基于磁控溅射技术的ZAO透明导电薄膜及靶材的研究

阐述用磁控溅射技术制备综合性能优良的ZAO透明导电薄膜及其靶材的发展现状和趋势。介绍了透明导电薄膜的基本性能及其存在的问题,进而重点阐述了ZAO薄膜的组织结构、导电机制和透光特性。由于其优良的光电特性(用掺杂Al2O3质量分数达3%的溅射靶材可制备电阻率达4.7×10-4Ω·cm、透射率超过90%的ZAO薄膜)而具有广泛的应用前景。并针对靶材的制备和利用磁控溅射技术制备ZAO透明导电薄膜过程中存在的问题及发展方向进行了分析讨论。     

掺Al ZnO柔性透明导电薄膜研究进展

柔性透明导电薄膜ZAO具有优异的光电性能且资源丰富、成本低、对环境无污染,成为当前的研究热点.总结了近年来对柔性衬底材料处理的方法,分析了柔性透明导电薄膜的研究历史和现状.介绍了柔性透明导电薄膜ZAO的结构、光电特性、典型制备方法和应用前景.评述了柔性ZAO薄膜的研究现状,并对其近期研究和应用工作进行了展望.     

柔性透明导电薄膜ZAO

随着电子器件向小型化和轻便化方向发展,柔性衬底的透明导电薄膜有望成为硬质衬底透明导电薄膜的更新换代产品,因此其研究备受关注.柔性透明导电薄膜ZAO具有优异的光电性能且资源丰富、成本低、对环境无污染,成为当前的研究热点.总结了近年来对柔性衬底材料处理的方法,介绍了柔性透明导电薄膜ZAO的结构和光电特性.评述了柔性ZAO薄膜的研究现状,并对其近期研究和应用工作做了展望.     

高导电性ZAO陶瓷靶材及薄膜的制备

用热等静压法烧结制备了高导电性ZAO(铝掺杂氧化锌)陶瓷靶材,并用直流磁控溅射法制备出ZAO透明导电薄膜。靶材的致密度达98.7%,电阻率为2.2?03·cm;制得薄膜的最低电阻率为9.3?04·cm,可见光平均透射率大于85%。浅析了靶材的组织结构及靶材的电学、力学性能和薄膜制备的主要实验参数对其光、电性能的影响。     

电子束蒸发沉积ZAO薄膜正交试验

采用电子束真空蒸发沉积薄膜的方法(EBED)制备了ZnO:Al(ZAO)透明导电薄膜.用正交试验法设计试验,并分析了制备ZAO薄膜的主要影响因素(沉积厚度、沉积速率、基片温度)对薄膜性能(透射率、电阻率)的作用.试验结果表明:采用EBED法沉积制备ZAO薄膜时,沉积速率控制为1nm/s、沉积厚度为800nm、基片温度为2 50℃,镀膜系统工作稳定,沉积薄膜的性能较好.     

中频脉冲磁控溅射制备ZnO:Al透明导电薄膜

采用中频磁控溅射工艺,以2%的Al掺杂的Zn(纯度99.99%)金属材料为靶材制备平面及绒面透明导电ZnO:Al(ZAO)薄膜,系统研究了衬底温度、工作气压和溅射功率等对平面ZAO结构和光电特性的影响,并对湿法腐蚀制备绒面ZAO薄膜进行了介绍。获得了适合太阳电池的高性能薄膜,其电阻率为4.6×10-4Ω·cm,载流子浓度为4.9×1020cm-3,霍尔迁移率为56cm2/V·s,可见光范围内(400~800nm)的平均透过率大于85%。     

ZnO:Al(ZAO)透明导电薄膜的制备及其特性

笔者采用射频磁控溅射工艺、以氧化锌铝陶瓷靶为靶材制备透明导电ZAO薄膜,系统研究了各工艺参数,如氧流量、工作气压、温度、射频功率和退火条件等对其结构和光电特性的影响。实验结果表明:在纯氩气中且衬底温度为300℃时制备的ZAO薄膜经热处理后电阻率降至8.7104 W·cm,可见光透过率在85%以上。X射线衍射谱表明ZAO晶粒具有六角纤锌矿结构且呈c轴择优取向,晶粒垂直于衬底方向柱状生长。     

射频磁控溅射法制备SnO_2∶Sb透明导电薄膜的光电性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射法在载波片玻璃衬底上制备了锑掺杂二氧化锡(SnO2∶Sb)透明导电薄膜。利用霍耳效应实验、紫外可见光光谱仪、n(折射率)k(消光系数)d(薄膜厚度)光谱仪对该导电薄膜的光电性能进行了测试。讨论了氧气分压对样品光电性能的影响,增加氧气分压,薄膜的厚度减小、吸收边和截止波长蓝移,光学带隙增大,并且氧气分压对薄膜电阻率、载流子浓度和霍耳迁移率的影响不是线性的,而是存在一个最佳值。当氧气分压为0.10 Pa时,薄膜的光电性能最佳,此时膜厚为399 nm,可见光平均透过率为70%,电阻率为2.5×10-3Ω.cm,载流子浓度为1.2×1021cm-3,载流子霍耳迁移率为2.04 cm2.V-1.s-1,其光电特性已达到了TFT-LCD透明电极的要求。     

射频磁控溅射法制备SnO2:Sb透明导电薄膜的光电性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射法在载波片玻璃衬底上制备了锑掺杂二氧化锡(SnO2Sb)透明导电薄膜.利用霍耳效应实验、紫外可见光光谱仪、n(折射率)k(消光系数)d(薄膜厚度)光谱仪对该导电薄膜的光电性能进行了测试.讨论了氧气分压对样品光电性能的影响,增加氧气分压,薄膜的厚度减小、吸收边和截止波长蓝移,光学带隙增大,并且氧气分压对薄膜电阻率、载流子浓度和霍耳迁移率的影响不是线性的,而是存在一个最佳值.当氧气分压为0.10 Pa时,薄膜的光电性能最佳,此时膜厚为399 nm,可见光平均透过率为70 %,电阻率为2.5×10-3 Ω·cm,载流子浓度为1.2×1021 cm-3,载流子霍耳迁移率为2.04 cm2·V-1·s-1,其光电特性已达到了TFT-LCD透明电极的要求.     

In2O3：Sn和ZnO：Al透明导电薄膜的结构及其导电机制

基于对锡掺杂三氧化铟(Sn-doped In2O3,简称ITO)和铝掺杂氧化锌(Al-doped ZnO,简称ZAO)薄膜退火前后XRD数据的分析,研究了薄膜晶格常数畸变的原因,同时讨论了ITO和ZAO薄膜的导电机制.结果表明,低温沉积ITO薄膜的晶格膨胀来源于Sn2+对In3-的替换,导电电子则由氧缺位提供;高温在位制备和退火处理后薄膜的晶格收缩来源于Sn4+对In3+的替换,导电电子则主要由Sn4+取代In3+后提供.低温ZAO薄膜的晶格畸变来源于薄膜中的残余应力,导电电子的来源则同高温在位和退火处理后的薄膜一致,即由Al3+对Zn2+的替换和氧缺位两者共同提供     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.