织物洗涤剂中聚合物的应用研究

研究了聚合物作为洗涤助剂在洗涤溶液中的微观结构,与生产工艺以及抗再沉积之间的关系,研究了聚合物的分子量分布和分子量对抗再沉积的影响。     

抗再沉积剂在洗衣液中的应用研究

分别选用了聚丙烯酸钠、改性聚乙二醇、苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物和改性聚乙烯亚胺配入洗衣液中,考察其在洗衣液中的抗再沉积性能。通过去污实验和循环洗涤实验,测定了污布和白布在洗涤前后的光谱反射率。去污实验表明,抗再沉积剂的加入可明显提高洗衣液对皮脂污布的去污力。循环洗涤实验表明,加入抗再沉积剂均可以提高洗衣液对棉布的白度保持,而当采用2种抗再沉积剂复配使用时,抗再沉积效果较好,对棉布的白度保持比对照样品提高3%～12%。     

抗再沉积剂在洗衣粉中的效能研究

为了考察抗再沉积剂在洗衣粉中的效能，将CMC、聚羧酸盐、CMS、聚乙烯醇分别配入洗衣粉中，通过去污实验和循环洗涤实验，测定了污布和白布在洗涤前后的光谱反射率。去污实验表明，抗再沉积剂的加入可以提高洗衣粉的去污力。循环洗涤20次后，含抗再沉积剂的洗衣粉对棉布的白度保持比对照样品提高4%～11%，对涤/棉混纺布提高4%～8%，其中CMC效果最好，聚羧酸盐次之，实验结果证明，CMC是洗洗衣粉中不可缺少的重要组分，其加入量在0.5%时，作用就相当明显。     

生物酶在洗衣凝珠中的应用

凝珠是一种新型的洗涤产品,去污力和抗再沉积能力是凝珠的基础性能,欧洲的产品中往往使用高剂量的生物酶。本实验以模型洗涤剂作为标准体系,研究了生物酶技术在凝珠中的应用,主要是去污性能和抗再沉积性能的提高,并与欧洲的产品进行了比较。     

几种聚合物在洗衣液中的应用探究

通过循环洗涤实验和去污力测试实验,研究疏水改性丙烯酸聚合物、丙烯酸/苯乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯亚胺乙氧基化物和乙氧基化多胺共四种聚合物分别添加在洗衣液配方中,对洗衣液的抗再沉积性能和去污力性能的影响。实验结果表明,无论是在普通洗衣液还是在三倍浓缩洗衣液体系中,选择合适的聚合物,既能提高洗衣液抗再沉积性能,又能提高皮脂去污力。     

以AEC和MES为主的复配型超浓缩 洗衣液研究

以脂肪醇醚羧酸钠(AEC)和脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)为主表面活性剂配制超浓缩洗衣液。通过吊环法研究了AEC与AES复配体系不同比例下静态表面张力和临界胶束浓度,通过单因素和正交试验研究了助溶剂、洗涤助剂、抗再沉积剂的种类及用量对去污力的影响。结果表明,n(AEC)∶n(AES)为8∶2时复配体系cmc最小,助溶剂为乙醇,水溶助长剂为尿素,抗再沉积剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,质量分数分别为10%、1%和0.2%时,超浓缩洗衣液流动性和去污力最好。     

聚乙烯醇的抗污垢再沉积作用

在洗涤过程中,从被洗织物上脱落的污垢重新沉积(附着)在织物纤维上的现象,称为“再沉积”。再沉积将使去污力降低,经多次洗涤后还会导致被洗织物泛灰变黄。为防止污垢在纤维上的再沉积,洗衣用洗涤剂中要配加一定量的抗再沉积剂,也称为泛灰抑制剂。这种添加剂一般是水溶性高分子化合物,迄今最常用的是羧甲基纤维素钠盐(CM－Na)。近年来的研究证实[1、2] ,CMC－Na对棉纤维之类的亲水性纤维织物具有满意的抗再沉积效果,但对于疏水性的合成纤维织物     

洗涤剂中高聚物的性能用及应用评价

聚羧酸盐类高聚物在洗涤剂中的应用越来越广泛。研究并测定了几种聚羧酸盐类高分子的软化硬水能力、分散能力、ｐＨ缓冲能力，同时重点考察了清华大学秀滤助洗涤应用在洗涤剂中的抗污垢再沉积，抗灰分沉积，低温洗涤等实际应用效果。     

抗再沉积剂对二次去污力的作用评价

通过循环洗涤方法评价洗涤剂的二次去污能力,在洗涤剂中加入抗再沉积剂能够明显地提高产品的洗涤效果,有效地阻止积垢的产生,防止破坏织物色泽,聚羧酸盐Acuso1445N是性能非常优秀的抗再沉积剂,在含磷洗涤剂中使用Acusol1445N经过二十次循环洗涤后,可使白度保持率提高10％,在无磷洗涤剂中使织物白度值保持在93％以上,灰分沉积量减少1倍。     

聚合松香洗涤脱色条件的探讨

考察了不同的化学试剂、温度等对聚合松香汽油溶液洗涤效果的影响。结果表明,饱和草酸溶液和金属离子鳌合剂溶液具有较好的洗涤效果。工厂生产性实验结果表明金属离子鳌合剂溶液洗涤能使聚合松香色泽降低1个加纳色号。     

复合酶去污性能研究

研究了由碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶、碱性纤维酶复配而成的复合酶在不同洗涤条件下对血 -奶 -碳素墨水 /棉污布的去污性能 ,得出了复合酶能很好发挥其去污性能的条件为 ,复合酶浓度 :2 0g/L洗液 ;水质pH :9～ 10 ;水质硬度 :0～ 1× 10 -3 ;洗涤温度 :2 0°C～ 60°C ;洗涤时间 :2 0min～ 3 0min     

丽赛织物洗涤性能研究

测试了纯棉织物以及棉／丽赛、棉／涤纶和棉／粘交织物洗涤一定次数后拉伸性能和悬垂性能的变化，试验结果表明，经过10次洗涤后棉／丽赛交织物的耐洗涤性能较纯棉织物好，比棉／粘交织物有明显提高。     

Comparison of practical and laboratory laundering of some modern fabrics

The detergency and redeposition characteristics of several modern fabrics were compared under laboratory and home-laundering conditions. Good correlation was found between data from laboratory-controlled practical washing and home laundry although washing in the home was uniformly poorer than in the laboratory. Polyester-containing fabrics tend to gray by redeposition more than the other fabrics investigated, and the new Permanent-Press fabrics seem more susceptible to redeposition than their untreated counterparts. A systematic screening of factors affecting the performance of these fabrics in the home laundry indicates that detergent underusage is the major factor for the failure of polyesters to perform as well as cotton in either laboratory or practical laundry screening.     

硫化黑染涤/棉织物的两浴法染色工艺研究

本文研究了固体硫化黑染料对涤/棉织物的染色工艺,讨论了硫化黑染料和分散黑染料用量、染棉和染涤的先后顺序、是否经过前处理等工艺对涤/棉织物染色深度和染色牢度的影响,结果证明,使用两浴法用硫化黑染涤/棉的染色效果很好,并且可省去前处理工艺.     

Redeposition in CO2 textile dry cleaning

Perchloroethylene (PER) is commonly used as cleaning solvent in the textile dry-cleaning industry but this chemical is toxic by nature. One of the potential PER replacements is carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is non-toxic, cheap, and widely available. Previous studies have indicated that the particulate soil removal with CO₂ is lower compared to that of PER. While the particulate soil removal of the CO₂ dry-cleaning was studied, it was found that redeposition of particulate soil occurs. Several experiments have been carried out to study and reduce this problem. In these experiments, textiles stained with different kinds of particulate soils were cleaned using a 25 L CO₂ dry-cleaning set-up. It was found that the redeposition level increases along with washing time, while rinsing has little influence. Modifying the filtration system by using scavenger textile, or adding a cellulose compound to the cleaning vessel as anti redeposition agent can significantly reduce redeposition.     

Soil redeposition versus deposition tests in evaluation of laundry detergents

Whiteness retention results obtained with a soil “deposition” type test, in which soil material as such is added to the detergent bath, are found to be in contradiction to those obtained with soil “redeposition” tests, in which clean and soiled cloth are washed together. A carbon soil deposition test shows polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to be superior to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) equal to CMC in improving whiteness retention results with a built anionic detergent, with pronounced synergistic effects for PVA-CMC and PEG-CMC combination. In contrast, the redeposition tests, employing either carbon black or tagged clay soil, show only the CMC to be effective, the nonionic polymers being ineffective alone and in combinations with CMC. Further, in evaluating the effect of tripolyphosphate builder with an alkylbenzene sulfonate, the deposition and redeposition tests give quite contradictory results. The observed contradictions cast considerable doubt on the validity of the usual carbon soil deposition tests, and emphasize the need for further study of whiteness retention test methods.     

Laundry Detergency of Solid Nonparticulate Soil or Waxy Solids: Part II. Effect of the Surfactant Type

In this work, methyl palmitate with a melting point around 30°C was used as a model of waxy soil. Its detergency was evaluated with a hydrophilic surface (cotton) or a hydrophobic surface (polyester) using different surfactants: alcohol ethoxylate (EO9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), methyl ester sulfonate (MES), methyl ester ethoxylate (MEE), and two extended surfactants (C_12,14-10PO-2EO-SO₄Na and C_12,14-16PO-2EO-SO₄Na). The detergency efficiency at a 0.2 wt.% surfactant and 5 wt.% NaCl gradually increased while redeposition gradually decreased with increasing washing temperature in most studied surfactant solutions; this was observed both above and below the melting point of methyl palmitate on both studied fabrics. If the methyl palmitate was heated above the melting point when deposited on the fabric, it was better able to penetrate into the fabric matrix as compared to deposition below the melting point, resulting in poorer detergency for heated deposition, particularly for washing temperatures lower than the melting point. Among the surfactants studied, the nonionic surfactant (EO9) showed the highest detergency efficiency (73–94%) at any washing temperature especially on the polyester fabric. For washing temperatures below the melting point, detergency performance correlated well with the contact angle of surfactant solution on the solid methyl palmitate surface for all studied surfactants when salinity was varied. In this work, conditions resulting in the highest detergency below the melting point corresponded to the highest detergency above the melting point, suggesting this as a systematic approach to formulating below the melting point of the soil. Charge of particles or fabric was not observed to be important to the detergency mechanism, but steric factors resulting from surfactant adsorption were observed to be important mechanistic factors in waxy solid detergency.     

十二烷基磷酸单酯抗静电性能研究

按照GB/T 16801-1997中的方法对十二烷基磷酸单酯的抗静电性能进行研究,考察了十二烷基磷酸单酯钾盐、钠盐、三乙醇胺盐以及未中和的磷酸单酯对聚酯布的抗静电性能,结果表明:钾盐和未中和的磷酸单酯对聚酯布的抗静电效果较好。在确定了使用钾盐和未中和的磷酸单酯作为抗静电剂的条件下,考察了它们的质量浓度对聚酯布抗静电性能的影响,结果表明:当单酯钾盐的质量浓度为4 g/L,单酯为6 g/L时,对聚酯布的抗静电性能较好。在单酯钾盐的质量浓度为4 g/L,单酯为6 g/L时,考察了它们对聚酯布、棉布和腈纶布的抗静电效果,结果表明:它们对腈纶布的抗静电效果都好于其他2种布。在考察了十二烷基磷酸单酯的抗静电性能后,对其抗静电机理进行了探讨。     

Effect of fiber substrates on appearance and removal of aged oily soils

Aging of oily soils produces difficult-to-remove yellow stains on fabrics. This study examines the effect of different textile substrates on yellowing and removal of aged oily soils. Model oily, squalene and artificial sebum, were aged at 40°C on cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics for 8 wk. Radiotracer and spectrophotometric analyses were used to quantify volatilization and color change of soiled fabrics upon aging as well as soil and color removal after laundering. Differences in volatility of oils from three substrates were insignificant, although cotton and nylon fabrics produced significantly more yellowness than polyester fabrics. Aging of oily soil enhanced detergency from all three fabrics. The largest increase in removal upon aging was found with cotton. Difference in removal from the three substrates became very small after aging. The effect of substrate was pronounced on yellowing due to aging with cotton and nylon having higher yellowness indices. Cotton visually appeared to be cleaner than indicated by the actual amount of residual oil present after washing, whereas nylon had less residual oil present even though it visually appeared more yellow than cotton. For polyester, the amount of residual oil correlated well with appearance after washing. We conclude that discoloration mechanisms differ among cotton, polyester, and nylon substrates. For polyester, discoloration is solely discoloration of oily soil that is physically bound in the fibrous structure, whereas for cotton, discoloration is a result of discoloration of oil as well as additional yellowing caused by retention of chromophores chemically bound to the cotton substrate. In the case of nylon, yellowing of nylon itself is an additional factor contributing to yellowness even though, most of the oil is removed upon washing. These results illustrate the importance of the method of detergency evaluation. Measuring color change in yellowness or reflectance is not the same as oil removal based on a quantitative measurement of soil mass. Thus, it may be necessary to measure both color and quantity of residual soil.     

Synthesis of carbon nanocoils on substrates made of plant fibers

Carbon nanocoils (CNCs) with different shapes and coil diameters have been synthesized on three kinds of substrates made of plant fibers, i.e. tissue, cotton cloth and bamboo fiber cloth, using Fe₂ (SO₄)₃/SnCl₂ catalyst by a thermal chemical vapor deposition method. The average coil diameters of the CNCs on the tissue, cotton cloth and bamboo fiber cloth substrates are 560, 183, and 510 nm, respectively. It is found that the organization difference in the plant fiber substrates results in the difference in the aggregation states of catalyst particles on the fiber surfaces, which has a crucial effect on the morphology and production of the grown CNCs. The tight organization of the carbon fibers in the tissue and cotton cloth substrates can promote the catalyst aggregations to fabricate high yield CNCs. For the bamboo fiber cloth substrate, a relatively small number of catalyst particles are deposited on the surface and tend to be isolated, leading to the growth of a certain amount of the carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes. In addition, the catalyst adsorption ability of the bamboo fiber can be improved by coating calcium chloride particles to achieve high production of the regular CNCs.