一种可程控约瑟夫森直流电压标准装置

在直流电压量值体系中,约瑟夫森直流电压标准已经成为我国电压单位（伏特）复现的基准,利用约瑟夫森效应,直流电压单位直接溯源到频率和约瑟夫森常数KJ-90。本文介绍了约瑟夫森结的结构原理,以及一种可程控约瑟夫森电压标准装置的工作原理和特点。在直流电压-10～＋10V测量范围内,可以用于检定校准固态电压标准器、标准电池和直流分压器,也可以输出约瑟夫森直流电压,用于校准数字电压表10V以下量程以及线性度。     

Review of quantum electrical standards and benefits and effects of the implementation of the ‘revised SI’

In the present International System of Units (SI ), the Josephson effect and quantum Hall effect have been utilized for voltage and resistance primary standards, and the electrical current standard has been derived from a combination of the two quantum standards. In 2018, it is planned that the SI will be revised based on the latest measurements results of the Planck constant, elementary charge, Avogadro constant, and Boltzmann constant. The adoption of the ‘Revised SI ’ means we shall finally terminate the traceability of the kilogram tied to an artifact (the international prototype of the kilogram) and start a new traceability of the kilogram to the Planck constant h . In electricity and magnetism metrology, and related precision measurements, the traceability presently based on the ‘conventional values’ of the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant is going to be switched to the revised traceability based on the Planck constant and elementary charge. In this article, the foundation of the quantum electrical measurements and how the Revised SI , which is based purely on fundamental physical constants and quantum effects, will bring us a long‐term benefit with negligible impact to industry are detailed. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Josephson结电路系统的混沌控制

本文在考虑隧道效应的前提下,分析了含Josephson结电路系统的复杂非线性动力学,建立了系统的非线性动力学方程。根据系统的相图、分叉图及Lyapunov指数图分析了系统由周期运动进入混沌运动的过程。利用外加耦合控制器和利用非线性状态反馈反馈法两种方法实NT系统混沌运动的周期控制,得到了受控系统的周期运动相图及混沌控制控制参数变化时的分叉图。并讨论了这两种控制方法的特点。     

High Transition Temperature Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices: Basic Concepts, Fabrication and Applications

The performance of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and SQUID based magnetometers made from thin films of high transition temperature superconductors (HTS) has greatly improved since the discovery of HTS more than a decade ago. This fact is related to a steady improvement in the fabrication technology for HTS thin films and Josephson junctions. The state-of-the-art in HTS SQUID fabrication, device concepts and applications is briefly reviewed.     

A matrix pencil approach to the local stability analysis of non‐linear circuits

This paper addresses local stability issues in non‐linear circuits via matrix pencil theory. The limitations of the state–space approach in circuit modelling have led to semistate formulations, currently framed within the context of differential‐algebraic equations (DAEs). Stability results for these DAE models can be stated in terms of matrix pencils, avoiding the need for state–space reductions which are not advisable in actual circuit simulation problems. The stability results here presented are applied to electrical circuits containing non‐linear devices such as Josephson junctions or MOS transistors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

标准电池自动检定装置的研制

介绍了所研制的标准电池自动检定装置的原理及技术特点。利用由约瑟夫森阵列电压标准直接校准的固态电压标准组作为工作基准,使电压量值可直接溯源到直流电压国家副基准；采用精密空气控温槽保存被检标准电池；以自行研制的低热电势程控开关选择检定通道；用数字纳伏表测量被检标准电池与标准电压的差值；检定程序采用VB软件编制,实现了标准电池检定工作的自动化。     

Component variability as a limit in digital electronics

Commercially successful electronic computers have been built with vacuum tubes and with transistors as active devices. Attempts to build computers with circuits based on other kinds of solid state devices have failed in spite of being the focus of large, well-funded efforts. The tunnel diode was invented shortly after the transistor and was the earliest of these. Josephson junctions and resonant tunneling devices also attracted massive investments as possible but unsuccessful alternatives to transistor based logic.What happened? Why did large development efforts devoted to these novel technologies fail? The answer is found in their inability to deal with the variability inevitably found in nominally identical parts. Transistors and vacuum tubes act as switches that form logic signals from standards that are distributed and recognizable throughout a system, signals that do not depend on the switching device that produced them. High gain is needed to emulate switches and is only obtained by using the attractive force between positive and negative charges as a gate to control current.     

Synthesis of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals using alumina crucibles with different purities

A self‐flux method is the simplest technique for synthesizing Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ (Bi‐2212) superconducting single crystals. However, the crystals are inevitably contaminated because of the Bi‐2212 stoichiometric melt reacting with the crucible material. In this paper, we investigate the nonsuperconducting subproduct that forms during heating in the self‐flux method for synthesizing Bi‐2212. This subproduct was identified as BiSr₂CaAl₃O₉ by X‐ray diffraction. Bi‐2212 crystal growth was performed using A1₂O₃ crucibles with three different purities (nominally 97, 99.7, and 99.9%). For both the 97 and 99.7% purity crucibles, the subproduct was observed in all five samples out of five, whereas for the 99.9% purity crucible, it was observed in only two samples out of five. Furthermore, the 99.9% purity crucible gave a much lower subproduct volume than the 97% purity crucible. The average superconducting critical temperature (T_c,zero) varied depending on the crucible purity; it was 89.6, 90.8, and 91.8 K for the 97, 99.7, and 99.9% purity crucibles, respectively. Finally, we fabricated Bi‐2212 stacked devices with intrinsic Josephson junctions (Bi‐2212 stack) using as‐grown crystals from the 97 and 99.9% purity crucibles. The Bi‐2212 stacks exhibited a highly hysteretic current–voltage characteristic even at liquid N₂ temperature and they had identical quality parameters for Josephson junctions (i.e., I_r/I_c and voltage jump V_j). We conclude that the subproduct formation has little effect on the electrical characteristics of a Josephson junction device at 77 K. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A new growth method of high-quality precipitate-free HTS thin films applied for electronics

We report successful growth of high-quality thin films with clean and completely precipitate-free surface, suitable for device applications, by applying a new concept and method to the substrates. The concept consists in generation of artificial steps of controlled height and width, and desired shape on the surface of the substrate. The width of the step is chosen so that it is equal to the double of the migration (surface diffusion) length of the atomic species in the growth process of the film. If precipitates occur, they will be selectively gathered to the step edge where the free energy is lowest. Using this new method, we have successfully obtained by MOCVD high-quality precipitate-free Bi-2223 and Bi-2223/Bi-2212-superlattice thin films on (100) SrTiO₃ substrates with artificial steps of controlled width and height. These as-grown films have been further used to fabricate patterned intrinsic Josephson junctions. Completely precipitate-free films offer a strong advantage for integration, and generate new possibilities for the device fabrication.     

智能变电站二次系统物理回路建模方法及设计实现

智能变电站二次系统逻辑回路遵循IEC 61850建模,而物理回路的设计仍采用图纸表达,不利于智能变电站信息化技术的发展。借鉴逻辑回路的建模思路,提出二次系统物理回路的建模方法。设计了基于虚实解耦理念的物理回路模型配置流程;给出了物理回路模型的语法语义;实现了基于物理回路模型的完整工程应用解决方案,包括物理回路配置工具、物理回路可视化工具。关键的是采用虚实对应技术,实现了物理回路和逻辑回路的关联。填补了二次光缆和网络结构的模型配置空白,便于设计工具和厂站级系统导入和导出物理回路配置,扩展了物理回路模型的应用空间。     

电力信息物理系统韧性的概念与提升策略研究进展

信息系统和物理系统耦合形成的信息物理系统,使电力系统具有更强的可控可观性,与此同时,信息系统与物理系统的故障将造成更严重的电力安全事故。如何结合通信因素分析信息系统与物理系统的互相作用,是提升电力信息物理系统韧性的关键问题。首先,设计了电力信息物理系统的框架,定义了电力信息物理系统韧性概念的特点并分析韧性的意义。其次,基于信息流动路径的传输原理介绍通信技术的特点和发展趋势,并根据信息网络特点分析不同极端事件对韧性的影响。再次,归纳了电力信息物理系统联合仿真方法。然后,总结了各层次网络韧性提升策略的研究进展,探讨了卫星通信、无人机通信等应急通信技术的可行性。最后,阐述电力信息物理系统韧性研究未来面临的挑战。     

基于Fr数分布域的河流生物栖息地量化研究

以流速和水深为参数,应用水动力学模型,建立了河流生物柄息地的量化研究方法.该方法假设栖息地多样性与生物多样性之间存在必然联系,采用水流流态代表生境类型,然后利用地表水建模系统SMS建立水动力学模型求解流态从而量化栖息地,得到每种栖息地类型的数量或面积,再利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和饱和度指数评价栖息地的多样性并发展可供工程规划设计参考的生境分布图.以沈阳市浑河为例,对研究区建立数值模型进行模拟分析,根据模拟结果对该河段下一步的生态恢复措施提出了建议.     

电力系统物理模拟综述

电力系统物理模拟（又称电力系统动态模拟）是研究和分析电力系统的重要方法之一。本文介绍了模拟理论和电力系统物理模拟的内容和特点,分析比较了电力系统物理模拟和数学模拟的优缺点及在电力系统研究中的作用。此外,还介绍了电力系统物理模拟的发展前景。     

基于RTDS的数字与物理混合仿真接口设计与实现

SF6类电力设备内部的局部放电停止后或者取气回实验室进行检测时,尽管设备或样品处于静置状态,但气体分解产物的体积分数依然会随着时间的变化发生不同程度的变化。为提高气体分解产物检测的准确性和可靠性,对静置状态下气体分解产物体积分数随时间的变化（简称为静置效应）展开研究。通过分析SF6的分解机制确定SOF2、SO2F2、CO2三种气体是分解产物中的典型成分,然后在90 L的实验罐体内装设悬浮电位缺陷模型,对其施加2倍的起始局部放电电压,使罐体内的SF6在局放作用下产生分解,进而分析放电停止后这3种主要分解产物的体积分数及比值随时间、初始体积分数的变化规律。结果表明,SOF2和SO2F2两种产物的体积分数随时间呈现不同程度的下降,且初始体积分数越大则下降幅度越大,CO2的体积分数则相对稳定;产物体积分数比值φ(SOF2)/φ(SO2F2)在初始阶段的12 h内随静置时间逐渐下降,并于24 h后逐渐稳定。     

基于成功流法的配电信息物理系统可靠性评估

文章引入成功流法解决现有蒙特卡洛法应用于大规模配电信息系统可靠性评估耗时的问题。根据智能分布式的故障处理模式对信息物理系统进行设备及功能可靠性建模，利用同一系统内、不同系统间元件之间的依存关系定量分析信息系统故障对物理系统供电可靠性的影响，获得计及信息系统影响的成功运行频率概率和区域成功运行时间概率，并由此得到负荷点及系统可靠性指标。最后，将文章提出的方法与蒙特卡洛法进行比较，计算结果表明文章提出的方法具有较好的精度及实用性，在大规模配电信息物理系统中效率优势更为明显。     

深水湖泊水库水温数值计算模型研究

本文针对深水湖泊水库三维温度场计算量较大的特点提出了一种计算快捷的湖泊水库三维温度计算模型。该模型根据控制方程中各物理过程的变化特点采用算子分裂法求解,快过程采用隐式求解,慢过程采用显式求解,协调了不同物理过程模拟的时间步长;文中对σ坐标系下的斜压梯度力和水平扩散项的表达式采用z平面均值扣除法进行处理,提高了二者的计算精度,更加适合于湖泊水库的应用。文章最后采用两个算例对模型进行了验证,表明了模型的有效性和实用性。     

冷却方式和冷却结构对非包封干式变压器流场和温度场的影响研究

建立了干式变压器温度场和流场的物理模型,利用FLUENT软件计算和分析了物理模型的温度场分布情况。     

针对网络攻击的配电网信息物理系统风险量化评估

现代物理电力系统的可靠和安全运行依赖于相关的信息系统,针对信息系统的网络攻击会导致严重的物理后果。为此,提出一种配电网信息物理系统网络攻击跨信息物理空间传递的风险量化评估方法。针对配电子站,根据IEC 61850标准建立三层信息模型,以断路器和分段开关为攻击目标,分析可能的攻击路径构造攻击图,提出基于相对熵(Kullback-Leibler(KL)距离)并结合逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)建立的KL-TOPSIS体系对信息系统脆弱性因子进行量化,结合马尔可夫链和深度优先算法综合计算攻击目标的攻击概率,并建立物理设备遭受网络攻击造成的物理后果指标,分别计算攻击各个断路器和分段开关的物理后果。结合物理后果和攻击概率,得到不同配电终端和配电子站的风险值。最后,以改进的配电网算例验证了所提风险评估模型的有效性。     

磁致伸缩换能器材料的物理特性

用磁性物理的理论解释了磁致伸缩的产生机制,分析了磁致伸缩材料在磁化过程中的物理特性,指出了使用磁致伸缩换能器的物理条件。文末还介绍了磁致伸缩换能器材料的最新发展动态。