Influence of the variable-speed wind generators in transient stability margin of the conventional generators integrated in electrical grids

This work demonstrates that the integration of variable-speed wind systems with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and a four-quadrant AC-to-AC converter connected to the rotor windings increases the transient stability margin of the electrical grids, when compared with the case where the fixed speed wind systems with cage generators are used. It is due to the influence of the two dedicated rotor current regulators of the DFIG on the dynamic behavior of the other generators in the system. Besides, adequate models to represent the behavior of the DFIG in transient stability studies are presented. From the simulation results, some important conclusions can be extracted to guide the integration of the wind farms on weak or strong grids.     

Influence of rotor structural dynamics representations on the electrical transient performance of FSIG and DFIG wind turbines

An assessment of the impact that the representation of rotor structural dynamics has on the electrical transient performance of fixed‐speed induction generators (FSIGs) and doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) wind turbines is presented. A three‐mass model that takes into account not only the shaft flexibility but also the blade flexibility in the structural dynamics is developed and used to derive an effective two‐mass model of the drive train dynamics, which represents the dominant natural frequency of vibration of the rotor structure. For the purposes of this investigation, the dynamic performance of both FSIG and DFIG wind turbines is evaluated during electrical transients such as a three‐phase fault in the network. The studies are conducted in the software code Bladed, where a detailed representation of the structural dynamics is used to derive the three‐mass model and the effective two‐mass model. Simulation results which illustrate how these representations of the rotor dynamics affect the response of the wind turbine during the fault are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

为解决大规模风电并网带来的系统频率稳定性降低问题,风电机组通过虚拟惯量控制可为系统提供短期频率支撑,然而惯性响应期间风电机组转速收敛缓慢,导致一部分转子动能被无故浪费;转速恢复阶段的有功突变易造成频率二次跌落。为此,提出基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,实现在释放较少动能的前提下提供与传统策略相同的频率响应服务;并在频率步入准稳态时,借助时变功率函数开始转速恢复,实现转速快速恢复的同时缓解二次频率跌落。基于EMTP-RV仿真软件搭建包含风电场的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。     

风电并网的静态电压稳定性研究

应用P-V曲线法对含风电场（基于变速恒频机组构成）的电力系统的静态电压稳定问题进行研究。提出基于连续潮流法的灵敏度指标来分析风电场并网后系统的静态电压稳定裕度及与相关支路的参与程度情况。通过含有变速恒频机组的风电场并网的简化模型算例进行了仿真研究,结果表明在电压稳定极限点附近,风电功率注入使得风电场及其附近节点成为电压不稳定的关键区域。     

Compensation of network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator-based wind farms

A control strategy for compensating AC network voltage unbalance using doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms is presented. A complete DFIG dynamic model containing both the rotor and grid side converters is used to accurately describe the average and ripple components of active/reactive power, electromagnetic torque and DC bus voltage, under unbalanced conditions. The principle of using DFIG systems to compensate grid voltage unbalance by injecting negative sequence current into the AC system is described. The injected negative sequence current can be provided by either the grid side or the rotor side converters. Various methods for coordinating these two converters are discussed and their respective impacts on power and torque oscillations are described. The validity of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated by simulations on a 30 MW DFIG-based wind farm using Matlab/Simulink during 2 and 4% voltage unbalances. The proposed compensation strategy can not only ensure reliable operation of the wind generators by restricting torque, DC link voltage and power oscillations, but also enable DFIG-based wind farms to contribute to rebalancing the connected network.     

Study on synchronization phenomena of fixed speed wind turbines with an induction generator in a wind farm

Synchronization of rotor angles of fixed speed wind energy converters with an induction generator has been reported in several wind farms. In terms of impacts on a power system, the synchronization could worsen the voltage flicker problems. Although many articles have examined this synchronization, there remains considerable room in the physical interpretation of the phenomena. This article discusses the physical context of the synchronization phenomena of wind turbines in a wind farm. After analysing interaction among electric power output, voltage, generator slip and rotor angle, differential equations describing the phenomena are presented. The synchronization phenomena are examined through a study on equilibria of the equations and their stability. Fundamental characteristics of the phenomena such as pull‐in force, speed of synchronization and the impact of discrepancies among generator characteristics are discussed for two‐ and three‐machine systems. The results show that synchronization tends to occur in wind energy converters with large 3p components and a low power factor, which are interconnected into a grid with large short‐circuit impedance of high X/R ratio. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双馈风力发电机组并网控制策略及性能分析

为了实现双馈风力发电机组无冲击电流并网,基于电网电压定向矢量控制技术,提出了一种考虑转子电流动态调节特性的双馈风力发电机组空载并网控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立了双馈风力发电机系统及其并网控制的数学模型,并对不同初始运行转速的双馈风力发电机组的自动并网运行特性进行了仿真。仿真实验结果证明无论初始转速为同步转速,还是超、亚同步转速,利用提出的并网控制策略,双馈风力发电机组能很好快速地建立定子电压,并网过渡过程定子电流基本没有冲击。     

Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency

Synchronous and fixed-speed induction generators release the kinetic energy of their rotating mass when the power system frequency is reduced. In the case of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines, their control system operates to apply a restraining torque to the rotor according to a predetermined curve with respect to the rotor speed. This control system is not based on the power system frequency and there is negligible contribution to the inertia of the power system. A DFIG control system was modified to introduce inertia response to the DFIG wind turbine. Simulations were used to show that with the proposed control system, the DFIG wind turbine can supply considerably greater kinetic energy than a fixed-speed wind turbine.     

并网异步风力发电机组模型及参数对其暂态稳定性的影响

建立了笼型异步发电机考虑定子电磁暂态的详细模型、忽略定子电磁暂态的简化模型、同时忽略定转子电磁暂态的稳态模型以及一个和两个质量块的风力机轴系模型.针对上述不同组合的5个风力发电机组模型,利用Matlab/Simulink对发电机端部发生三相短路故障情况下的机组暂态行为进行了仿真比较,并通过时域仿真求取了风力机组不同模型下机组故障临界切除时问.结果表明,采用不同风力机组模型对机组暂态稳定性分析结果有很大影响,发电机简化模型和两个质量块的风力机轴系模型较为合适.最后,以提出的合适模型为例,详细研究了风力机模型参数对机组暂态稳定性的影响.     

应用撬棒电路的双馈型风力发电机低电压穿越分析

风电场规模已经变得越来越大,风电机组的解列会严重影响系统的稳定性,这就要求风电机组具有低电压穿越能力以应对电网电压跌落。由于DFIG的定子侧直接与电网相联,在电网电压突然跌落时,定转子中会出现很大的电压和电流,需采用Crowbar电路（撬棒电路）来旁路转子侧变流器。文中分析了Crowbar电路的控制原理,然后在理论分析的基础上进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了Crowbar电路能够帮助DFIG在故障期间实现低电压穿越,最后进一步分析了Crowbar电路投切时间的选取。     

Synchronous mode operation of DFIG based wind turbines for improvement of power system inertia

Inertia emulation methods exist to compensate for the reduced inertial support provided by doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines. Instead of emulating inertia, this paper proposes to temporarily convert DFIGs to synchronous generators, enabling supply of real inertia to the system. In order to achieve this, the voltage supplied to the DFIG rotor needs to be made independent of the grid frequency. Feeding the rotor with a fixed dc voltage while it is rotating at synchronous speed enables the DFIG to operate in synchronism with the grid and couple the inertia of its rotating mass to the power system. The rotor side converter of a DFIG can be controlled to function as the dc voltage source, allowing convenient switching between the two operation modes according to system requirements.     

双馈变速风电机组低电压穿越控制

当系统中风电装机容量比例较大时,系统故障导致电压跌落后,风电场切除会严重影响系统运行的稳定性,这就要求风电机组具有低电压穿越（Low Voltage Ride Through,LVRT）能力,保证系统发生故障后风电机组不间断并网运行。分析了双馈风电机组LVRT原理和基于转子撬棒保护（crow-bar protection）的LVRT控制策略,在电力系统仿真分析软件DIgSILENT/Power Factory中建立了双馈风电机组模型及其LVRT控制模型,以某地区风电系统为例进行仿真计算,分析转子撬棒投入与切除策略及动作时间对实现机组LVRT的影响。     

Coordinated Reactive Power Control of a Large Wind Farm and a STATCOM Using Heuristic Dynamic Programming

A novel interface neurocontroller (INC) is proposed for the coordinated reactive power control between a large wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) and a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) technique and radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are used to design this INC. It effectively reduces the level of voltage sags as well as the over-currents in the DFIG rotor circuit during grid faults, and therefore, significantly enhances the fault ride-through capability of the wind farm. The INC also acts as a coordinated external damping controller for the wind farm and the STATCOM, and therefore, improves power oscillation damping of the system after grid faults. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC and the results are presented to verify the proposed INC.      

Coordinated control of TCPS and SMES for frequency regulation of interconnected restructured power systems with dynamic participation from DFIG based wind farm

Among the several wind generation technologies, variable-speed wind turbines utilizing doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) are gaining momentum in the power industry. Increased penetration of these wind turbine generators displaces conventional synchronous generators which results in erosion of system frequency. With this assertion, the paper analyzes the dynamic participation of DFIG for frequency control of an interconnected two-area power system in restructured competitive electricity market. Frequency control support function responding proportionally to frequency deviation is proposed to take out the kinetic energy of wind turbine for improving the frequency response of the system. Impacts of varying wind penetration in the system and varying active power support from DFIG on frequency control have been investigated. The presence of thyristor controlled phase shifter (TCPS) in series with the tie-line and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) at the terminal of one area in conjunction with dynamic active power support from DFIG results in optimal transient performance for PoolCo transactions. Integral gains of AGC loop and parameters of TCPS and SMES are optimized through craziness-based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO) in order to have optimal transient responses of area frequencies, tie-line power deviation and DFIG parameters.     

Variable-speed wind power generation using doubly fed wound rotor induction machine-a comparison with alternative schemes

In this paper, a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a grid-connected wound rotor induction machine controlled from the rotor side is compared with both fixed speed and variable speed systems using a cage rotor induction machine. The comparison is done on, the basis of: (1) major hardware components required; (2) operating region; and (3) energy output due to a defined wind function using the characteristics of a practical wind turbine. Although a fixed speed system is more simple and reliable, it severely limits the energy output of a wind turbine. In case of variable speed systems, comparison shows that using a wound rotor induction machine of similar rating can significantly enhance energy capture. This comes about due to the ability to operate with rated torque even at supersynchronous speeds; power is then generated out of the rotor as well as the stator. Moreover, with rotor side control, the voltage rating of the power devices and DC bus capacitor bank is reduced. The size of the line side inductor also decreased. Results are presented to show the substantial advantages of the doubly fed system.     

Direct power control of wind‐turbine‐driven DFIG during transient grid voltage unbalance

In this paper, a direct power control (DPC) of a wind‐turbine‐driven doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) under unbalanced network voltage conditions is studied. Variations of the stator output active, reactive and electromagnetic powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage. The rotor side converter is controlled on the basis of DPC to eliminate the electromagnetic torque oscillations at double supply frequency under unbalanced stator supply. The rotor voltage references estimation requires only simple calculations without any integral operation. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. The performance of the proposed and conventional DPC schemes is compared under the same operating conditions. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are carried out for a 1.5 MW DFIG wind generation system to show the validity of the proposed scheme during unbalanced voltage supply. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改善基于双馈感应发电机并网风电场的低电压穿越能力研究

为保持系统稳定,必须要求大规模并网风电场具有低电压穿越能力。双馈感应发电机（DFIG）低电压穿越功能已成为研究热点。介绍了串联制动电阻装置对双馈感应发电机暂稳特性贡献的机理。详细分析了在电网故障情况下,制动电阻装置对双馈风电场低电压穿越能力的贡献,分别就制动电阻接在风电场升压变处与接在双馈感应发电机机端对低电压穿越的改善效果进行分析。试验结果表明：故障期间投入适当大小制动电阻,能较好地提高双馈风电场低电压穿越功能;将制动电阻放置在风电场升压变处贡献效果优于将制动电阻装置放置在双馈感应发电机机端处。     

Performance comparison of 1X versus 4X HTS tapes toward the design a 10‐MW direct drive HTS generator for wind turbine applications

With current developments underway at the University of Houston, 4× high‐temperature superconducting (HTS) yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) tapes are expected to reach a fourfold critical current density improvement at 30 K and 3 T as part of an Advanced Research Projects Agency‐Energy (ARPA‐E)‐sponsored project. The impetus for this project is to develop and deploy cost‐effective direct drive HTS generators for large offshore wind turbine generators. The improved conductor performance of 4× tapes over 1× tapes is projected to allow for a significant reduction in the amount of HTS tapes required to generate the excitation field and, thus, lead to a reduction of the overall generator cost. It was, however, deduced from simulation results that conventional methods of rotor field enhancement using rotor iron makes 1× conductor competitive enough compared with 4× conductors; hence, commercially available YBCO tapes can provide all the energy density requirements to make wind turbines a competitive energy resource based on energy forecasts. This paper is a presentation of design and optimization work to find the best generator topology from the point of view of both machine design and electricity supply. The generators are numerically modeled and simulated using 1× and 4× YBCO HTS conductors on either or of both the rotor and stator side of the generators.     

Impact of wind farms on a power system. An eigenvalue analysis approach

This paper analyzes the frequency dynamic behavior in a power system with a high wind power penetration. To this end, wind farms equipped with squirrel cage and doubly fed induction generators are compared. Aspects of the modeling of the different kinds of wind generation and power systems are cited. Then, it is shown, through an eigenvalue analysis, that wind farms equipped by doubly fed induction machines, adequately controlled, can contribute to improve the frequency dynamics. Simulations are presented which verify the theoretical results.     

Comparative study on transient stability analysis of wind turbine generator system using different drive train models

A huge number of wind generators are going to be connected with the existing network in the near future. Therefore it is necessary to analyse the transient stability of power systems, including wind turbine generator systems (WTGS). It has already been reported that one-mass or lumped model of wind turbine system is insufficient to analyse the transient behaviour of WTGS. It has also been reported that for the precise transient analysis of WTGS, a six-mass drive train model is needed. The reduced order models (three-mass and two-mass) have also been adopted so far for transient behaviour analysis. But the transient stability analysis of using six-mass, three-mass and two-mass drive train models has not been reported sufficiently so far in the literature. The authors have conducted an analysis using these methods. First, a detailed transformation procedure is presented from six-mass drive train model to two-mass model, which can be used in the analysis of transient stability simulation with sufficient accuracy. It is then determined which drive train model is appropriate for transient stability analysis of grid-connected WTGS. The effects of drive train parameters (such as inertia constant, spring constant and damping constant) on stability are examined using the above mentioned types of drive train models. Moreover, different types of symmetrical and asymmetrical faults at different wind generator power levels are considered in the simulation analyses with and without considering damping constants in six-mass, three-mass and two-mass shaft models. Considering the simulation results, it can be concluded that two-mass shaft model is sufficient for the transient stability analysis of WTGS.