中国化石能源生产的生命周期清单(Ⅱ)--生命周期清单的编制结果

计算得到2002年我国单位原煤、原油和天然气生产的完整生命周期清单.该清单包括各类初级资源的投入和污染物的排放,初级资源包括原煤、原油和天然气,污染物包括液态污染物、固体废弃物和CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、烟尘等气态排放物.该生命周期清单为化工产业及几乎所有材料与产品生命周期清单或生命周期评价分析提供了必需的基础数据.     

乙烯生产的生命周期评价(Ⅱ)影响评价与结果解释

基于乙烯生产的生命周期清单结果,对其进行生命周期影响评价,得到生命周期影响的单一指标评价结果为1.12×10-10/年,并进行了结果解释。乙烯生产的生命周期影响中,不可再生资源消耗占据主要地位,在总负荷中占到的份额达58%。对各污染物的直接排放进行单项影响评价,结果表明生产过程中的乙烯排放和NOx排放是主要问题,其环境负荷在环境排放类总负荷中所占份额均达1/4左右。     

中国化石能源生产的生命周期清单(Ⅰ)--能源消耗与直接排放

化石能源生产的生命周期清单不仅是开展化工产业及其产品生命周期分析的基础,也能阐明化石能源生产的基本环境行为.通过计算得到了2002年我国原煤、原油和天然气开采过程中直接相关的能源消耗和污染物排放,涉及到的污染物排放包括液态污染物、固体废弃物和CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、烟尘等气态排放物.     

对苯二甲酸生命周期清单分析

概述了对苯二甲酸(PTA)生命周期清单分析的分析步骤、数据收集和计算,并对现有的PTA清单分析进行解释。指出了我国开展PTA清单分析的研究方向。     

中国洁净煤发电的生命周期清单分析

利用生命周期清单分析方法分析了中国7种洁净煤发电技术的环境负载,定量给出了各种发电技术的资源消耗及排放。对国家推动洁净煤发电技术发展的技术方案和政策建议提供决策理论和技术支持。     

能源生产系统共生产品清单分配问题研究

近年来我国大量的能源使用带来了严重的排放问题,因此本研究针对能源生产系统产生共生产品的各环节,对清单分配问题进行了建模分析,并计算了相应过程的温室气体排放。结果表明,质量分配、热值分配、经济价值分配下,油气类产品的碳排放差异较小,而原煤生产的碳排放明显高于其他产品。受到市场交易价格的影响,经济分配下产品的碳排放出现了较大差异。     

中国水泥工业的生命周期评价

生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)是一种系统化、定量化评价与产品相关的环境负荷和潜在影响的方法,它通过量化分析产品在整个生命周期中的资源、能源投入和环境排放,可以全面评价产品对环境造成的综合影响。本文按照LCA方法框架,建立了中国水泥工业的生命周期模型,收集了中国市场平均的水泥生产各生命周期阶段的资源、能源、原材料消耗和环境排放等清单数据,对中国水泥工业的环境负荷进行了生命周期评价。     

水泥生产的生命周期评价(LCA)研究与应用

生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment/LCA)的理论与技术方法,是国际通用的评价产品及其生产过程环境影响的标准化方法,所有与产品生产和消费有关的活动,都可从LCA中得到环境负荷信息。水泥生产的生命周期评价是对水泥从原料开采到产品出厂的生产过程,     

生命周期评价在国内的研究与应用进展分析

生命周期评价(LCA)作为分析资源环境效率的标准作法,在我国正处于迅速发展阶段。随着国内外有关LCA政策文件的出台,其在国内环境保护和国际贸易中将会发挥更加重要的作用。本文从国内LCA的方法学研究、软件工具开发、应用现状方面进行了分析,研究发现,数据质量评价和本地化影响评价方法建立取得了一定进展,LCA在各个层面得到了广泛应用,国内数据库建设及专业软件工具开发需继续加强;最后结合国内LCA发展现状中存在的不足,对未来的研究重点和发展方向提出了建议。     

生物质型煤与褐煤的生命周期评价对比研究

为了研究生物质型煤对环境的影响和能耗情况,利用生命周期评价方法,与褐煤进行对比评价,从型煤与褐煤的生产到燃烧进行全面分析。结果表明,生物质型煤生命周期的环境负荷指数是0.30,褐煤的潜在环境影响负荷指数为0.48,生物质型煤的环境影响明显低于褐煤;环境影响类型主要是全球变暖,主要影响因子是CO2;生命周期各阶段的环境排放量主要集中于燃烧使用阶段,因此,降低燃烧使用阶段的环境影响是生物质型煤技术改进的重要途径。     

Life cycle assessment of ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle for nuclear hydrogen production

The nuclear energy driven thermochemical cycle is one of the potential water‐splitting processes for producing hydrogen, presumed to be the transportation fuel of the future. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of one such system, which utilizes nuclear energy to drive the ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle, is presented in this paper. The results of the LCA are presented in terms of the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂‐equivalent) and acid gases (SO₂‐equivalent). The contributions of the thermochemical plant to the emissions were determined through the estimation of material and energy requirements for chemical inventory, raw materials consumption and plant fabrication/installation. The greenhouse gas emissions from the system are 2515 g CO₂‐equivalent kg^?1 H₂ produced and acid gas emissions 11.252 g SO₂‐equivalent kg^?1 H₂ produced. A comparison of this hydrogen production route with other routes, including steam reforming of methane and high‐temperature electrolysis, is also presented in the paper. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

生命周期成本分析及其应用研究

采用生命周期思想,通过对产品生命周期内的环境影响货币化和产品生产过程中内部成本的核算,建立综合考虑环境性能和经济性能的产品生命周期成本模型。在成本模型分析的基础上,提出产品绿色因子和绿色比值两个指标,为不同工艺或产品的性能比较提供量化依据。以天然气生产乙炔为案例分析对象,结果表明成本模型能够有效地识别影响产品综合性能的关键因素和最优的产品工艺方案的选择。     

A life cycle inventory of carbon dioxide as a solvent and additive for industry and in products

Life cycle inventories of four industrial carbon dioxide production processes are reported. The inventory data were calculated using design‐based methodology. Energy consumptions and critical emissions of the four processes are compared. Quasi‐microscopic allocation was applied to processes with multiple products. The inventory data of this study are transparent and can be used in other life cycle studies. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-based and coal-based production

China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in the world. Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a, which suffers from large waste and CO₂ emissions. Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource, and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas. In this study, CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas (partial oxidation)-based and natural gas (plasma cracking)-based routes (abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes, respectively), and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes. Meanwhile, considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure, and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field, which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes, the authors conducted a scenario analysis. The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits. However, the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens, and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050. Additionally, the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.     

二氧化碳基聚合物生命周期分析

对以部分石油路线生产的二氧化碳基聚合物生命周期各阶段的环境协调性进行了研究。研究发现,聚合物生产阶段的环境负荷是影响其整个生命周期环境负荷的关键阶段,而温室效应、酸化效应、人体毒害效应以及不可再生资源消耗等分类环境影响是影响聚合物生产阶段环境负荷的主要因素。