Cloud Computing: Distributed Internet Computing for IT and Scientific Research

Cloud computing is a disruptive technology with profound implications not only for Internet services but also for the IT sector as a whole. Its emergence promises to streamline the on-demand provisioning of software, hardware, and data as a service, achieving economies of scale in IT solutions' deployment and operation. This issue's articles tackle topics including architecture and management of cloud computing infrastructures, SaaS and IaaS applications, discovery of services and data in cloud computing infrastructures, and cross-platform interoperability. Still, several outstanding issues exist, particularly related to SLAs, security and privacy, and power efficiency. Other open issues include ownership, data transfer bottlenecks, performance unpredictability, reliability, and software licensing issues. Finally, hosted applications' business models must show a clear pathway to monetizing cloud computing. Several companies have already built Internet consumer services such as search, social networking, Web email, and online commerce that use cloud computing infrastructure. Above all, cloud computing's still unknown "killer application" will determine many of the challenges and the solutions we must develop to make this technology work in practice.     

Design and implementations of Ninf: towards a global computing infrastructure

The world-wide computing infrastructure on the growing computer network technology is a leading technology to make a variety of information services accessible through the Internet for every user from the high-performance computing users through many of personal computing users. The important feature of such services is location transparency; information can be obtained irrespective of time or location in virtually shared manner. In this article, we overview Ninf, an ongoing global network-wide computing infrastructure project which allows users to access computational resources including hardware, software and scientific data distributed across a wide area network. Preliminary performance result on measuring software and network overhead is shown, and that promises the future reality of world-wide network computing.     

网络计算中间件

网络计算中间件是随着互联网的发展而于20世纪90年代兴起的一类基础软件,网络计算中间件为各种网络应用系统的开发、部署、运行和管理提供了有力支持.随着信息网络技术和软件服务工程的快速发展,网络计算中间件又被赋予了新的内涵,首先从网络计算环境出发,就基础中间件、应用集成中间件和领域应用框架的基本概念和主要技术作较全面的诠释;然后聚焦于云计算和物联网等网络计算的热点研究方向,从中间件的角度指出当前值得关注的某些挑战性研究课题和需要深入探索的若干关键技术.     

A cloud-based recommendation service using principle component analysis–scale-invariant feature transform algorithm

Cloud computing delivers resources such as software, data, storage and servers over the Internet; its adaptable infrastructure facilitates on-demand access of computational resources. There are many benefits of cloud computing such as being scalable, paying only for consumption, improving accessibility, limiting investment costs and being environmentally friendly. Thus, many organizations have already started applying this technology to improve organizational efficiency. In this study, we developed a cloud-based book recommendation service that uses a principle component analysis–scale-invariant feature transform (PCA-SIFT) feature detector algorithm to recommend book(s) based on a user-uploaded image of a book or collection of books. The high dimensionality of the image is reduced with the help of a principle component analysis (PCA) pre-processing technique. When the mobile application user takes a picture of a book or a collection of books, the system recognizes the image(s) and recommends similar books. The computational task is performed via the cloud infrastructure. Experimental results show the PCA-SIFT-based cloud recommendation service is promising; additionally, the application responds faster when the pre-processing technique is integrated. The proposed generic cloud-based recommendation system is flexible and highly adaptable to new environments.

     

Grids and Grid technologies for wide‐area distributed computing

The last decade has seen a substantial increase in commodity computer and network performance, mainly as a result of faster hardware and more sophisticated software. Nevertheless, there are still problems, in the fields of science, engineering, and business, which cannot be effectively dealt with using the current generation of supercomputers. In fact, due to their size and complexity, these problems are often very numerically and/or data intensive and consequently require a variety ofheterogeneous resources that are not available on a single machine. A number of teams have conducted experimental studies on the cooperative use of geographically distributed resources unified to act as a single powerful computer. This new approach is known by several names, such as metacomputing, scalable computing, global computing, Internet computing, and more recently peer‐to‐peer or Grid computing. The early efforts in Grid computing started as a project to link supercomputing sites, but have now grown far beyond their original intent. In fact, many applications can benefit from the Grid infrastructure, including collaborative engineering, data exploration, high‐throughput computing, and of course distributed supercomputing. Moreover, due to the rapid growth of the Internet and Web, there has been a rising interest in Web‐based distributed computing, and many projects have been started and aim to exploit the Web as an infrastructure for running coarse‐grained distributed and parallel applications. In this context, the Web has the capability to be a platform for parallel and collaborative work as well as a key technology to create a pervasive and ubiquitous Grid‐based infrastructure. This paper aims to present the state‐of‐the‐art of Grid computing and attempts to survey the major international efforts in developing this emerging technology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用J2EE构建XML Web Services的研究

IT界设想的Web服务是一种可以结合现在WWW技术和组件对象技术的优点而避免其缺点的技术。虽然Web是基于开放而简单的Internet标准,然而现在基于Web的对象技术标准却过于复杂繁多,且依赖复杂的局域网底层构造,从而使不同组件间的相互操作出现严重的问题。该文研究在XMLWebServices架构下,利用J2EE技术,提供新一代网络应用技术所要解决的问题。     

Javelin: Parallel computing on the internet

Java offers the basic infrastructure needed to integrate computers connected to the Internet into a seamless distributed computational resource: an infrastructure for running coarse-grained parallel applications on numerous, anonymous machines. First, we sketch such a resource’s essential technical properties. Then, we present a prototype of Javelin, an infrastructure for global computing. The system is based on Internet software that is interoperable, increasingly secure, and ubiquitous: Java-enabled Web technology. Ease of participation is seen as a key property for such a resource to realize the vision of a multiprocessing environment comprising thousands of computers. Javelin’s architecture and implementation require participants to have access to only a Java-enabled Web browser. Experimental results are given in the form of a Mersenne Prime application and a ray-tracing application that run on a heterogeneous network of several parallel machines, workstations, and PCs. Two key areas of current research, fault-tolerance and scalability, are subsequently explored briefly.     

网络计算与IPv6

网格计算、P2P(peer to peer)计算与普适计算都是近几年出现的新的网络计算模式，这些新的计算模式与传统的Web计算模式相比体现出不同的特征，同时都受到通信技术与通信基础设施的制约。以IPv6为核心协议的下一代互联网技术的发展，特别是IPv6充足的地址空间、简化的报头、网络节点的自动配置、邻居发现协议、增强的安全特征等，能够对这些新的网络计算模式起到进一步的推动与融合作用。     

Opportunities and obligations for physical computing systems

The recent confluence of embedded and real-time systems with wireless, sensor, and networking technologies is creating a nascent infrastructure for a technical, economic, and social revolution. Based on the seamless integration of computing with the physical world via sensors and actuators, this revolution will accrue many benefits. Potentially, its impact could be similar to that of the current Internet. We believe developers must focus on the physical, real-time, and embedded aspects of pervasive computing. We refer to this domain as physical computing systems. For pervasive computing to achieve its promise, developers must create not only high-level system software and application solutions, but also low-level embedded systems solutions. To better understand physical computing's advantages, we consider three application areas: assisted living, emergency response systems for natural or man-made disasters, and protecting critical infrastructures at the national level.     

Accessible user interface support for multi-device ubiquitous applications: architectural modifiability considerations

The market for personal computing devices is rapidly expanding from PC, to mobile, home entertainment systems, and even the automotive industry. When developing software targeting such ubiquitous devices, the balance between development costs and market coverage has turned out to be a challenging issue. With the rise of Web technology and the Internet of things, ubiquitous applications have become a reality. Nonetheless, the diversity of presentation and interaction modalities still drastically limit the number of targetable devices and the accessibility toward end users. This paper presents webinos, a multi-device application middleware platform founded on the Future Internet infrastructure. Hereto, the platform’s architectural modifiability considerations are described and evaluated as a generic enabler for supporting applications, which are executed in ubiquitous computing environments.     

基于Web Service的大规模网络测量平台的研究与实现

随着Internet规模的不断扩大,如何有效地对Internet网络的运行效率和运行质量进行监测和控制已经成为影响Internet发展的重要问题,因此,建立一个基于Internet的、可扩展的开放式网络测量平台,进行Internet网络性能的测量和管理是十分必要的。该文通过对平台的多种特性的分析,提出了大规模网络测量平台的基本体系架构;并通过将WebService技术和传统的分布式对象技术进行分析比较,认为WebService技术可以有效地解决平台面临的分布式异构计算等问题,从而给出了一个基于WebService的大规模网络测量平台的总体解决方案。     

元宇宙中区块链的应用与展望

元宇宙是虚拟数字世界与真实物理世界无缝融合的新生态,近来引发了各界的广泛关注。区块链、人工智能、虚拟现实/增强现实及传感技术、移动通信及泛在计算等各种新型互联网技术愈发成熟,使元宇宙的进一步发展成为可能。关于元宇宙的研究主要涉及产业项目、基础设施、关键技术、隐私安全等方面,这些研究虽然涉及区块链技术,但未具体指出区块链应用于元宇宙的优势及具体应用方式。区块链技术不仅可以为元宇宙提供开放自由的去中心化环境,而且可以为其提供公平合理的数字资产分配机制。主要从区块链赋能元宇宙中数字身份和数字资产管理的角度出发,分析了元宇宙的发展历程和特征,讨论了元宇宙发展所需核心技术及面临的挑战。同时研究了区块链的关键技术,并从区块链的本质特征及与其他技术融合优势两个方面对区块链应用于元宇宙做可行性分析。进一步提出元宇宙生态体系架构,重点详细分析了基于区块链的自我主权身份管理模型、区块链-非同质化通证（NFT,non-fungible token）工作流程及其在元宇宙中的应用。结合区块链和元宇宙的最新研究进展,从基础设施、通信和计算资源管理机制、监管与隐私保护以及区块链可扩展和互操作性4个方面指出区块链应用于元宇宙将面临的挑战和未来的研究方向。     

融合架构云服务器体系结构和关键技术

针对云计算、大数据等应用对异构资源管理和聚合的需求,提出了一种融合架构云服务器体系结构及其关键支撑技术。融合架构云服务器利用硬件资源池化技术,实现计算、存储、网络、供电、制冷和管理模块的解耦与融合重构,具有高密度、低功耗、易扩展、易管理,易维护特点,兼具横向扩展和纵向扩展优势,可优化系统部署、运维和能耗成本,显著降低总体拥有成本（TCO）。在金融、电信和互联网行业的实际应用案例表明,融合架构云服务器功耗降低超过15%,总体拥有成本降低近15%,为云计算、大数据等应用提供了更具性能功耗比优势的IT基础设施设计方案。     

Do Web standards and patents mix?

Since the Internet's early days, engineers and researchers have built the "network of networks" largely with open standards, which many argue has let the technology become as popular as it is today. However, that popularity may also discourage companies that develop promising new Internet technologies from making them available for use in open standards in the future. The Web offers many potential opportunities for innovative technology companies to make money in areas such as telecommunications, consumer electronics, streaming media, and e-commerce. Therefore, a growing number of companies are receiving and enforcing patents for their potentially lucrative technologies. Meanwhile, as standards organizations work on various Web technologies, they frequently can't avoid turning to patented approaches. Now, a debate has erupted between those who say the Internet should be built of freely available, standardized technology components and those who argue that useful technology development should be fairly compensated via royalties or licensing fees.     

网络化移动测试系统的组播控制研究

提出了组播移动测试结构－一种开发灵活的网络化测试系统的软件结构。该结构宏观方面集中于Internet技术，如组播和移动计算，在微观方面集中于基于Java和执行器的结构，利用组播移动测试结构可以构建开放的，可移植的，可动态配置的系统。本文描述了其结构及其应用领域。     

集成Agent技术和面向服务计算技术：现状和展望

Agent技术和面向服务计算技术是目前计算机科学与技术领域中的二项重要技术.这二种技术都试图为互联网软件系统的开发提供新颖的技术途径,但是它们的关注点、所采用的技术手段、优势和不足各不相同.将这二种技术相互集成有助于发挥各自的优势,同时弥补各自的不足.近年来有关集成Agent技术和面向服务计算技术的研究引起了人们的关注和重视,它将为部署在互联网上的动态、开放系统的开发提供新颖、有效的技术途径.分析了集成Agent技术和面向服务计算技术的背景和动机,综述了该领域的研究现状和已有的成果,并展望了其面临的问题和挑战.     

Computing infrastructure for big data processing

With computing systems undergone a fundamental transformation from single-processor devices at the turn of the century to the ubiquitous and networked devices and the warehouse-scale computing via the cloud, the parallelism has become ubiquitous at many levels. At micro level, parallelisms are being explored from the underlying circuits, to pipelining and instruction level parallelism on multi-cores or many cores on a chip as well as in a machine. From macro level, parallelisms are being promoted from multiple machines on a rack, many racks in a data center, to the globally shared infrastructure of the Internet. With the push of big data, we are entering a new era of parallel computing driven by novel and ground breaking research innovation on elastic parallelism and scalability. In this paper, we will give an overview of computing infrastructure for big data processing, focusing on architectural, storage and networking challenges of supporting big data paper. We will briefly discuss emerging computing infrastructure and technologies that are promising for improving data parallelism, task parallelism and encouraging vertical and horizontal computation parallelism.     

网格计算的安全技术分析

由于网格计算是互联网上的一组新技术,随着网格计算在各领域的不断应用,网格计算的安全技术的研究也倍受重视,本文对网格计算的几种重要的安全技术方案,从工作机理上进行了较为详细的分析,根据网格计算技术和计算机安全技术的最新研究,提出了网格计算安全技术的发展方向。     

A Termination Detection Protocol for Use in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

As devices become smaller and wireless networking technologies improve, the popularity of mobile computing continues to rise. In today's world, many consider devices such as cell phones, PDAs, and laptops as essential tools. As these and other devices become increasingly independent of the wired infrastructure, new kinds of applications that assume an ad hoc network infrastructure are being deployed. Their development forces software engineers to revisit well understood problems in a setting in which existing solutions are no longer working. This paper illustrates one such attempt by focusing on an important problem in distributed computing, termination detection in diffusing computations, in an ad hoc network environment. We formulate an algorithmic solution amenable to usage in mobile ad hoc networks. Along the way, we highlight several important software engineering concerns one must address and design strategies one might employ in a mobile setting.     

智慧能源区块链平台及典型应用分析与设计

针对智慧能源开放、动态和可控难度大等特点,为了实现开放、自主、灵活的能源消费方式,本文利用区块链去中心化的全新分布式基础架构与计算方式等特点,采用区块链技术支持智慧能源领域新的应用模式。本文分析了区块链的基本原理、技术特征和关键技术,基于智慧能源与传统能源的对比分析结果,提出了智慧能源区块链平台并设计了平台架构。随后,本文对平台技术选型进行了分析,提出并设计了平台技术架构和平台接口。最后,本文基于智慧能源区块链平台,提出了社区能源共享及绿证发行管理两类智慧能源典型应用,设计了两个典型应用的数据结构和功能函数。基于本文的分析与设计可以看出,区块链技术在智慧能源领域和未来能源革命中必将发挥重要作用。智慧能源区块链平台的相关理念和技术特征符合未来能源互联网的发展趋势,基于该平台可培育、衍生出众多的基于区块链的智慧能源应用。