整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)全生命周期CO2排放计算及分析

利用全生命周期方法，以环境排放数据库为工具，结合Aspenplus流程模拟，对我国正在准备建设的400MW级整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)电站的二氧化碳排放进行了计算。计算按2个时间序列展开：首先是IGCC的建设期一运行期一退役期的时间序列，除计算此序列各阶段的CO2排放外，还分析和列出了各阶段涉及到的各种产品要素；其次是历史序列，对每个产品要素追溯了其由资源状态转变为最终被IGCC系统利用的产品形式之前，排放CO2的历史。对最主要的产品要素，采取了追溯三代历史的做法，从而尽可能全面和详尽地获得和展现了IGCC全生命过程的CO2排放情况。计算结果表明：IGCC运行过程排放是排放的主体；计算过程中一些次要过程的简化和忽略对最终结果影响不大。图2表3参9     

实现CO2零排放的煤气化制甲醇创新工艺

粉煤气化制生产甲醇的合成气（CO＋H2）,其H2／CO（物质的量比）为0．42,而合成甲醇的H2／CO应为2。所推荐的创新工艺,通过配入水电解制的H2,使合成气巾的H2／CO达到2,从而免除了传统煤制甲醇工艺中把多余的CO同水蒸气转换成H2＋CO2,传统工艺不但浪费了资源,还造成CO2大量排放。有人曾实验用CO作水电解介质制氢,使1m^2的H2的耗电量从4．76kW·h降到1．667kW·h,所推荐的创新工艺可利用高CO含量的部分煤气作水电解介质循环制氢配入合成气中,使其H2/CO达到2,这样煤气中的CO还可增产1倍的甲醇。所用的壳牌粉煤纯氧气化工艺,通过改造使气化压力从4MPa提高到6～6．5MPa,就可实现等压合成甲醇,从而可省去合成气压缩机,简化工艺流程．节省能耗和投资。建议国家进行投资,在四川沪州地区开发建设煤气化配水电解制氢联合制合成气用于生产2×（60×10^4t／a）甲醇的示范装置,然后完善推广。     

铁载氧体整体煤气化链式燃烧联合循环系统性能研究

化学链式燃烧能在能量释放的同时有效分离CO2。运用ASPEN PLUS软件对FeO/Fe3O4/Fe2O3作载氧体的整体煤气化链式燃烧联合循环系统性能进行了模拟研究,分析空气反应器温度、冷却空气率、透平进口前补燃温度对系统效率、氧耗量和CO2排放量等参数的影响。模拟结果表明,维持透平进口前补燃温度1350℃,当空气反应器温度从850℃提高到1100℃时,CO2排放量从396 g/(kWh)降低到210g/(kWh),系统效率从44.04%降低到43.19%;提高冷却空气率,系统效率降低;提高透平进口前补燃温度将增加CO2的排放量;在一定的透平进口温度下,存在最佳压缩比。     

整体煤气化联合循环系统的整体效率影响因素分析

对以空气为气化剂的整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)的能量平衡方程式和整体效率进行了研究,并通过对整体效率进行全微分分析了各个设备对整体效率的影响,从而得出在选择IGCC系统组成时,为获得较高的整体效率所要考虑的问题。     

整体煤气化联合循环系统中燃气轮机的变工况特性

采用ThermoFlex软件建立了200 MW级整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)系统模型,从系统的角度研究了200 MW级IGCC系统中燃气轮机的变工况特性.详细讨论了在3种调节方式下,燃气轮机负荷、整体空分系数(Xas)、氮气回注系数(Xgn)和大气环境条件对系统性能的影响.结果表明:随着燃气轮机负荷的降低,在压气机进口可转导叶(IGV)不调时,燃气透平初温(T3)和燃气透平排气温度(T4)均呈下降趋势;在等T3调节时,T4先升高后降低,转折,最在80%负荷时;而在等T4调节时,T3先缓慢降低,而后快速降低,转折点在70%负荷时.在等T3调节时IGV可关闭的角度比等T4调节时的小.当Xas和Xgn增大时,系统发电效率降低.IGV可调的变工况性能比IGV不调时好.随着大气温度的升高,燃气轮机功率和系统功率均下降.当Xas=0.3时,燃气轮机功率和系统功率均随Xgn的增大而增加.     

整体煤气化联合循环技术在电厂中的应用前景

本文通过阐述整体煤气化联合循环技术的基本工作原理和技术特点,及其在美国电厂中的实践,说明整体煤气化联合循环技术在中国的应用前景。     

整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电系统

文章对IGCC发电系统的发展与现状作了介绍，并对不同型式的IGCC的发电系统进行了性能计算，比较、分析了它们的优缺点。     

整体煤气化联合循环的经济性计算和分析

介绍并分析了美国能源部开发的计算IGCC项目经济性能的软件IGCCModel，应用该软件对我国即将发展的IGCC项目的经济性进行了计算。在此基础上分析了煤价、上网电价、硫的销售价格和货款利率等因素对IGCC项目经济性的影响。     

整体煤气化联合循环发电技术进展

通过对５大典型技术（ＭＧＣＣ天然气联合循环、ＰＣ＋ＦＧＤ煤粉炉＋烟气处理装置、ＡＦＢＣ常压循环流化床、ＰＦＢＣ增压循环流化床和ＩＧＣＣ整体煤气化联合循环）的经济性和环保性能比较,认为ＩＧＣＣ发电技术由于其效率高、对煤种适应性广,且利用脱硫和氧气氧化,环保指标好、副产品可再利用不会造成二次污染等特点,是２１世纪最有发展前任的一种清洁发电技术。     

整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)技术进展

本文基于大量文献资料的分析研究,论述了ＩＧＣＣ技术进展;发展历史背景和系统特点;早期原理概念的成功验证和呈现的主要问题,上世纪９０年代五大集成关键技术长足进步和一批商业示范装置达到的水平;当前相关新技术、新概念、新循环的开拓研究和新一代ＩＧＣＣ系统的构思以及新世纪发展前景的展望等。     

整体煤气化联合循环技术研究方向与进展

基于大量文献资料与本研究集体的相关研究，论述了当前整体煤气化联合循环系统（IGCC）技术主要研究方向与进展：传统研究方向的新进展，新颖的IGCC热力系统，多联产与综合利用的IGCC系统，无公害的IGCC系统以及燃料多样化的IGCC系统等。     

Regional differences in China's CO2 abatement cost

Under a framework of output distance function with multiple outputs, the study discusses the carbon abatement cost at provincial and regional levels in China, using the shadow price analysis. The findings show that the abatement cost, reflecting the marginal opportunity cost of carbon reduction, varies greatly among the provinces. On average, the abatement cost of the eastern region was much higher than that of the mid-western region during the observed period. The findings provide evidence that the carbon prices in the current ETS pilots have been much lower than desired levels, implying inefficiency of the markets. The wide range of the abatement cost estimates supports that the equi-marginal principle does not hold for the regulations on carbon pollution at regional levels. The regional cost differences indicate the huge potential for China to minimize the total abatement cost with policy instruments that may motive the emissions moving from areas of low abatement cost to where the abatement cost is higher. For a few undeveloped provinces that are environmentally fragile and have high abatement cost, supplementary measures will be needed to reduce the negative impact of carbon cutbacks on the poor to the minimum.     

Recovery of CO2 with MEA and K2CO3 absorption in the IGCC system

Recovery of CO₂ with monoethanolamine (MEA) and hot potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) absorption processes in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant was studied for the purpose of development of greenhouse gas control technology. Based on energy and exergy analysis of the two systems, improvement options were provided to further reduce energy penalty for the CO₂ separation in the IGCC system. In the improvement options, the energy consumption for CO₂ separation is reduced by about 32%. As a result, the thermal efficiency of IGCC system is increased by 2.15 percentage‐point for the IGCC system with MEA absorption, and by 1.56 percentage‐point for the IGCC system with K₂CO₃ absorption. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying CO2 abatement costs in the power sector

CO₂ cap-and-trade mechanisms and CO₂ emission taxes are becoming increasingly widespread. To assess the impact of a CO₂ price, marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs) are a commonly used tool by policy makers, providing a direct graphical link between a CO₂ price and the expected abatement. However, such MACCs can suffer from issues related to robustness and granularity. This paper focuses on the relation between a CO₂ emission cost and CO₂ emission reductions in the power sector. The authors present a new methodology that improves the understanding of the relation between a CO₂ cost and CO₂ abatement. The methodology is based on the insight that CO₂ emissions in the power sector are driven by the composition of the conventional power portfolio, the residual load and the generation costs of the conventional units. The methodology addresses both the robustness issue and the granularity issue related to MACCs. The methodology is based on a bottom-up approach, starting from engineering knowledge of the power sector. It offers policy makers a new tool to assess CO₂ abatement options. The methodology is applied to the Central Western European power system and illustrates possible interaction effects between, e.g., fuel switching and renewables deployment.     

IGCC系统控制CO_2排放的研究进展

整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)作为一种被验证的具有发展前景的洁净煤发电技术,如何实现IGCC中CO2的零排放,已经成为国内外学者研究的热点。概述了目前国内外控制IGCC系统中CO2排放的研究进展,归纳总结了IGCC系统中CO2分离和回收的四类途径:燃烧后分离与回收、燃烧前对燃料气进行处理与分离、以IGCC为基础的煤基动力化工多联产系统以及燃烧与CO2分离一体化途径。并引入控制CO2排放科技创新一体化理论,指出未来控制CO2排放的方向。     

一种新型二氧化碳准零排放的IGCC系统

如何减排CO2是全世界都十分关注的问题。对中国而言,传统燃煤电厂的直接燃烧是CO2排放的主要来源。目前世界各国都在研究燃煤电厂CO2捕捉问题,但因此引起的效率损失太大,使人"望而却步"。本文提出并详细分析了空气气化IGCC加上变换与CO2分离的新系统,其系统效率降低幅度大大小于纯氧气化工艺的IGCC系统,仅降低5.4个百分点)相对于纯氧气化的7.5个百分点),这类准零排放的IGCC系统效率仍能达到41.2%,为减排CO2开辟了一条新的道路。     

Study on different zero CO2 emission IGCC systems with CO2 capture by integrating OTM

In this paper, different zero CO₂ emission integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems based on the oxy‐fuel combustion method by integrating with oxygen ion transfer membrane (OTM) with and without sweep gas are proposed in order to reduce the energy consumption of CO₂ capture. By utilizing the Aspen Plus software, the overall system models are established. The performances of the proposed systems are compared with the traditional IGCC system without CO₂ capture and the zero CO₂ emission IGCC system based on the oxy‐fuel combustion method using the cryogenic air separation unit. In addition, the effects of OTM key parameters on the proposed system performance, such as the feed side pressure, permeate side pressure, and operating temperature, are investigated and analyzed. The results show that the efficiency of the zero CO₂ emission IGCC system based on the oxy‐fuel combustion method integrated with OTM without sweep gas is 6.67% lower than that of the traditional IGCC system without CO₂ capture, but 1.88% higher than that of the zero CO₂ emission IGCC system using the cryogenic air separation unit, and 0.64% lower than that of the proposed system with sweep gas. The research achievements will provide valuable references for further study on CO₂ capture based on IGCC with lower energy penalty. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

捕集二氧化碳的整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)电厂示范案例研究

本文探讨了一种较快捷准确的选择带CO2捕集的IGCC电厂最优建设地址的评价方法,即采用层次分析法(AHP)来综合评定选址问题中的多方面因素,通过赋予各因素权重并进行矩阵计算得到各备选地址相对优劣程度.该方法将所研究的问题即选择最优建厂地址分解为多个评价层次,建立递阶评价系统.在此基础上,利用专家讨论确定评价指标的权重,...     

IGCC环保特性的研究

本文详细分析了整体煤气化联合循环发电(IGCC)控制污染物排放的途径和措施,通过与常规电站污染物排放指标的对比,表明IGCC是一种先进的洁净煤发电技术,具有高效、低污染等优良的环保特性。     

Achieving CO2 reductions in Colombia: Effects of carbon taxes and abatement targets

In this paper we investigate CO₂ emission scenarios for Colombia and the effects of implementing carbon taxes and abatement targets on the energy system. By comparing baseline and policy scenario results from two integrated assessment partial equilibrium models TIAM-ECN and GCAM and two general equilibrium models Phoenix and MEG4C, we provide an indication of future developments and dynamics in the Colombian energy system. Currently, the carbon intensity of the energy system in Colombia is low compared to other countries in Latin America. However, this trend may change given the projected rapid growth of the economy and the potential increase in the use of carbon-based technologies. Climate policy in Colombia is under development and has yet to consider economic instruments such as taxes and abatement targets. This paper shows how taxes or abatement targets can achieve significant CO₂ reductions in Colombia. Though abatement may be achieved through different pathways, taxes and targets promote the entry of cleaner energy sources into the market and reduce final energy demand through energy efficiency improvements and other demand-side responses. The electric power sector plays an important role in achieving CO₂ emission reductions in Colombia, through the increase of hydropower, the introduction of wind technologies, and the deployment of biomass, coal and natural gas with CO₂ capture and storage (CCS). Uncertainty over the prevailing mitigation pathway reinforces the importance of climate policy to guide sectors toward low-carbon technologies. This paper also assesses the economy-wide implications of mitigation policies such as potential losses in GDP and consumption. An assessment of the legal, institutional, social and environmental barriers to economy-wide mitigation policies is critical yet beyond the scope of this paper.