碱性蛋白酶提取花生水解蛋白的研究

利用碱性蛋白酶从冷榨花生饼中提取花生水解蛋白.研究了温度、pH值、加酶量、液固比、水解时间对蛋白质提取率的影响,在此基础上通过正交实验对花生水解蛋白提取工艺条件进行优化.确定最佳工艺参数为温度55℃、pH9.0、加酶量0.8%、水解时间3 h、液固比7:1,在此条件下蛋白质提取率为81.32%.     

酶法提取大米蛋白的研究

采用4种蛋白酶水解大米蛋白,比较提取率后得出碱性蛋白酶为最优酶.采用单因素实验分别考察温度、加酶量、料液比、水解时间和pH对该酶提取大米蛋白的影响.通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺条件为:温度60℃、加酶量(E/S)1.5%、pH9.5、料液比1:6、水解时间4h.在此条件下,蛋白质的提取率可达76.42%.     

响应面法优化木瓜蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶双酶酶解牡蛎工艺研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶对牡蛎进行复合酶解,以温度、时间、加酶量、固液比、酶添加量之比及pH6个单因素对水解的影响结果为依据,在双酶比例1:1、固液比1:8、酶解时间为5h条件下,研究温度、pH、加酶量3个因素对牡蛎水解过程中氨基氮生成量的影响。通过3因素3水平Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化其水解工艺,结果表明:在温度53.7℃、加酶量3.97%(鲜肉)、pH6.8条件下,氨基氮生成量为10.14mg/g(鲜肉),与模型的预测值相近。     

蜗牛水解液的制备及其乳酸发酵饮料的研究

用碱性蛋白酶对白玉蜗牛肉进行水解,探讨了水解温度、pH值、加酶量及固液比对蜗牛肉水解液水解得率的影响,通过正交试验确定了蜗牛肉水解的较佳条件,并以水解液为原料进行乳酸菌发酵,获得较佳的饮料制备工艺.结果表明：以碱性蛋白酶为水解酶,水解工艺条件为,温度50℃,pH 10.5,料液比1：5,加酶量6 000 U/g,水解3...     

小龙虾虾壳蛋白酶解条件的研究

文章主要介绍了以单酶、双酶协同分步酶解虾壳、虾头,以脱蛋白率(PR,%)为试验的衡量指标,对pH值、酶解温度、酶解时间、酶加量等试验条件进行考察。结果表明:胃蛋白酶的最优水解条件为pH值3.0,温度40℃,酶加量0.2%,水解时间4h,酶解液中蛋白质含量为4.243mg/mL,脱蛋白率最高达53.9%;碱性蛋白酶的最优水解条件为pH值7.5,温度55℃,酶加量0.3%,水解时间4h,酶解液中蛋白质含量为4.855mg/mL,脱蛋白率最高达61.9%;双酶协同分步酶解最优条件为碱性蛋白酶酶解3h(pH 7.5、温度40℃、酶加量0.3%),胃蛋白酶酶解1h(pH 3.0、温度40℃、酶加量0.2%),脱蛋白率为86.1%,酶解液中蛋白质含量为6.715mg/mL。     

双酶法水解汉麻粕蛋白工艺的研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶复合水解汉麻粕蛋白,以水解度为指标,研究双酶水解汉麻粕蛋白的最佳工艺条件。首先加入碱性蛋白酶,在温度55℃、pH11、加酶量为3%、料液比为1∶5、时间为2h的条件下,进行第一次酶解,达到酶解时间,高温灭酶,冷却后调节pH值为5;然后加入木瓜蛋白酶,在温度70℃,加酶量0.4%,进行第二次酶解,1h后,高温灭酶,冷却,离心,上清液为汉麻粕蛋白酶解液,水解度为26.42%。     

响应面法优化双酶水解黄鳍金枪鱼胰脏的工艺研究

本试验以水解度为指标,研究了酶解时间、酶活比、料液比、加酶量、pH和酶解温度6种因素对酶解反应的影响。在此基础上设计了3因素(酶解时间、pH和酶解温度)3水平的响应面试验,对木瓜蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶双酶组合水解黄鳍金枪鱼胰脏制备生物活性肽的工艺进行优化,为获得高活性蛋白多肽及有效利用金枪鱼胰脏提供科学依据。结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶双酶水解黄鳍金枪鱼胰脏的最佳酶解条件为:酶活比1:1、料液比为1:10、加酶量30mg/g、pH7.55、酶解时间3.39h、酶解温度55.73℃。利用优化双酶水解条件制得的低分子多肽的水解度高达60.22%。     

蛋白酶酶解酱油沉淀的工艺研究

对蛋白酶酶解低盐固态和原池浇淋2种酿造工艺的酱油沉淀进行了研究,分析了中性蛋白酶的加酶量、pH值、酶解时间、料液比对蛋白质水解度的影响,并通过正交试验优化了中性蛋白酶酶解酱油沉淀的工艺条件,确定了工艺参数.其最佳工艺条件为原池浇淋酱油沉淀的最佳酶解条件为料液比1∶3,酶解6h,加酶量为4000U/g原料,pH值为6.5,水解度可达到43.8％;低盐固态酱油沉淀的最佳酶解条件为料液比1∶3,酶解8h,加酶量为6000U/g原料,pH值为6.5,水解度可达到53.8％.方差分析表明,4因素均对水解度有显著影响.利用中性蛋白酶可较有效地酶解酱油沉淀.     

鹅肉蛋白酶解条件优化及酶解产物抗氧化活性研究

运用响应面(RSM)分析对鹅肉蛋白酶解工艺条件进行优化。在单因素试验基础上,以抗氧化活性为主要指标,水解度为辅助指标,研究酶解时间、酶解温度、pH值、固液比、酶添加量对鹅肉蛋白水解度和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:鹅肉蛋白最佳酶解条件为酶解温度53℃、酶解液pH10.5、固液比1:3(m/V)、酶解时间7.2h,加酶量1200U/g,在此条件下,酶解液对Fe3+还原力为0.402,水解度可达34.74%。     

双酶水解蛋清蛋白最优工艺的研究

为优化蛋清蛋白质的酶水解条件,实验采用Alcalase~2.4LFG和Flavourzyme~500MG复合酶对蛋清蛋白进行水解,并获得了Alcalase~2.4LFG酶水解的最佳工艺条件是底物浓度(S)4.5%、pH值9.5、加酶量(E/S)5%、温度70℃、水解时间为4h。Flavourzyme~500MG酶水解的最佳工艺条件为pH值7、加酶量2%、温度50℃、时间为3h。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.