时效工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Er铝合金组织与耐腐蚀性影响

采用剥落腐蚀、极化曲线、电导率、力学性能测试和TEM显微组织分析,研究T6、T74及RRA时效工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Er铝合金的组织、力学性能与耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明:①T6态合金的强韧性最高（σ_b:663.5 MPa、σ_0.2:625.4 MPa、δ:12.46 %）,但易腐蚀;与T6态合金相比,T74态合金（σ_b:640.2 MPa、σ_0.2:621.3 MPa、δ:11.34 %）的耐腐蚀性最好,但以牺牲强度为代价,而RRA态合金（σ_b:657.8 MPa、σ_0.2:628.8 MPa、δ:11.98 %）虽强韧性略低于T6态合金,但耐腐蚀性明显改善,综合性能优异.②合金的强度及耐腐蚀性分别与晶内η′析出相和晶界η析出相有关.晶内大量的η′析出相分布越均匀、弥散,尺寸越细小,合金的强度越高;晶界粗大的η析出相分布越离散,合金的耐腐蚀性越好.这与第一性原理计算的η′相与η相的理化性质相吻合.      

轻质Al-Mg-Li合金的微观组织与力学性能

采用熔炼和热挤压制备轻质Al-5.5Mg-2.0Li-0.1Zr-0.2Sc合金,利用X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计及拉伸试验机对合金的物相组成、微观组织、力学性能及断口形貌进行检测分析,研究时效工艺温度（120 ℃和160 ℃）对合金微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:Al-Mg-Li合金挤压后晶粒组织呈纤维状,存在一定数量的Al₃Li（δ′）和Al₂MgLi（S）相;经固溶和时效处理后,再结晶晶粒尺寸变大,主要析出相为δ′相S相;160 ℃时效处理容易加速时效析出行为,导致析出相粗化,强化效果减弱;经120 ℃/20 h峰时效处理后,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别达到532 MPa、475 MPa和4.4 %.      

热处理Mg-9Y-1Cu合金的组织结构及力学性能

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、XRD等方法研究了热处理Mg-9Y-1Cu合金热处理后的组织结构,利用万能材料试验机测试样品的力学性能,用SEM研究了材料的断裂机理。结果表明,T6处理样品晶粒内部析出层片状14H结构LPSO相。经过挤压,T1合金晶粒明显减小,晶界增多,在晶间及晶粒内部弥散分布着细小第二相。挤压后人工时效样品(T5合金)晶粒长大,且析出的第二相数量有所增多。T6合金屈服强度和抗拉强度分别达到97 MPa和193 MPa。T1合金细化的晶粒和弥散分布第二相使得合金的综合力学性能显著提高,达到商用AZ系列镁合金的强度。T5合金伸长率有所下降,而强度变化不明显。     

工业化制备7050铝合金厚板显微组织与力学性能

采用OM、TEM观察、室温拉伸试验,研究工业化制备大截面7050铝合金厚板微观显微组织和力学性能.结果表明:板材表层、1/4厚度层和芯部处均存在部分粗大晶粒组织以及晶粒尺寸分布不均匀现象,其中芯部粗大晶粒的尺寸、数量以及晶粒尺寸不均匀程度均高于1/4厚度层和表层;合金时效后晶内的析出相主要为η’相、η相以及少量GPⅡ区,表层晶粒内的析出相密度大于1/4层和芯部,且1/4层和芯部粗棒状的η相含量较高;合金的强度、硬度以及延伸率在厚度方向上呈梯度分布,表层硬度、抗拉强度（σ_b）、屈服强度（σ_0.2）和延伸率（δ）均最高,从表层到芯部,硬度、σ_b、σ_0.2以及δ均逐渐减小.      

Mg-Al-Sm系变形镁合金的组织与力学性能

镁合金在汽车、通讯电子和航空航天领域正得到日益广泛的应用,其中变形镁合金呈现出比铸造镁合金更优异的性能,但其强韧性仍有待于提高。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了铸态和挤压态Mg-6.02Al-1.03Sm和Mg-5.95Al-1.01Sm-0.57Zn合金的组织和相组成,并测试了其室温和高温拉伸力学性能。结果表明,上述合金的铸态组织均由α-Mg基体、不连续网状β-Mg17Al12相和小块状化合物Al2Sm组成,后者合金中添加的Zn固溶于α-Mg基体和β-Mg17Al12相中;铸态合金呈现较优异的拉伸力学性能,如室温抗拉强度σb、屈服强度σ0.2和伸长率δ分别处于220~235 MPa,118~123 MPa和12.5%~16.0%。经热挤压后,合金组织显著细化,再结晶晶粒的平均尺寸仅为12~14μm,Al2Sm相亦有所破碎;挤压态合金的拉伸力学性能显著提高:室温σb和σ0.2分别提高至300~320MPa和215~230 MPa,423 K时的高温σb,σ0.2和δ分别提高至205~215 MPa,161~166 MPa和42.0%~44.0%。     

La对ZK60合金铸态组织与力学性能的影响

镁合金在汽车、通讯电子和航空航天领域正得到日益广泛的应用,但其室温和高温力学性能仍有待于提高。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和差示扫描量热仪分析了铸态ZK60-xLa(x=0～3)合金的组织和相组成,测试了其硬度和拉伸力学性能。结果表明,随着La含量的增加,铸态组织逐渐细化,低熔点MgZn2相逐渐减少直至消失,而生成的高熔点τ1-Mg42Zn53La5新相逐渐增多,且第二相趋于连续网状分布于晶界处。硬度HV分别在低和高La含量时出现峰值。随着La含量的增加,室温抗拉强度σb和延伸率δ分别由ZK60合金的225 MPa和9%逐渐降至ZK60-3.04La合金的137 MPa和1.5%,拉伸断口由韧性断裂和脆性断裂的复合方式向单一的脆性断裂转变。但La的添加能有效提高合金的高温拉伸力学性能:室温时,ZK60-1.03La合金的σb要低于ZK60合金约25 MPa;423 K时,ZK60-1.03La和ZK60合金的σb分别降至181和174 MPa,前者已高于后者7 MPa;448 K时,两合金分别进一步降至168和150 MPa,两者差距进一步拉大至18MPa。这是由于ZK60-1.03La合金组织中只存在高热稳定性的τ1-Mg42Zn53La5相,可有效地钉扎晶界和阻碍高温晶界滑移。     

1070℃热暴露对一种单晶高温合金组织的影响

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金在1 070℃热暴露不同时间后的组织变化。结果表明:合金的热处理组织由立方化较好γ'相和基体γ相组成。经过1 070℃热暴露处理后,γ相基体通道宽度增加,γ'强化相合并长大;热暴露200 h后,合金没有析出不稳定相(TCP相)。热暴露400 h后,少量TCP相开始在枝晶干区域以细针状的形态析出。经过800 h处理后,显微组织呈现出明显的筏排结构。随热暴露时间增加TCP相析出量明显增多,并由枝晶干范围向枝晶间区域生长。TCP相含有Re、W、Mo和Co等合金元素,衍射分析为σ相,与合金基体取向关系为(110)_σ∥(220)_γ,[012]_σ∥[001]_γ。     

提高铝锂合金强韧性的热处理途径

提高铝-锂合金强韧性除从成分设计上挖潜外,在热处理工艺上也大有文章可做,在Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr系合金中主要强化相有δ’、S’、θ’、T_1相等,这些析出相的多少和分布状况对合金的强韧性有明显影响。采用TX1,TX2、TX3三种变形热处理工艺能有效地控制无析出带的形成,促进S’、θ’、T_1相的充分析出。从而使2091合金的力学性能由T6状态的σ_b=460～500兆帕,σ_(0.2)=380～410兆帕,δ=6.5～8.2%提高到TX1状态的σ_b=450～510兆帕.σ_(0.2)=400～480兆帕,δ=7.5～8.5％;TX2状态的σ_b=480～520兆帕,σ_(0.2)=390～430兆帕,δ=8～10％;TX3状态的σ_b=510～540兆帕,σ_(0.2)=420～480兆帕,δ=9～11%。本文总结了这一研究工作的初步成果,并从机理上进行了较详细的探讨。     

时效对大型发电机转子用Cu-Ni-Si合金槽楔组织与性能的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、抗拉强度和电导率测试等方法研究了不同温度时效后大型发电机转子用Cu-Ni-Si合金槽楔组织和性能变化规律。结果表明:合金在热挤压过程中发生动态回复与再结晶,热挤压后为再结晶组织,晶粒内部有贯穿整个晶粒的退火孪晶。在时效阶段屈服强度和抗拉强度随温度变化表现为先升高后下降的趋势,在430℃时过饱和固溶体发生有序化转变和第二相析出,基体上弥散分布的细小析出相和长程有序相会阻碍位错运动,提高力学性能。在550℃时效阶段合金处于过时效状态,析出相主要为Ni_2Si,已经明显长大,对位错阻碍作用减弱,合金力学性能下降,但电导率始终保持上升的趋势。随时效温度升高,试样拉伸断口形貌逐渐由解理型转变为韧窝型,表明合金塑性逐渐提高。实验结果表明,在430℃时效3 h Cu-Ni-Si合金具有最佳的综合性能,屈服强度为650 MPa,抗拉强度为760 MPa,电导率为43.2%IACS。     

时效制度对1441Al-Li合金抗腐蚀性能的影响

对固溶态1441Al-Li合金板材分别进行T6时效,以及5%冷轧预变形后再进行150℃时效,即T8时效处理,通过晶间腐蚀(IGC)、剥落腐蚀(EXCO)实验、极化曲线测试及透射电镜(TEM)分析,研究时效制度对1441铝锂合金的室温抗晶间腐蚀性能、抗剥落腐蚀性能及微观组织的影响。结果表明,合金经T6或T8时效处理后,随时效时间延长,合金微观组织由欠时效的晶内析出均匀的δ′相,变为晶内析出δ′相和S′相,以及沿晶界析出平衡相δ相和S相,因此合金抗腐蚀性能顺序为欠时效峰时效过时效。与T6时效态相比,经T8时效处理后,晶内析出的δ′相和S′相的数量增加、尺寸减小、分布均匀;同时,沿晶界析出的δ相和S相数量减少,PFZ变窄,合金的抗晶间腐蚀和抗剥落腐蚀能力提高。在3.5%NaCl溶液中进行的极化曲线测试表现出相同的结果。     

Effect of neodymium on the as-extruded ZK20 magnesium alloy

The effect of Nd addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK20 magnesium alloy was investigated by room tensile test, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to develop a magnesium alloy with higher ductility. Results showed that the crystal grains of as-extruded ZK20+0.5%Nd magnesium alloy were effectively refined, and the alloy exhibited higher strength and ductility, with the UTS of 237 MPa and the elongation of 32.8%, increasing by 5...     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength Ti-4Al-2Fe-3Cu Alloy Fabricated by Sintering and Hot Extrusion

A Ti-4Al-2Fe-3Cu (wt pct) alloy containing only low-cost alloying elements was fabricated by vacuum sintering a blend of TiH₂, Al, Fe, and Cu powders at 1200 °C for 1 hour followed by hot extrusion at the same temperature. The as-extruded alloy exhibited a microstructure consisting of mainly α/β lamellar colonies and Ti₂Cu as a minor phase. The average colony size and lamella thickness were 118 and 12 µm, respectively, and Fe and Cu were predominantly distributed in the β lamellae. The as-extruded alloy had a high tensile yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1248 and 1270 MPa, respectively, but a limited ductility (elongation to fracture: 2.3 pct). Annealing at 750 °C for 4 hour caused the average colony size and lamella thickness of the alloy to increase to 145 and 17 µm, respectively, and the volume fraction of the β phase decreased with the annealing. These microstructural changes resulted in a slight decrease of the YS and UTS to 1221 and 1253 MPa, but a clear increase of the ductility with the elongation to fracture reaching 4 pct. This work demonstrates that a combination of relatively low-temperature vacuum sintering, hot extrusion, and annealing can be effectively utilized to fabricate a low-cost Ti-4Al-2Fe-3Cu alloy with high strength and appreciable tensile ductility.

     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy with yttrium addition processed by hot extrusion

The effects of the rare earth element yttrium(Y) and hot extrusion on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were investigated by mechanical properties testing and microstructure observation. The results indicate that the addition of Y improves the microstructure of the as-cast alloy. The distribution of primary α-Al is uniform and orderly. The long needle-like eutectic Si phases and β-Fe phases turn to strips and short rods. When the content of Y increases to 0.2 wt%, the mean diameter of aAl(40.3 μm) and the aspect ratio of the eutectic Si phase(2.3) reach the minimum values, which are68.9% and 86.1% lower, respectively, than that of the alloy without Y addition. Under extrusion stress, the shape of the eutectic Si phase is changed from long rod-like to near grain-like after solution treatment.The size of the eutectic Si phase is significantly reduced. The needle-like β-Fe phases are squeezed and broken. The mechanical properties of the as-extruded alloy are significantly improved compared to the as-cast alloy. When the rare earth content is 0.2 wt%, the ultimate tensile strength, hardness and elongation of the alloy reach the maximum values, which are 328.2 MPa, 110.4 HV and 21.3%, respectively, and increase by 42.01%, 37.71% and 481.91%, respectively, in comparison to the as-cast alloy without Y addition.     

Structure and properties of rapidly solidified 7075 P/M aluminum alloy modified with nickel and zirconium

Aluminum alloy 7075 was modified by additions of 1.1 wt pct nickel and 0.8 wt pct zirconium, rapidly solidified by ultrasonic gas atomization, canned, cold compacted, hot extruded, and evaluated in terms of structure and properties. Significant improvements in tensile strength (627 MPa YS and 680 MPa UTS) and crack growth rates were realized, along with a decrease in fracture toughness (23.7 MPa√m) while maintaining ductility (10 pct elong.) as compared to nominal I/M 7075 behavior. The stress for 10⁷ cycles fatigue life was greater than 275 MPa, which represents a 73 pct increase over that of I/M 7075. A variety of experiments was performed to evaluate effects on strength, ductility, and on structure. The variables were: powder size distribution, extrusion ratio, extrusion profile, different size fractions from the same lot of powder, and different locations of test bars in the several extrusions. Tensile properties, toughness, and fatigue properties were not importantly influenced by the location of test bars in the cross section or length of rectangular extruded bars. A comparison of mechanical properties from extruded bars prepared from ?53 μm powdersvs 53 to 250 μm powders showed a small loss of ductility and fatigue stress for 10⁷ cycles for the fine powder product. Higher extrusion ratios were beneficial for mechanical properties.     

Influence of Extrusion on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Mg-9Li-3Al-xSr Alloys

Mg-9Li-3Al-xSr (LA93-xSr, x = 0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 wt pct) alloys were cast and extruded at 533 K (260 °C) with an extrusion ratio of 28. The microstructure and mechanical response are reported and discussed paying particular attention to the influence of extrusion and Sr content on phase composition, strength, and ductility. The results of the current study show that LA93-xSr alloys contain both α-Mg (hcp) and β-Li (bcc) matrix phases. Moreover, the addition of Sr refines the grain size in the as-cast alloys and leads to the formation of the intermetallic compound (Al₄Sr). Our results show significant grain refinement during extrusion and almost no influence of Sr content on the grain size of the extruded alloys. The microstructure evolution during extrusion is governed by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) in the α-Mg phase, whereas discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) occurs in the β-Li phase. The mechanical behavior of the extruded LA93-xSr alloy is discussed in terms of grain refinement and dislocation strengthening. The tensile strength of the extruded alloys first increases and then decreases, whereas the elongation decreases monotonically with increasing Sr; in contrast, hardness increases for all Sr compositions studied herein. Specifically, when Sr content is 2.5 wt pct, the extruded Mg-9Li-3Al-2.5Sr (LAJ932) alloy exhibits a favorable combination of strength and ductility with an ultimate tensile strength of 235 MPa, yield strength of 221 MPa, and an elongation of 19.4 pct.     

高电导率高屈服强度铝合金的研制

用正交试验法对比分析了纯铝合金中添加Fe、Cu、Mg、Zn对其电导率及屈服强度的影响程度;并由此进行成分配比,通过挤压加工试验,研制生产出一种高电导率高屈服强度铝合金型材,H112状态电导率达60％ IACS左右、屈服强度σ0.2大于90MPa。     

热处理和挤压对WE53镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

为提高WE系列生物镁合金的力学性能,采用重力铸造法制备了Mg-5Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.5Zr （质量分数,WE53）镁合金,并对铸态合金进行了固溶处理（T4）,固溶＋时效处理（T6）和挤压加工.利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了合金的显微组织,并利用拉伸试验机和显微硬度计测试了合金室温力学性能.结果表明,铸态合金屈服强度为130 MPa,伸长率为10.2%,T6处理可显著提高铸态合金的强度和硬度,降低合金的伸长率;挤压变形明显提高合金的强度和硬度,伸长率与铸态相当.通过适当的热处理和挤压变形可显著改善WE53镁合金的力学性能.     

Dispersion strengthening in a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy prepared by extrusion of rapidly solidified powder

When a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy containing 16 wt pct silicon was rapidly solidified into powder using the spinning water atomization process, the individual powder grains were predominantly aluminum that was supersaturated with silicon and also contained well-dispersed 0.02-μm silicon particles. Although the silicon particles grew when the powder was extruded into a bar at temperatures from 673 to 803 K at an extrusion ratio of 4.3 and an extrusion speed of 0.9 mm/s, the average diameter was maintained on a submicron level. When the extrusion temperature was decreased from 803 to 673 K, the average diameter of the silicon particles in the extruded bar decreased from 0.8 to 0.5 μm, while the Vickers hardness (HV) and the ultimate tensile strength of the extruded bar increased from 120 to 160 (HV) and from 330 to 500 MPa, respectively. Both the hardness and the tensile strength of the extruded bars were several times higher than those of conventionally cast bars of the same alloy with cooling rates from 10⁻¹ to 10² K/s. On the other hand, the elongation decreased from 5.5 to 3.1 pct when the extrusion temperature was decreased from 803 to 673 K.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and heat treated Mg-15Gd-3Y alloy

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-15Gd-3Y alloy were investigated in the as-cast and heat treated conditions.The microstructure evolution from as-cast to cast-T4 states involved α-Mg solid solution+Mg5(Gd,Y) phase→α-Mg supersatu-rated solid solution+rare earths compound Mg3(Gd1.26,Y0.74)→α-Mg supersaturated solid solution+rare earths compound Mg3(Gd0.745,Y1.255).It showed that 480 oC/4 h was the optimal solution treatment parameter.If the solution temperature was high or the holding time was long,such as 520 oC/16 h,an overheating phenomenon would be induced,which had a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties.When age-ing at 225 and 200 oC,the alloy would exhibit a significant age-hardening response and great long-time-age-hardening potential,respectively.The best mechanical properties were obtained at the parameters of 480 oC/4 h+225 oC/16 h,with the UTS of 257.0 MPa and elongation of 3.8%.