最坏情况下的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法性能分析

研究了最坏情况下的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法,它通过对角加载提高波束对方向矢量误差的鲁棒性.给出了其最优对角加载因子的近似解析达式,揭示了各种因素如何影响最优加载因子.在此基础上,对该算法进行了性能分析,推导出了关于目标功率估计和信号干扰噪声比的近似表达式.计算机仿真验证了本文的分析.     

改进的双约束稳健Capon波束形成算法

传统双约束稳健Capon波束形成算法采用牛顿迭代法求解最优加载量,存在计算精度低且运算量大的问题。该文提出一种改进的双约束稳健Capon波束形成(DCRCB)算法,该算法对信号协方差矩阵进行重构,基于期望信号导向矢量在噪声子空间的投影最优,将重构后的干扰加噪声协方差矩阵投影到噪声子空间,得到基于噪声子空间的双约束算法模型。该算法中通过模约束的辅助约束作用,将改进的双约束算法模型转化为单约束问题,最终解得最优对角加载量的解析表达式。仿真结果表明改进算法能通过调整主瓣宽度优化波束旁瓣,有效提高了抗矢量偏差的鲁棒性,同时降低了运算量。     

迭代对角加载采样矩阵求逆鲁棒自适应波束形成

为有效克服导向矢量大失配误差对自适应波束形成器的影响,该文提出了一种迭代对角加载采样矩阵求逆鲁棒自适应波束形成算法。该算法对传统对角加载算法进行了迭代运算,基于Capon波束形成器的最优权矢量与假定导向矢量的基本关系,将每一步得到的权矢量,对应反解出一个比导向矢量假定值更为准确的导向矢量,并替代假定值,最终逼近真实的期望信号导向矢量。提出的方法在迭代过程中只需一步递推,无需对导向矢量建立不确定集,避免了在每步迭代中运用拉格朗日数值法或凸优化法,且明显提高了波束形成器的输出信干噪比。仿真结果验证了算法的正确性和有效性。     

基于投影对消处理技术的稳健自适应波束形成

针对传统自适应波束形成算法中目标波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计不准确引起的波束形成性能下降问题,提出了一种采用投影对消矩阵的稳健自适应波束形成算法.首先,寻找与估计波达方向有最大相关性的特征矢量作为目标信号特征矢量,然后构建对消矩阵消除协方差矩阵中的信号分量,最后通过增加零点约束实现干扰抑制.与传统对角加载类稳健波束形成算法相比,所提算法不受对角加载因子的影响,且在信干噪比较大时仍然具有良好的抗干扰性能.仿真对比实验验证了所提算法的有效性.     

对角加载对信号源数检测性能的改善

对角加载技术可抑制小特征值对自适应权值的影响来加速自适应波束形成器的收敛性以及抑制导向矢量误差的影响避免信号相消,该技术通常用于稳健的波束形成算法.基于对角加载技术,本文提出了一种信号源数目判定的改进方法,通过对角加载数据协方差阵,可以平滑小快拍数和空间色噪声时的噪声特征值分散程度从而减轻其对信号源数目估计的影响,证明了该估计器的强一致性,分析了加载量对信号源数目估计的影响.最后通过仿真以及实测数据比较了本文方法和已有方法的性能,验证了所提方法的有效性.     

基于麦克风阵列的宽带健壮自适应波束形成算法

研究了用于麦克风阵列语音增强的宽带健壮自适应波束形成算法。该算法结合频率聚焦技术和对角加载技术。在此基础上,通过优化最坏情况下的波束性能确定对角加载因子,求得了最优加载因子的近似解析表达式。和相关算法相比,使用最坏情况性能优化的算法具有更好的语音增强性能,由于求得了最优加载因子的解析解,还具有运算量低、容易实现等优点。同时,该解析解揭示了哪些因素可以影响最优加载因子,以及如何影响。计算机仿真验证了该结果的正确性和有效性。     

一种改进的迭代型鲁棒波束形成算法

为有效克服模型失配误差对自适应波束形成器的影响,该文提出了一种改进的迭代型鲁棒波束形成算法.该算法以导向矢量在期望信号来波方向区间宽度内、外的积分关系式构造新的终止条件,克服了迭代对角加载算法对终止条件参数鲁棒性不强的问题,从而进一步提高了波束形成器的输出信干噪比.仿真实验表明,提出的算法可以有效克服不同类型的模型失配误差带来的影响,能够处理较大范围的方向失配误差,且对算法中的来波方向区间宽度这一关键参数设置具有较强的鲁棒性.     

基于范数优化的对角加载稳健自适应波束形成

本文提出了一种基于范数优化的对角加载自适应波束形成算法。算法利用p-范数来代替2-范数对误差不确定性进行总体修正,从而解决导向矢量和样本方差矩阵同时存在失配误差时所导致的波束形成器性能下降问题。最优范数p通过遗传算法求得。仿真结果验证了在不同实验条件下,相比于传统的对角加载算法,使用最优p范数比2-范数约束具有更好的性能。     

基于子空间的对角加载水平估计

Capon波束形成器通常利用对角加载方法来提高稳健性能。然而,对角加载方法的主要缺陷是不容易可靠地获得对角加载水平,从而影响加载效果。由子空间正交理论,噪声与信号子空间相垂直,因此当加载后的导向矢量与真实导向矢量重合时,加载后的导向矢量与噪声子空间垂直。基于这样的特性建立了一个代价函数。分析表明,这个代价函数为一凸问题,通过凸优化软件求解可以很容易地获得合适的加载水平,且与不确定集的参数值无关。仿真结果表明,利用该文获得的加载水平,Capon波束形成器能够有效地提高其稳健性能。     

一种新的波束形成零陷展宽算法

针对自适应波束形成器在干扰位置出现扰动时的输出性能下降问题,该文提出一种新的零陷展宽算法。该算法基于投影变换与对角加载技术的结合,首先利用投影变换技术对阵列接收数据进行预处理,结合对角加载技术,以此构造出一个新的协方差矩阵替代原来的协方差矩阵,再利用自适应波束形成技术得到零陷展宽后的波束图。仿真结果表明,该方法能有效展宽波束零陷宽度,加深零陷深度,达到抑制位置出现扰动的强干扰信号目的。该算法易于求解,对参数的选取具有较强稳健性,在低快拍条件下,依然能有效地工作,增强了自适应波束形成器稳定性。     

Quadratically Constrained Beamforming Robust Against Direction-of-Arrival Mismatch

It is well known that the performance of the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer is very sensitive to steering vector mismatch. Such mismatches can occur as a result of direction-of-arrival (DOA) errors, local scattering, near-far spatial signature mismatch, waveform distortion, source spreading, imperfectly calibrated arrays and distorted antenna shape. In this paper, an adaptive beamformer that is robust against the DOA mismatch is proposed. This method imposes two quadratic constraints such that the magnitude responses of two steering vectors exceed unity. Then, a diagonal loading method is used to force the magnitude responses at the arrival angles between these two steering vectors to exceed unity. Therefore, this method can always force the gains at a desired range of angles to exceed a constant level while suppressing the interferences and noise. A closed-form solution to the proposed minimization problem is introduced, and the diagonal loading factor can be computed systematically by a proposed algorithm. Numerical examples show that this method has excellent signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio performance and a complexity comparable to the standard MVDR beamformer.     

On Diagonal Loading for Robust Adaptive Beamforming Based on Worst‐Case Performance Optimization

Robust adaptive beamforming based on worst‐case performance optimization is investigated in this paper. It improves robustness against steering vector mismatches by the approach of diagonal loading. A closed‐form solution to optimal loading is derived after some approximations. Besides reducing the computational complexity, it shows how different factors affect the optimal loading. Based on this solution, a performance analysis of the beamformer is carried out. As a consequence, approximated closed‐form expressions of the source‐of‐interest power estimation and the output signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio are presented in order to predict its performance. Numerical examples show that the proposed closed‐form expressions are very close to their actual values.     

Robust adaptive array beamforming under steering vector errors

This paper considers adaptive array beamforming in the presence of random steering vector errors. We first formulate the problem of finding an optimal steering vector as an optimization problem. The cost function to be minimized consists of two terms which utilize a posteriori information due to the received signal data and a priori information due to the probabilistic distribution of steering errors, respectively. Two methods are then presented to find the optimal steering constraint vector. It is shown that each method yields a closed-form optimal solution if the steering error vector is an additive Gaussian random vector. We also investigate the performance for each method. Modification of the proposed methods and an implementation algorithm for dealing with the case of steering vector errors due to phase perturbation are also presented. Finally, several computer simulation examples are presented for illustration     

Robust Adaptive Beamforming Under Quadratic Constraint with Recursive Method Implementation

When adaptive arrays are applied to practical problems, the performances of the conventional adaptive beamforming algorithms are known to degrade substantially in the presence of even slight mismatches between the actual and presumed array responses to the desired signal. Similar types of performance degradation can occur because of data nonstationarity and small training sample size, when the signal steering vector is known exactly. In this paper, to account for mismatches, we propose robust adaptive beamforming algorithm for implementing a quadratic inequality constraint with recursive method updating, which is based on explicit modeling of uncertainties in the desired signal array response and data covariance matrix. We show that the proposed algorithm belongs to the class of diagonal loading approaches, but diagonal loading terms can be precisely calculated based on the given level of uncertainties in the signal array response and data covariance matrix. The variable diagonal loading term is added at each recursive step, which leads to a simpler closed-form algorithm. Our proposed robust recursive algorithm improves the overall robustness against the signal steering vector mismatches and small training sample size, enhances the array system performance under random perturbations in sensor parameters and makes the mean output array SINR consistently close to the optimal one. Moreover, the proposed robust adaptive beamforming can be efficiently computed at a low complexity cost compared with the conventional adaptive beamforming algorithms. Computer simulation results demonstrate excellent performance of our proposed algorithm as compared with the existing adaptive beamforming algorithms.     

一种加载量迭代搜索的稳健波束形成

当阵列的导向矢量并不精确已知时,自适应波束形成有较大的性能损失.为提高波束形成的稳健性,对角加载成为一种常用的方式.但困扰这类方法的核心问题是合适的加载量如何确定.粗估导向矢量经对角加载后得到修正的导向矢量,如果加载量合适,则修正后的导向矢量接近真实导向矢量,即与噪声子空间的正交性变好.基于以上分析,构造修正导向矢量向信号子空间和噪声子空间投影的加权代价函数来评价加载量的合适与否,进而提出一种迭代搜索合适加载量的方法.计算机仿真验证了方法的有效性,与同类方法对比显示其优越性.     

基于稳健最小二乘的鲁棒波束形成

为解决Capon波束形成器在存在导向矢量失配时的性能急剧下降问题,提出了一种结合广义旁瓣对消器和稳健最小二乘的鲁棒波束形成算法.该算法利用广义旁瓣对消器原理将Capon波束形成器转化为最小二乘问题,然后在数据协方差矩阵误差的范数约束下将其转化为二阶锥规划问题,并利用高效内点法得到最优解.所提出的算法经推导证明属于对角加载类.仿真分析表明,该算法在导向矢量失配和快拍不足时仍具有较好的性能.     

频率不变约束的角加载稳健宽带波束形成算法

应用角加载技术能够提高波束形成算法稳健性,但是角加载量确定却是一个难解决问题。文中提出了一种基于频率不变约束的可变角加载最优稳健波束形成算法(Frequency Invariance Constraints-Variable Diagonal Loading,FIC-VDL)。该算法基于宽带波束形成的时域模型,根据多频点约束下导向矢量的不确定范围,利用频率不变约束因子将多频点变为参考频点约束来求解最优角加载量,并推导出真实的导向矢量。该方法能够改善宽带波束形成器在期望方向的频率不变特性,同时降低系统计算复杂度。计算机仿真结果验证了所提算法的稳健性。     

改进的稳健Capon 波束形成算法性能分析

常规Capon 波束形成算法能够使波束在期望信号方向形成高增益,在干扰方向形成零陷,针对该算法在期望信号导向矢量失配的情况下,出现性能下降的问题,研究了期望信号导向矢量在不确定集约束下的求解。通过分析稳健Capon波束形成算法的特点,推导出了期望信号导向矢量在球形不确定集约束下的权矢量近似闭式解,并采用图像法,找到给定条件下的最优约束参数。在指向误差和相位误差存在情况下,对算法进行了仿真分析,仿真结果验证了算法在误差存在情况下的稳健性。