直接微生物燃料电池的影响因素

以厌氧污泥作为初始接种体,构建了一个直接微生物燃料电池,并经过160h的驯化,获得最大电压为590mV(1000Ω),并考察了不同底物和催化剂对电池性能的影响。结果表明,葡萄糖的最大功率密度(669mW/m2)要高于丁二酸的最大功率密度(235mW/m2)。通过比较电极电位,发现阳极电位随外电阻的变化较大,这主要是混合菌对不同底物的利用能力存在差异,可通过选择合适的产电菌来提高丁二酸产电的性能;并以锰作为阴极催化剂,其最大输出功率密度为147mW/m2,与铂作为阴极催化剂有一定的差距,还需进一步优化催化剂配比和制备工艺。     

串/并联微生物燃料电池的性能

以5个双室直接微生物燃料电池构建串、并联电池组,考察了电池不同运行阶段及不同底物和电子受体对电池组性能的影响. 结果表明,串、并联微生物燃料电池组可以提高工作电压、电流. 以氧气和铁氰化钾作为电子受体时,串联电池组的输出电压(输出功率密度)分别可达1.186 V (18.83 mW/m2)和1.417 V (51.51 mW/m2),并联电池组输出电流(输出功率密度)可达3 mA (22.66 mW/m2)和6.86 mA (65.22 mW/m2). 串联电池组中电池间的差异是出现电池反极的主要原因,内阻较大的电池易在工作电流较大时出现反极现象. 适宜的混联方式可以降低由内阻差异引起的能量损失,外电阻为30 W时,混联电池组输出功率密度(30.3 mW/m2)是串联电池组(6.58 mW/m2)的4倍.     

温度对微生物燃料电池电化学性能的影响

分别在20℃,37℃和45℃三个温度条件下以间歇方式运行大肠杆菌生物燃料电池(MFC),研究功率密度、电极电势、电化学阻抗等电化学性质随温度的变化规律.结果表明:温度从20℃提高到37℃,最大功率密度从53.35 mW/m2 (275 mA/m2)增加到610.5 mW/m2(2775 mA/m2),增长了10.5倍;同时阳极电极电势降低;且阳极电化学阻抗由741.9 Ω降低到42.4 Ω.在一定温度范围内,升高温度不仅能提高电池功率输出,而且能增强其电化学活性.但是,太高的温度反而不利于生物燃料电池的运行.45℃时的最大功率密度只有171 mW/m2(600 mA/m2),比37℃时最大功率610.5 mW/m2(2 775 mA/m2)减少72％;同时阳极电化学阻抗由42.4 Ω增加到416.1 Ω.大肠杆菌生物燃料电池在37℃时具有最佳的电化学性能.可见,温度在生物燃料电池运行中是一个非常重要的操作参数.     

高效双室微生物燃料电池的运行特性

微生物燃料电池(MFC)在产生电流的同时还能处理糖蜜废水和电镀废水,并能从电镀废水中回收金属单质。本实验确定了电镀废水阴极液对双室微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响,阴极液分别采用银离子、铜离子和锌离子溶液作为MFC的阴极液,其初始浓度均配成1000mg/L。结果表明,锌离子作为阴极时MFC的产能效果最不理想,功率密度仅为1.9×10-6mW/m2。阴极为铜离子溶液时,可以获得相对大一些的功率密度(13.9mW/m2)。产能效果最好的是银离子阴极MFC,在电流密度为82.7mA/m2其获得最大功率密度为23.1mW/m2,COD去除率为71%,且其重金属去除率最大(72%),远远高于锌离子和铜离子。研究表明,重金属离子可以作为微生物燃料电池的阴极电子受体,MFC可以将有机废水中的化学能直接转化为电能,同时将重金属还原,具有显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

小球藻生物阴极型微生物燃料电池的基础特性

利用自行设计的阴极管状光生物反应器式微生物燃料电池(MFC)作为实验模型,考察了阴极室投加小球藻后不同光暗周期下电池的产电、阴极溶氧及阴极藻的生长情况. 结果表明,阴极投加小球藻后,电池产电性能明显提高,光暗间歇组最大功率密度为24.4 mW/m2,持续光照组最大功率密度为27.5 mW/m2. 阴极溶氧及电化学分析证实溶氧是影响电压变化的主要因素,持续光照组溶氧较稳定,但比光暗间歇组光照阶段溶氧水平低;MFC阴极室培养小球藻不会对其造成毒害,光暗间歇时小球藻生长较好. 运行小球藻生物阴极型MFC采用光暗间歇培养较好,并可适当延长光照时间.     

厌氧流化床无膜微生物燃料电池的床层膨胀高度与产电特性

考察了厌氧流化床床层膨胀高度对电池不同阴极位置(阴极1, 2, 3分别位于分布板上方150, 250, 350 mm)产电性能的影响. 膨胀高度低于170 mm时,电池功率随阴极位置沿轴向高度增加而减小,同一流速下,阴极1的最大电极输出功率最大,为347.1 mW/m2. 膨胀高度在170~270 mm时,同一流速下,阴极2的最大产电功率高于阴极1和阴极3,当流速为8.35 mm/s 时,达361.0 mW/m2. 膨胀高度在400 mm以下,同一流速下3处阴极的最大产电功率均降低,阴极3最大产电功率降低幅度较小,为297.5 mW/m2,电池功率随阴极位置沿轴向高度增加而增大. 该结果是流速对阳极室内传质及电子传递效率、流速对微生物膜生长双重影响的结果.     

实心多孔支撑体全膜化微型固体氧化物燃料电池的制备及性能

提出一种实心多孔支撑体全膜化微型固体氧化物燃料电池(micro solid oxide fuel cell,μSOFC)设计模型.电池用氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆[(ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03,partially stabilized zirconia,PSZ]多孔陶瓷作为支撑体,在其上制备NiO-YSZ阳极层,分别采用离心和浸渍两种成膜工艺制备YSZ电解质膜,以La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-YSZ复合材料为阴极,对组装好的单电池进行了电化学性能测试.在850℃和800℃时,离心沉积工艺制备的单电池最大输出功率密度分别为286 mW/cm2和254 mW/cm2,而浸渍涂布法制备单电池的最大输出功率密度则分别达到572 mW/cm2和388 mW/cm2.电化学阻抗谱显示;电极极化是影响电池性能的主要因素.     

多壁碳纳米管为阴极材料的单室过氧化氢燃料电池

以多壁碳纳米管负载在碳纸上作为阴极材料,镍网作为阳极材料,在酸性电解质中,构成了一个单室过氧化氢燃料电池。该过氧化氢燃料电池的最大功率密度为4080mW/m2,高于仅以碳纸作为阴极材料(28mW/m2)的电池。结果表明,该单室过氧化氢燃料电池有潜力发展成为便携式和小型化的应用电源。     

微生物燃料电池产电的影响因素

以输出功率和内阻为评价指标,考察了直接微生物燃料电池在间歇运行过程中pH值、底物浓度、电极间距和添加电解质对产电性能的影响. 结果表明,pH值对输出功率影响较大,最佳值为7.5;输出功率随底物浓度的增大而增大．减小电极间距能有效降低电池内阻,提高输出功率,当电极间距为2 cm时,最大功率密度为700 mW/m2,内阻为80 W,库仑效率为7.7%. 磷酸盐缓冲溶液作为电解质对功率提高的效果优于NaCl,其添加量为100 mmol/L时,最大功率密度达922 mW/m2,内阻为70 W,库仑效率为11.5%.     

空气阴极微生物燃料电池堆栈的工艺优化研究

以体积分别为8. 0、4. 5 L的单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC)为组件,构建宽式堆栈(WMFCs)和窄式堆栈(NMFCs) 2种MFC堆栈(体积均为40 L),以乙酸钠为基质考察组件堆栈形成放大电池后性能的变化,并研究不同电路连接材料对堆栈产电性能的影响。兼顾经济性与运行可靠性选择镀锡紫铜条作为并联材料时,WMFCs的最大功率密度(Pmax)为47. 22 W/m3,NMFCs Pmax为51. 23 W/m3。而单个周期WMFCs回收能量为0. 229 kWh/m3,相比NMFCs提升5. 53%。通过接入自主设计的储能电路考察不同堆栈的能量收集情况,最终形成以WMFCs为主要放大电池工艺构型的MFC堆栈运行方案。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.