断面宽度对纵向通风隧道火风压影响研究

针对不同断面宽度隧道中发生火灾时的火风压变化问题,利用Fluent软件模拟隧道内发生火灾的情况,分析隧道宽度对临界风速的影响以及隧道宽度、火源功率和通风速度对火风压的影响。研究表明,火源功率较小时,宽度越小的隧道,临界风速越大;随着火源功率的增大,临界风速之间的差距减小。火风压中火区绕流阻力和热烟摩阻增量会随着风速的增大而相互作用。导致火风压会先随风速的增大而增大,到达一个峰值后会随着风速增大而减小,最后当通风速度增大到临界风速后趋于稳定的数值。随着隧道宽度的增大,通风速率对火风压的影响逐渐减弱。建立不同宽度隧道在不同通风速率和火源功率下的隧道火风压计算公式,为隧道火灾通风设计提供参考。     

玻璃幕墙夹层构型对聚氨酯逆流火的影响

开展实验,研究建筑幕墙构型与外立面之间的夹层效应对于保温材料火蔓延过程中火焰形态、近域温度场和质量损失的影响,研究间距变化对于火蔓延行为的影响。结果表明,夹层的特殊受限空间内火焰前锋呈现“倒 V”型梯度分布;板材熔融滴落物质量随幕墙间距增大而减小;间距较大时,高温区域位于中心线的垂直区域,随着间距减小,中心线处的火焰温度降低。研究可为建筑平行玻璃幕墙的火灾危险性评估,建筑外部结构消防安全设计提供参考。     

燃料控制燃烧下受限空间内部温度分布特性研究

本文通过数值模拟的方式对燃料控制燃烧下受限空间内部的温度分布特性进行研究，探讨了受限空间的间距对窗羽流温度分布特性的影响。通过研究发现：存在一个临界间距L₃,当受限空间间距D>L₃时，受限空间内部各点的温度变化趋势随着D的减小基本不变，在所研究的火源功率范围内，受限空间内羽流温度高温区紧贴建筑外立面；当D≤L₃时，受限空间内各点的温度随着D的减小急剧升高，高温区域向外挡墙方向移动，对外挡墙的危险性加大，并且通过推导，给出了竖向羽流温升和无量纲火源功率的关系。     

隧道渐扩段火灾纵向排烟关键参数研究

针对城市隧道日益增多的引流渐扩段,利用数值模拟分析渐扩段发生火灾时,烟气回流长度、临界风速、火风压等纵向排烟关键参数特征。研究表明为控制渐扩隧道烟气回流,需考虑火源处风速——有效风速,入口处临界风速可根据最宽截面处发生火灾,即最不利工况时的有效临界风速进行折算。在相同有效风速下,渐扩隧道烟气回流长度更短,回流长度差距最大的情况可达到60 m左右,对消防设计和火灾救援产生明显的影响。渐扩隧道火风压会随有效风速的增大,先增大后减小,当有效风速增大到临界风速后趋于稳定的数值。由于隧道渐扩段烟气回流速度更快,烟气的惯性力项越大,火风压也越大。     

部分预制装配型钢混凝土柱受火后轴压性能试验研究

为研究部分预制装配型钢混凝土(PPSRC)柱在受火后的受压性能,开展了8个足尺PPSRC柱试件在历经ISO 834标准明火试验后的轴压试验和1个未受火PPSRC柱对比试件的轴压试验,研究核心部分混凝土强度、配箍间距及截面尺寸对标准受火条件下试件截面温度-时间曲线、轴压荷载-位移曲线和剩余承载力的影响。结果表明：RPC预制外壳能对内部型钢和核心混凝土起到良好保护作用;箍筋间距、现浇混凝土强度对截面温度场影响不大,型钢保护层越大,截面内部温度升高越慢且最高温度越低;PPSRC柱受火后轴压破坏形态与常温下类似;核心混凝土强度增加,试件承载力增大;箍筋间距减小对受火后试件承载力提高有利。     

浅覆土砂卵石地层盾构施工地表沉降规律研究

为研究浅覆土砂卵石地层中土压平衡盾构施工对地表沉降的影响,本文以北京地铁新机场线2号风井-3号风井区间盾构施工为背景,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件进行数值模拟计算,结合实测数据,对10 m覆土厚度下左、右线盾构不同线间距、不同前后间距条件下盾构施工造成的地表沉降规律进行了研究。结果表明:随着隧道左右线间距增大,隧道上方的地表沉降先减小,间距增大至1.5D(D为开挖直径)后,地表最大累计沉降量不再随间距增大而变化,间距大于3.0D后,左右线施工不再相互影响;盾构施工纵向的影响范围约为32 m,前后施工间距小于48 m时左右线纵向影响范围重叠,前后施工间距越小,开挖造成的地表沉降值越大,前后间距大于48 m后,左右线施工不再相互影响。     

棕丝加筋红黏土的裂隙特性研究

在干旱气候环境中,红黏土具有显著的裂隙性,由此引发大量的工程地质灾害。为抑制红黏土裂隙的发展,通过在红黏土中添加棕丝改良并开展室内干缩开裂实验,研究棕丝长度及掺量对红黏土裂隙发展及特征指标的影响。结果表明,在干燥开裂过程中,红黏土的裂隙特征指标均经历了从快速增长到趋于稳定的阶段,但变化规律并不完全相同,当裂隙率趋于稳定时,裂隙长度逐渐增加而裂隙宽度却呈现减少趋势。土表中央裂隙产生早于边界裂隙,中央裂隙间交叉角度约90°,边界裂隙与边界大体平行。随着棕丝掺量的增大,改良土的裂隙率和裂隙宽度相应减小,裂隙长度先减小后增大;随着棕丝长度的增大,改良土的裂隙率、裂隙宽度均先减小后增大,裂隙长度先减小后增大最后减小。采用0.3%的棕丝掺量、10mm的棕丝长度,并在适当的含水率状态下可有效抑制红黏土裂隙的发展。     

不同燃料液面深度的变压器套管油池火燃烧特性数值模拟

以某典型变压器油浸纸套管火灾事故为对象,利用FDS研究了燃料液面深度对套管油池火燃烧速率和火焰高度的影响。结果表明：随着燃料液面深度的增加,油池火的质量损失速率和热释放速率呈指数衰减,燃烧效率呈先减小后增大的变化规律,同时提出了耦合套管尺寸和燃料液面深度的无量纲火焰高度预测模型。     

燃料间距对PMMA竖向火蔓延行为的影响

以PMMA（聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯）板（8 cm×10 cm×1 cm）为实验材料,开展不同燃料间距（0~10 cm）的竖向火蔓延实验,分析火焰高度、燃烧速率、热解前锋位置及点燃滞后时间的变化规律。结果发现,随着燃料间距增加,固体表面的净火焰高度与燃烧速率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。此外,火焰在相邻固体燃料表面的蔓延过程中出现“点燃滞后”现象,点燃滞后时间随着燃料间距的增加呈指数级增长。     

波纹钢腹板组合柱抗火性能研究

波纹钢腹板组合柱是一种新型组合构件,由于方钢管和波纹腹板位于结构外侧,在火灾高温下极易发生损伤和破坏。文章利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了波纹钢腹板组合柱的温度场和力学分析模型,应用角钢加固钢筋混凝土柱的抗火试验数据对模型进行了验证,采用验证后的模型分析了火灾荷载比、偏心率、截面尺寸以及钢管厚度对波纹钢腹板组合柱的影响规律。分析结果表明：随着火灾荷载比、偏心率的增加,组合柱的耐火极限减小;随着截面尺寸以及钢管厚度的增加,组合柱的耐火极限增大;波纹钢腹板对耐火极限基本没有影响。核心部分混凝土为承载轴向压力的主要部分,并随着升温压力占比先减小后逐渐增大;钢管内混凝土在受火初期承载较大部分的轴向压力,并随着升温受力占比先增大后减小;钢管在升温初期受力占比略微增大后逐渐减小。波纹钢腹板组合柱耐火极限的简化结果与理论分析结果吻合良好。     

环境风作用下建筑开口溢流火焰拓展规律研究

建筑开口火溢流特征参数研究是火灾科学领域的基础研究内容之一,尤其是正交侧吹横向风影响下的开口火溢流特征更是影响到相邻建筑的火灾危险性。基于弗洛德相似准则,利用缩尺寸建筑燃烧腔室模型开展建筑溢流火灾实验,在正交侧吹横向风作用下,对不同火源功率和不同开口尺寸的建筑腔室溢流火焰扩展规律进行探究。重点分析风速对火焰形态的影响,建立环境风作用下建筑腔室开口溢流火焰长度的分段预测模型,为建筑外立面防火设计提供参考。     

Heat flux profile upon building facade with side walls due to window ejected fire plume: An experimental investigation and global correlation

This paper investigates the heat flux profile upon building facade with side wall constraints due to ejected fire plumes from a window of an under-ventilated compartment fire. A reduced-scale model (1:8), consisting of a cubic fire compartment with a facade wall attached and two side walls located symmetrically at both sides of the window is developed. The window dimensions and the side wall distances are changed in experiments, representing different ventilations and constraints on fire plume entrainment. Five heat flux gauges are employed in measurement of vertical heat flux profile upon the facade wall. Results show that with the decrease in separation distance of side walls, the heat flux increases for small windows where dimensionless excess heat release rate ${\dot{Q}}_{ex}^{⁎}\ge 1.3$ (“(half) axisymmetric fire” regime), meanwhile shows weak dependency on side wall separation distance for large windows where ${\dot{Q}}_{ex}^{⁎}<1.3$ (“wall fire” regime). A new global formula is proposed to characterize the vertical profile of heat flux based on Lee’s model without side walls as further modified by a parameter K in relation to the separation distance of side walls and characteristic length scales of the window. Experimental data for different windows and side wall separation distances are well collapsed by the proposed formula.     

Experimental Investigation of Effect of External Side Wind on Fire Behaviors in a Corridor Connected to a Shaft

High-rise buildings are usually in a windy environment. The motion of fire-induced smoke and fire behaviors may be strongly affected by the external wind forces except by the stack effect. It turns out that wind with different directions and velocities can cause disparity in fire dynamics. Since most previous researches only focused on the cross wind conditions, this work investigated the effect of external side wind from 0 m/s to 1.21 m/s on the air flow behaviors, combustion characteristics of methanol pools and smoke temperature in a 1/6 scaled corridor connected to a 6-floor shaft. A remarkable observation is that the external side wind (parallel to top window, shown in Fig. 1) leads to pressure attenuation inside building and induces air to flow inside through bottom door. Therefore, the smoke spreads faster under the synergic effects of side wind and stack effect. At the steady stage, the supplement air flow velocity increases with wind velocity but remains proportional to 1/3 power of HRR. An equation incorporating the wind effect is proposed to predict the air flow velocity. Results also show that compared to cross wind conditions, the mass loss rates of methanol pools increase at high wind velocities. The wind effect on smoke temperature is obvious in cases with small pools. Here, the temperature first increases to a peak value and then decreases with increased wind velocity. However, the temperature remains the same in cases with large pools within our wind velocity range. The temperature in the shaft is also correlated with mass loss rate and wind velocity. This work shows that external side wind would increase the fire hazard of buildings by contributing to the combustion and spreading of smoke. Thus engineers should consider the effect of side wind carefully when designing smoke control system.

     

Facade flame height ejected from an opening of fire compartment under external wind

This paper presents an experimental study and analysis on the facade flame height ejected from an opening of fire compartment under external wind. Experiments are carried out in a reduced-scale model consisting of a cubic fire compartment with a vertical facade wall. An opening is designed at the center of one sidewall of the fire compartment at the facade side and subjected to external wind (normal to the opening) provided by a wind tunnel. The facade flame heights are measured by a CCD camera for five different openings at various fuel supply heat release rates and wind speeds. It is found that the facade flame height decreases with increasing external wind speed. A scaling analysis is performed to interpret this behavior based on the change of air entrainment into the flame from both the facing-facade and parallel-facade directions caused by the external wind flow. A global model incorporating the external wind speed, the two characteristic length scales of the opening as well as the dimensionless excess heat release rate is developed for describing the facade flame height of various conditions. The proposed model correlates the experimental data well.     

分布式排烟管对侧向排烟效率提升效果分析

为了进一步提高隧道火灾侧向排烟效率,以港珠澳大桥海底沉管隧道为研究对象,利用FDS数值模拟软件进行等尺寸建模,将火源热释放速率设置为10,20,50 MW,排烟速率设置为4,6,8,10 m/s,宽高比设置为1:2、1:1、2:1、3:1,共计48组工况,在各个侧向排烟口处加装"分布式排烟管",通过控制变量法分析分布式...     

上、下悬窗自然排烟能力对比研究

通过数值模拟,研究了开窗角度对上、下悬窗排烟能力的影响,主要从排烟量、排烟口压力和速度、主要排烟区域等方面对上、下悬窗排烟能力进行对比分析,结果表明：下悬窗排烟效率明显高于上悬窗,相同开窗角度和火源功率下,下悬窗能比上悬窗多排出52%~61%的烟气。上悬窗相对排烟量与开窗角度成指数关系,窗体结构会阻碍烟气排出,开窗角度小于64°时,主要排烟区域为窗体两侧三角形区域;下悬窗相对排烟量与开窗角度关系不大,窗体结构对排烟有利,开窗角度小于56°时,主要排烟区域为近窗下侧水平区域,随着开窗角度增大,上、下悬窗主要排烟区域均过渡到远窗下侧竖直区域。建筑选择排烟窗时建议优先选用下悬窗,开窗角度30°即可,若选用上悬窗,则开窗角度不宜小于60°。     

Assessment of pre-heating air through a double window system on different building location and weather condition

Double windows are a currently adopted construction system in Portuguese dwellings. Simple changes enable this construction system to pre-heat the ventilation air. The air coming from the outside circulates goes upward through the channel between windows where it is pre-heated before entering the building. Heat that escapes from inside through the inner window and solar radiation, heats up the air between the two windows. This paper presents the performance of such passive system and focuses on the design aspects of this system and its building integration in function of weather conditions. One type of building is used where the window is located on different facades, thus, different orientations. Four different weather conditions are chosen, from mild to cold winters. The methodology used is based on previous validated parametric studies. Results indicate that the ventilated double window system offers an alternative to cold natural ventilation in any cold region and any facade orientation. The colder the location, the higher the pre-heating of the incoming air. This study expects to help designers to conceive ventilated double windows duly adapted to local climate where natural ventilation is an important design consideration and where energy consumption must be reduced.     

北京市既有建筑外窗改造节能效果分析

通过测试改造前后外窗的物理性能（气密性）、冬季采暖时室内外温度、室内房间噪声及建筑物外立面窗口红外热检测等内容,根据测试结果,将改造前和改造后的数据进行对比,对其既有建筑外窗改造后的节能效果进行分析,分析显示,在既有外窗基础上安装密封条和把单玻窗户更换为双玻窗户的改造形式,节能效果显著。     

超高海拔隧道火灾燃烧与烟气温度现场模型试验研究

随着我国川藏铁路和高原公路的不断修建,超高海拔地区“三低”环境特征将对高原隧道火灾燃烧和烟气扩散特性产生严重影响。文章采用移动模型隧道火灾试验平台对成都平原、海拔3544m、4103m超高海拔山区在相同油盘尺寸和燃料体积条件下,火灾燃烧和烟气温度分布进行现场试验研究。研究结果表明：随着海拔高度的增加,火灾热释放率和火源区拱顶温度不断下降,燃烧时间明显增长;与平原地区相同火灾规模相比,超高海拔隧道火源区拱顶温度略有下降;超高海拔地区拱顶纵向温度衰减速率显著低于平原地区,火灾高温烟气热浮升力效应在超高海拔隧道内更突出。     

基于人工智能的外立面开口火溢流温度场预测

为了明确外立面构造形式对开口火溢流的影响,对不同外立面构造条件下的开口火溢流进行实验研究,并对外立面火灾温度场的实时预测进行探索.通过不同翼墙间距和进深条件下的外立面火灾实验构建外立面火灾预测数据库,并将其应用于人工智能方法—卷积神经网络的训练和验证,建立不同外立面构造形式下开口溢流火焰温度的实时预测模型,为外立面构造...