scaled to 1/5 the size of a full-scale tunnel. The model-scale experiment was performed taking into consideration Froude's law of similarity. Measurement items were the distribution of temperature and concentration of smoke inside the tunnel, longitudinal wind velocity, mass flow of smoke in the point ventilation duct, and the heat release rate of the fire source. The following main conclusions were obtained. The smoke height was constant even when varying the extraction rate of smoke from the ceiling vent. The backlayering length and critical velocity of the smoke flow in the hybrid strategy could be predicted by the methodology developed by using the longitudinal strategy. The hybrid strategy maintained a safe evacuation environment on both sides of the tunnel fire.     

阻塞效应下隧道火灾顶棚最高温度的实验分析

隧道火灾时拱顶最高烟气温度的预测对于隧道防火安全设计具有很重要的意义。通过1/10隧道火灾缩尺模型实验得到了不同火源热释放率、不同通风速度下隧道顶棚最高温度测试值,并与现有的温度模型预测值进行了对比,发现现有模型对于无风及风速较小的情况,或多或少存在缺陷。另外在实际情况中车辆通常占据一部分的隧道断面积,所形成的阻塞效应不可忽略。为此,进行了不同阻塞比情况下的实验,发现现有的温度模型与不同阻塞比下的实验数据相差较大。最后,基于本文实验数据对Kurioka温度模型进行了修正,所提出的修正模型与已有的其他实验数据吻合也较好。     

公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究

隧道火灾随着通风风速和火灾规模不同 ,其温度场也发生了变化 ,本文对五种不同风速下的三种火灾规模进行了试验 ,研究了火区内和火区下游最高温度的变化规律、温度随时间的变化规律、温度沿隧道纵向分布规律、温度沿隧道横断面分布规律等 ,这对公路隧道防灾减灾设计有现实的指导意义。     

Smoke spreading characteristics during a fire in a shallow urban road tunnel with roof openings under a longitudinal external wind blowing

A series of fire experiments was conducted using a 1:12 scale model of a shallow urban road tunnel with roof openings to clarify the flow structure of smoke and fresh air during a fire with a longitudinal external wind blowing above the roof openings. The model tunnel consisted of two road tubes separated by a pillar-type median structure. Five fire test cases were conducted by changing the heat release rate as the experimental parameter. When the smoke produced by a fire in the tunnel tube was exhausted by natural ventilation through the roof openings of the tunnel tube, fresh air was sucked in from the roof openings of the opposite tunnel tube. The flow of exhausted smoke and sucked-in fresh air created a complex three-dimensional flow structure inside the tunnel tubes. Stratified smoke that had formed under the ceiling of the tunnel tube was disturbed by the flow of sucked-in fresh air and was diffused on the upstream side of the fire. Compared to the condition without a longitudinal external wind, when a longitudinal external wind blew over the tunnel with the pillar median structure, the smoke spreading distance on the upstream side was longer than that without the external wind due to the diffusion of smoke. On the other hand, the smoke spreading distance on the downstream side of the fire was shorter than that without the external wind due to the improved smoke extraction performance by the Venturi effect of the longitudinal external wind. Furthermore, the smoke spreading distance on the downstream side was nearly constant and independent of the heat release rate of the fire, within the scope of our experimental conditions.     

新建地铁隧道内活塞风温度变化理论分析

列车在地铁隧道中运行时,会产生大量的热,一部分被隧道内岩土层吸收,其它部分散失在空气中,随列车活塞风带入站台。本文假设在新建单线隧道,一列车行驶周期内,对隧道内活塞风温度变化规律进行理论分析。隧道内列车散热假设为移动热源,将隧道区间内的空气流动简化成一维管流,活塞风与隧道壁面发生对流换热,根据隧道内空气的热平衡,建立简单的流固耦合模型。简化后得到新建地铁区间隧道活塞风温度变化数学模型,并给出其数值计算方法,借鉴上海某地铁的参数,利用MATLAB软件计算并绘出整个过程中隧道内活塞风温度变化曲线,隧道内活塞风温度下降约1.9 ℃。分析发现隧道内的岩土层温度、隧道长度和列车速度等影响隧道内温度分布和温度变化幅度。     

纵向通风下隧道内重石脑油燃烧温度分布与火焰倾角研究

搭建了1:10的缩尺寸隧道模型,考虑不同火源功率和纵向风速开展了纵向通风下隧道内重石脑油燃烧的试验研究,测量了隧道内顶棚下方纵向温度分布,并量化了火焰的倾斜角度。结果表明：随着纵向通风风速的增加,隧道内温度整体呈降低趋势,顶棚下方最高温度逐渐减小,进而提出了纵向通风下隧道内重石脑油燃烧时顶棚下方最高温度的估算模型。火焰倾斜角度随纵向风速的增加而呈增加趋势。当纵向风速较低（小于1 m/s）时,随着纵向风速的增加火焰倾斜角度明显增大;当纵向风速较大（大于1 m/s）时,纵向风速对火焰倾斜角度的影响不明显。     

隧道火灾时拱顶最高烟气温度的实验研究

隧道火灾时拱顶最高烟气温度的预测在隧道防火安全设计中占有很重要的位置,本文通过1/20小尺寸模型实验和全尺寸现场试验对不同纵向风速作用下拱顶最高烟气温度进行了研究。根据隧道全尺寸试验和小尺寸实验研究结果,Kurioka等人通过小尺寸实验所建立的预测模型在纵向风速没有扰乱烟气分层时具有较好的可靠度,可以推广应用到实际隧道工程设计中。     

Numerical simulation of fire in a tunnel: Comparative study of CFAST and CFX predictions

The mathematical modeling of fire growth and smoke movement in any enclosure is a formidable task. Two types of deterministic models are in vogue, zone models and field models (popularly known as CFD technique). CFAST is a popular zone model used for modeling of fires in enclosures. Likewise, CFX is a general purpose CFD code used for various purposes including modeling of fires. In the present paper, a tunnel of length 150 m having a rectangular cross-section of 80 m² has been considered for analyzing the temperature and velocity profiles generated by fire, placed at a distance of 20 m from one end of portal, by both CFAST and CFX. The simulation by CFAST has been carried out by dividing the tunnel into 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 compartments of equal size, where these compartments are joined by openings or vents having same cross-section as that of the tunnel. In case of tunnel divided into 15 compartments the fire source position lies at the position of vent; CFAST predicted very high temperatures. The simulations have also been carried out by dividing tunnel into unequal sized compartments such that position of fire was at the center of the compartment. It was found that for accuracy of results, location of fire source inside compartment is an important factor. Computational difficulty was experienced when tunnel was divided into more than 15 compartments. In this paper, a comparative study of temperatures predicted by CFAST and CFX has been done. The CFX and CFAST predictions show that smoke temperature changes with a pattern roughly similar to that of heat release rate. The temperature profiles at selected positions cannot be predicted by CFAST unlike CFX. The detailed features like flame tilt, flow field can only be observed from CFX predictions.