木材的燃烧性能研究--锥形量热计法

采用锥形量热计(Cone Calorimeter)对多种木材在阻燃处理前后的燃烧性能进行测试，并分析木材在阻燃处理前后燃烧性能的变化规律。试验表明，经阻燃处理的材料其热释放速率显著降低，推迟了燃烧波峰出现的时间，因而可以安全应用于建筑室内。而普通的木材由于热释放速率大而具有很大的火灾危险性。研究还发现普通木材燃烧都会形成两个波峰。锥形量热计能精确测量材料的热释放速率、烟密度等数值，对于研究材料的燃烧性能和正确使用具有重大的现实意义。     

木质地板阻燃性能的研究

试验对强化地板和实木复合地板进行阻燃处理,采用锥形量热仪对处理前后地板的燃烧性能进行测试,分析地板在阻燃处理前后燃烧性能的变化规律。测试结果表明,阻燃处理后地板有效燃烧热有所下降,但下降幅度不大;热释放速率和质量损失率显著下降;抑烟性能不理想,燃烧时烟释放量增加。     

ZnMgAl-CO3-LDHs的沥青阻燃抑烟性能与机理分析

采用层状无卤高效抑烟剂ZnMgAl-CO_3-LDHs制备阻燃沥青,通过热重-差热分析仪、锥形量热仪和X射线光电子能谱仪研究了层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)对沥青阻燃抑烟性能的影响,并分析其阻燃机理.结果表明:掺加质量分数为2%的LDHs可使沥青燃烧的最大热释放速率、平均热释放速率和总烟释放量分别下降24.9%,14.3%和27.0%;LDHs在2%掺量下即有较好的阻燃抑烟效果,而在25%掺量下的阻燃抑烟效果提升有限;LDHs的层状结构可以在沥青燃烧初期降低沥青的失重速率,并提升残渣的完整性、致密性和抗氧化性,但LDHs的热解吸热效应并未在沥青燃烧过程中发挥明显作用.     

常见交通工具用座椅燃烧性能试验研究

选取三种常见交通工具内部使用的座椅,采用GB8624-2012《建筑材料及制品燃烧性能分级》中的大尺寸量热试验装置进行试验,对比燃烧过程的发展特点、热释放速率和总放热量,分析差异化特性的形成原因。研究表明引燃方式对试验过程的热释放特性曲线走势影响很大。     

GA 306国家标准修订方案的探讨

参考国内外现有标准,分别采用IEC标准、英国标准和GB 31247对阻燃耐火电缆进行验证试验,对电缆燃烧时的发热、产烟、完整性等指标进行定量分级,评价阻燃耐火电缆的性能,制定新的分级方法。试验结果表明:阻燃电缆中聚烯烃类电缆在产烟速率和产烟总量方面表现较好,PVC类电缆则在热释放速率、热释放总量和燃烧增长指数等指标方面表现优异。     

老化对基质沥青阻燃抑烟性能的影响

为探究不同条件老化后沥青阻燃抑烟性能的变化规律,采用旋转薄膜烘箱（RTFOT）对基质沥青进行85 min短期老化、270 min长期老化以及湿热老化。利用氧指数试验（LOI）和锥形量热试验研究老化沥青火灾安全性能,同时结合红外光谱分析技术（FTIR）以及热重-质谱联用技术(TG-MS)分析沥青（BA）成分与气态产物释放特性的变化规律。试验结果表明：基质沥青在经历热氧老化后轻质组分减少,重质组分增加,导致氧指数提升。而湿热老化中由于水蒸气分压力的作用使沥青氧指数略有下降。在热释放方面,热氧老化后沥青燃烧热释放速率峰值下降,峰值对应时间提前,有效燃烧热降低;而湿热老化后热释放速率基本不变。在烟气释放方面,热氧老化后沥青燃烧的炭烟、CO、CO2释放量更低,SO2释放量增加;湿热老化后炭烟、CO、CO2释放量变化不大,而SO2释放量明显增多。     

聚合物基建筑保温材料的热行为及燃烧行为

对模塑聚苯乙烯泡沫板(EPS),挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫板(XPS)和聚异氰酸酯-聚氨酯泡沫板(PIR-PU)的热分解行为、燃烧行为、燃烧烟气中的主要毒害气体和热裂解产物进行了研究.结果表明:PIR-PU的初始分解温度和最大热分解温度明显低于EPS和XPS,EPS和XPS的热分解行为基本相同,高温下PIR-PU的残炭率高,而EPS和XPS基本不成炭;PIR-PU的热释放速率、总热释放量、生烟速率和总生烟量均明显低于EPS和XPS,但PIR-PU点燃时间比EPS和XPS短;PIR-PU,EPS和XPS的燃烧烟气中均存在CO和HCN等毒害气体,有效剂量分数(FED值)表明PIR-PU的燃烧烟气毒性最大;PIR-PU热裂解产物中的异氰酸酯衍生物、苯胺衍生物和含氯阻燃剂是其燃烧生成HCN和HCl的主要原因,而EPS和XPS热裂解产物中大量的芳香族衍生物是其生烟量较大的一个重要原因.     

阻燃泡沫保温材料燃烧特性研究

分析了对建筑材料燃烧特性研究的方法和原理，确定了依照耗氧原理进行燃烧特性研究的方向，以热释放速率（HRR）、燃烧增长速率指数（FIGRA）、热释放量（THR）为评价参数进行分析。以泡沫保温材料为试验样品，采用中国现行的燃烧性能分级体系同欧洲最新分级体系规定的试验方法进行比较，并对不同原理得到的研究结果进行比较。     

挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料热释放速率试验研究

通过对挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(XPS)进行热释放速率的试验,对其燃烧性能进行了研究.在此基础上,与现行常用的燃烧性能试验方法对于热塑型泡沫塑料燃烧性能的合理性进行对比分析.通过分析比较,客观评价热释放速率试验方法的可行性,为制定建筑材料燃烧性能分级的相关标准提供参考.     

防火线缆在工程中的应用

正随着科学技术的深入发展,人们对事物客观规律的认识不断完善,对材料燃烧特性内涵的理解和定义也从仅指火焰蔓延、火焰传播扩展到燃烧过程的热释放速率、热释放量、烟浓度和燃烧生成物的毒性等。因此人们在线缆的阻燃技术开发研究中,除了考虑降低线缆的火焰传播速度外,还同时考虑如何降低燃烧中烟的浓度以及烟气产生的毒性。日前常见的阻燃线缆有普     

CS/h-BN/APP层层自组装涂层阻燃杨木的研究

为提高杨木的阻燃性能,利用带正电性的壳聚糖/六方氮化硼(CS/h-BN)聚电解质溶液,以及带负电性的聚磷酸铵(APP)溶液,基于层层自组装(LBL)技术,通过两聚电解质溶液之间的静电吸附作用,在木材表面成功制备出具有良好阻燃性能的CS/h-BN/APP薄膜涂层.结果表明:所制备的涂层均匀分布在木材表面,且具有良好的附着力;涂层阻燃木材试件的热释放速率、烟释放速率显著降低,第2放热峰出现时间晚于未处理木材试件,且在燃烧过程中的残余物质量始终高于未处理木材试件,完全燃尽时间则比未处理木材试件多出约100s,阻燃效果随着自组装涂层数的增加而逐渐增强;涂层阻燃木材试件的CO、CO_2气体生成量明显降低,表明阻燃涂层能有效降低木材烟气及毒性气体释放;涂层阻燃木材试件较未处理木材试件更好地保持了木材本身的结构,显示出了良好的抵抗火灾能力.     

Fire development in a 1/3 train carriage mock-up

To study what parameters that control the initial fire spread and the development to local flashover in a metro carriage, a total of six fire tests were conducted in a mock-up of a metro carriage that is about 1/3 of a full wagon length. They were carried out under a large scale calorimeter in a laboratory environment. The focus was on the initial fire development in a corner scenario using different types of ignition source that may lead to a fully developed fire. The ignition sources used were either a wood crib placed on a corner seat or one litre of petrol poured on the corner seat and the neighbouring floor together with a backpack. The amount of luggage and wood cribs in the neighbourhood of the ignition source was continuously increased in order to identify the limits for flashover in the test-setup. The tests showed that the combustible boards on parts of the walls had a significant effect on the fire spread. In the cases where the initial fire did not exceed a range of 400–600 kW no flashover was observed. If the initial fire grew up to 700–900 kW a flashover was observed. The maximum heat release rate during a short flashover period for this test set-up was about 3.5 MW. The time to reach flashover was highly dependent on the ignition type: wood cribs or backpack and petrol. A full developed carriage fire was achieved as a result of intense radiation from the flames and ceiling smoke layer. This was mostly dependent on the amount of fire load nearby the ignition source and how strong the vertical flame spread on the high pressure laminate boards mounted to walls and ceiling above the ignition source was, leading to a ceiling flame. In such cases, the seats alone did not contain sufficient fuel for the fire to spread within the train, and additional fuel (luggage) is required near the seats. For fully developed carriage fires, the fire starting on the seat in the corner spread to the opposite seat on the same side of the aisle, then horizontally spread to seats on the other side of the aisle, and finally a longitudinal flame spread along the carriage was observed. When and where the fire stopped or whether it reached a fully developed stage was mostly dependent on the amount of fire load nearby the ignition source and how strong the vertical flame spread on the high pressure laminate boards mounted to walls and ceiling above the ignition source was.     

铺层结构对碳纤维/环氧层压板火反应特性的影响

利用锥形量热仪,垂直/水平燃烧速度测试仪、极限氧指数测定仪研究了单向、织物两种铺层结构对碳纤维/环氧层压板火反应特性的影响.结果表明,随热辐射强度的增加,不同铺层结构碳纤维/环氧层压板的点燃时间均缩短,质量剩余率降低,热释放速率、产烟速率峰值均增加,达到峰值时间变短,总热释放量和总烟释放量增加;在相同热辐射强度下,相比...     

家具板材的燃烧性能和环保性能分析

基于现阶段校园家具中常用的人造板材,对其分别进行燃烧性能和环保性能测试,采用引燃时间、单位面积热释放速率峰值、放热总量、产烟总量和甲醛释放量这五个关键性能指标,得出板材综合性能评价结果。结果表明：随着辐射照度的升高,板材阻燃性能会降低;采用浸渍纸贴面措施对板材点燃时间有一定提升,但在热释放速率、放热总量和总产烟量指标上均有不同程度上浮;胶合板和浸渍纸饰面胶合板的热释放速率、产烟总量大,阻燃性能较差。     

铝木复合耐火窗窗框阻燃性能研究

为提高铝木复合窗的耐火性能,对木材阻燃性能进行研究。以热释放速率、热释放总量、总产烟量和质量损失为评价指标,对比了阻燃剂浸泡时间、木材种类和阻燃剂种类对木材燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,木材在阻燃剂中浸泡时间越长,其阻燃效果越明显;樟子松由于载药量大,后期燃烧性能更好;经阻燃剂6505浸泡后的木材综合性能较好,可作为后续耐火窗生产的备选阻燃剂之一。     

Burning behavior of sedan passenger cars

Four full-scale fire experiments using 4-door sedan passenger cars were carried out. The cars were ignited either at the splashguard of the right rear wheel or at the left front seat in the passenger compartment with a gasoline spill. The temperature inside the burning car and the mass loss rate were measured. The burning of the 4-door sedan was composed of three compartmental fires: the engine compartment, the passenger compartment, and the rear part inclusive of the fuel. In the experiments where ignition was initiated at the splashguard, the flame spread in the following order: to the rear part of the car, to the passenger compartment, and to the engine compartment. Breakage of the window glass markedly affected the spread of fire into the passenger compartment. The quantity of gasoline in the fuel tank also affected the speed of spread of the fire, because the gasoline ignited at an early stage of the fire. In the experiment where ignition was initiated in the passenger compartment, the fire gained force after the windshield was broken entirely. The flame spread in the following order: to the passenger compartment, to the engine compartment, and to the rear part of the car. The temperature within the passenger compartment peaked at 1000 °C. The heat release rate (HRR) curves showed several peaks depending on the burning of the three compartments. The HRR increased markedly when the fire spread to several different parts of the car at the same time. The HHR peaked at 3 MW when the passenger compartment and fuel (gasoline) burned simultaneously. The measured HRR curves were characterized by superposition of a Boltzmann curve and a Gaussian curve in order to obtain a model, which allowed us to make a more precise prediction of the fire spread probability from a burning car to nearby structures. The HRRs of burning cars were described by the sum of HRR from each compartment.     

纵向通风下隧道长度对临界风速的影响分析

临界风速可有效控制烟气蔓延,是隧道防灾通风重要参数。为分析隧道长度对临界风速的影响,采用量纲分析法构建临界风速与隧道长度关系公式,并分别在5 MW和30 MW火源热释放速率下,对不同长度隧道的火灾进行数值模拟以量化研究隧道长度对临界风速的影响。结果表明,隧道长度对临界风速具有影响,且不同火源释放速率时影响也有所不同:无量纲火源热释放速率小于0.15时,临界风速随隧道长度增大呈现1/41次方增长关系;无量纲火源热释放速率高于0.15时,临界风速随隧道长度增大呈现1/25次方增长关系。进而建立了考虑隧道长度的无量纲临界风速计算公式。     

掺入CES膨胀型阻燃涂料的试验研究

研究蛋壳（CES）废料作为环保生物填料的膨胀型阻燃涂料的性能。将聚磷酸铵II、季戊四醇和三聚氰胺与阻燃填料和丙烯酸树脂黏合剂混合,制成膨胀型阻燃涂料,进行火焰表面扩散试验、火焰蔓延试验、热重分析试验、粘结强度试验等测试涂料的防火性能。结果表明,试件B、C、D、E在火焰下暴露时均未显示出火焰表面扩散。在涂料B、E中添加质量分数为5.0％、2.5％的蛋壳生物填料,由于炭化而改善了防火性能。试件D、E的总火焰传播指数分别为4.5、5.0,显示出优良的阻燃性能。防火涂料具有良好的耐水性、热稳定性和粘结强度,具有良好的防火性能。     

聚磷酸铵和三氧化钼对聚氨酯软泡阻燃性能的影响

以聚磷酸铵（APP）和三氧化钼（MoO3）为阻燃剂,采用一步发泡法制备阻燃聚氨酯软质泡沫（FPUF）,通过扫描电镜、氧指数仪、热重分析仪和锥形量热仪等测试手段研究了MoO3和APP对聚氨酯软泡的泡孔结构、热稳定性、阻燃性能以及产烟量的影响规律。研究表明：MoO3和APP均能提高聚氨酯软泡的阻燃性能,与纯聚氨酯软泡相比,当APP和MoO3的添加量均为7.5%时,阻燃聚氨酯软泡的总热释放量和总产烟量分别降低了44.2%、66.3%,表现出很好的阻燃和抑烟性能;探讨了APP和MoO3阻燃聚氨酯软泡的阻燃作用机理,APP在气相和凝聚相发挥阻燃作用,在气相中通过生成含磷官能团捕获气相中的自由基,在凝聚相中发挥催化成炭的作用,MoO3能促进热裂解聚氨酯催化成炭,提高成炭率,使炭层致密,并提高聚氨酯软泡的热稳定性,有效提高聚氨酯软泡的火灾安全性。