材料不均匀层对垂直裂纹的作用

界面层(或界面相)断裂行为是复合材料细观力学的一个重要问题。本文研究裂纹垂直侵入双材料之间刚度性质呈单调变化的界面层的断裂问题。近似分析与大规模有限元计算均表明:当裂纹从软相一侧跨越界面层时,裂尖应力强度因子不断上升;当裂纹从硬相一侧跨越界面层时,裂尖应力强度因子不断下降。      

梯度涂层材料中裂纹问题的非均匀元分析

本文采用非均匀等参有限元的方法研究了薄膜梯度涂层/均匀基材中的界面裂纹问题,并与双材料界面裂纹情况进行了对比计算。研究表明:在均匀基材上采用梯度涂层,与双材料相比可以有效地降低裂尖场应力强度因子;同时还分析了涂层厚度与梯度参数对界面应力强度因子的影响。结果表明:当薄膜厚度大于或等于裂纹长度时,应力强度因子(KI、KII)对其尺度的变化显得不敏感;对梯度参数的影响而言,当材料性能曲线的幂指数m大于1时,裂尖场的应力强度因子KII相对KI很小且基本不随m变化,因此裂尖场与均匀材料情况类似;当m小于1时,应力强度因子KII随m减小而急剧增大,裂尖场由KI及KII控制,断裂趋于混合型。     

LY12爆炸复合板垂直界面疲劳性能研究

本文考察了LY12爆炸复合板不同取向的拉伸强度,分层韧性及垂直层合界面疲劳裂纹扩展行为.观测了垂直界面疲劳长裂纹的扩展路径形态,并利用断裂力学理论讨论了材料的层状结构与其疲劳性能之间的关系.结果表明,层合板中的层间界面性能对其疲劳性能具有重要影响,在LY12爆炸复合板中,垂直板面方向的疲劳裂纹在界面处发生了明显的止裂.     

垂直界面裂纹应力强度因子的加料有限元分析

为求解裂尖位于界面上的垂直双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子,发展了一种加料有限元方法。该方法应用Williams本征函数展开和线性变换方法求解裂尖渐进位移场,将该位移场加入常规单元位移模式中,得到加料垂直界面裂纹单元和过渡单元的位移模式,给出加料有限元方程。建立了典型垂直界面裂纹平面问题的加料有限元模型,求解加料有限元方程直接得到应力强度因子,与文献结果对比表明该方法具有较高的精度,可方便地推广应用于垂直界面裂纹的计算分析。     

动态界面裂纹扩展行为的分形描述

本文以无限弹性体中具有自相似分形几何结构的含裂纹界面研究对象，借助分形几何概念对分形界面裂纹的动态扩展行为即对界面裂尖应力场，界面裂纹扩展速度，加速度，裂尖复合应力强度因子，动态能量释放率，双材料不匹配参数，界面裂纹的分维以及它们之间的关系进行描述，给出了界面裂纹扩展行为的分形动力学模式。     

缺口状态对SiC/LY12复合材料短裂纹疲劳行为的影响

研究了峰值时效状态下SiC/LY12复合材料及LY12铝合金不同缺口状态下的短裂纹扩展行为,结果表明:在尖缺口及钝缺口状态下,短裂纹扩展均表现出“马鞍”型特征;尖缺口下,SiC不利于材料疲劳性能,钝缺口下,Sic有利于材料疲劳性能;用闭合效应和缺口根部塑性区大小解释了缺口状态对短裂纹扩展的影响.     

求解双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子的扩展有限元法

基于双材料界面裂纹尖端的基本解,构造扩展有限元法(eXtended Finite Element Methods, XFEM)裂尖单元结点的改进函数。有限元网格剖分不遵从材料界面,考虑3种类型的结点改进函数:弱不连续改进函数、Heaviside改进函数和裂尖改进函数,建立XFEM的位移模式,给出计算双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子(Stress Intensity Factors, SIFs)的相互作用积分方法。数值结果表明:XFEM无需遵从材料界面剖分网格,该文的方法能够准确评价双材料界面裂纹尖端的SIFs。     

SiCw/Al复合材料在TEM下的拉伸行为

在备有拉伸台的透射电镜上原位观察了SiCw/Al复合材料的变形、裂纹萌生及其扩展过程.结果发现,变形初期,位错主要从晶界及SiCw-Al界面处开动,在晶界与晶须周围产生大量位错.裂纹萌生源主要为:(1)材料制备过程中受损伤或破断的晶须;(2)晶须富集区.晶须与晶界对裂纹的扩展有阻碍作用.当裂纹取向与晶须大致垂直时,裂尖在晶须附近钝化然后绕过晶须扩展,当裂纹取向与晶须接近平行时,裂尖在晶须端部附近钝化后沿其一侧扩展.     

考虑界面过渡层的编织CMC裂尖混合度的研究

对于界面断裂的三维编织CMC,其断裂混合度Ψ对材料的断裂韧性影响显著。尽管由于一个不确定的参量——断裂特征长度,界面断裂混合度几乎难以确定,但是与界面断裂混合度相关的裂纹尖端断裂混合度Ψ_tip可以唯一确定。这样,就可以用裂纹尖端断裂混合度Ψ_tip研究三维编织CMC的断裂韧性。本文通过数值方法分析了倾斜角度、界面层厚度与混合度的关系,进一步研究了三维编织CMC的裂纹扩展路径对于裂尖混合度的影响,为材料断裂韧性的优化设计提供了依据。     

缺口状态对SiC／LY12复合材料短纹疲劳行为的影响

研究峰值时效状态下ＳｉＣ／ＬＹ１２复合材料及ＬＹ１２铝合金不同缺口状态下的敌裂纹扩展行为，结果表明：在尖缺口及钝缺口状态下，短裂纹扩展的均表现为“马鞍”型特征；尖缺口下，ＳｉＣ不利于材料疲劳性能，钝缺口下，ＳｉＣ有利于材料疲劳性能，用闭合效应和缺口根部塑性区大小解释了缺口状态对短裂纹扩展的影响。     

定向断裂控制爆破爆生裂纹扩展机理的实验研究

采用新型数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,对缺陷介质双孔定向断裂控制爆破裂纹扩展的动态行为进行了研究。结果表明,预制斜裂纹阻断了爆生主裂纹的扩展,最终两条主裂纹分别与翼裂纹形成相互勾连的形状。爆生主裂纹尖端以张拉应力场为主,其断裂为近似I型断裂。当爆生主裂纹运动到预制裂纹附近时,主裂纹端部应力场与预制裂纹尖端奇异应力场相互叠加,在预制裂纹尖端形成较强的拉剪应力场,且受已有主裂纹面的影响,预制裂纹扩展表现为弯向主裂纹面的弯曲断裂。研究结果可为含节理岩体定向断裂控制爆破提供理论依据。     

SiCw/MB15复合材料断裂行为研究

扫描电镜下采用动态拉伸法,原位观察SiCw/MB15复合材料复合材料在动态受载条件下裂纹形成、扩展至断裂的全过程,并对断口进行了分析。结果表明,裂纹主要在折断的晶须处萌生,在主裂纹前端应力集中区内长大、连结,在与主应力垂直方向上形成宏观裂纹。     

Analysis of composite skin/stiffener debounding and failure under uniaxial loading

In this paper, damage mechanisms in the composite bounded skin/stiffener constructions under monotonic tension loading are investigated. The approach uses experiments to detect the failure mechanisms, two and three-dimensional stress analysis to determine the location of first matrix cracking and computational fracture mechanics to investigate the potential for cracks and delamination growth. The laminates strength and damage mechanisms obtained from both experimental and finite elements analysis are presented for several laminates lay-up configurations. Observations on the performed experiments show matrix crack initiation and propagation in the skin and near the flange tip, causing the flange to almost fully debounded from the skin in some cases, interlaminar debounding and fiber breakage up to the failure of the components. The finite elements analysis is also show that the matrix cracks are initiated in the first skin layer for most of the cases. With increasing the applied load the matrix cracks are propagated through the thickness to reach the next layer and causes delamination between the two layers. With increasing the applied load this delamination is propagated up to the occurrence of unstable delamination growth or the first fiber breakage known as the final failure of the component. The obtained experimental failure loads are compared with those calculated by the finite elements analysis.     

A numerical analysis of failure characteristics of ductile layers in laminated composites

In this study, the failure of the ductile layers from collinear, multiple and delaminating cracks that occur in laminated composite systems was studied using a constitutive relationship that accounts for strength degradation resulting from the nucleation and growth of voids. The results indicate that, in laminated composites, void nucleation and growth ahead of the cracks occur at a much faster rate because of evolution of much higher stress values in the interface region. Except for short crack extensions, collinear and multiple cracks develop crack resistance curves similar to that seen for a crack in the ductile layer material as a homogenous isotropic cases. For delaminating crack cases, the fracture behaviour is strongly influenced by the delamination length. The resistance of the ductile layers to crack extension can be significantly reduced by short delamination lengths; however, for large delamination lengths the resistance to crack extension becomes greater than that seen for the ductile material. The results also show that, if the crack tip is at the interface, similar maximum stress values develop in the ductile layers as in the fracture test of the same ductile material, suggesting that ductile–brittle fracture transition behaviour of the ductile layers is dependent upon the extent of the cracks in the brittle layers and fracture characteristics of the brittle layers.     

The elastic stress fields of elliptic and tapered cracks with predefined shapes

The shape of a tapered crack is more alike cracks in brittle materials than an elliptical crack. The deformation and stress fields for a tapered crack are therefore estimated for hydrostatic pressure and tensional stress by applying the method of complex potentials. The stress fields for the tapered and elliptical cracks are quite similar, which suggests that the elliptical crack can be used as a model for the stress fields for cracks in general. However, the tapered crack has a larger tensional stress at the crack tip, which show that fracture propagation occur at lower applied stresses than for the elliptical crack. A tapered shape of fluid filled fractures can account for their discontinuous propagation. The discontinuous fracture propagation is observed in a large scale by volcanic eruptions where the fracture propagation generates seismic activity.     

Dynamic crack growth along an elastoplastic bimaterial interface

Summary The near-tip stress and deformation rate fields of a crack dynamically propagating along an interface between dissimilar elastic-plastic bimaterials are presented in this paper. The elastic-plastic materials are characterised by theJ ₂-flow theory with linear plastic hardening. The solutions are assumed to be of variable-separable form with a power-law singularity in the radial direction. Two distinct solutions corresponding to the tensile and shear solutions exist with slightly different singularity strengths and very different mixities at the crack tip. The phenomenon of discrete and determinate mixities at the interfacial crack tip is confirmed in dynamic crack growth. This is not an artifact of the variable-separable solution assumption, arising from the linear-hardening material model. The dynamic crack analysis shows that the mixity of the near-tip field is mainly determined by the given material parameters and affected slightly by the crack propagation velocity. A significant variation of the mixity is observed near to the coalescing point of the tensile and shear solutions. The strength of the singularity is almost determined by the smaller strain-hardening alone, and dynamic inertia decreases the stress intensity. The asymptotic solutions reveal that the crack propagation velocity changes only the stress field of the tensile mode significantly. With increasing the crack propagation velocity, the stress singularity of the tensile solutions decreases obviously and the stress triaxiality at the tip (=0) falls considerably at the unity effective stress. These observations imply that the fracture toughness of the interface crack under tensile mode may be significantly higher than that under quasi-static conditions.     

Fracture toughness of laminated steels

Lamination occurs spontaneously in the transverse direction in many commercially available steel plates, if the transverse stresses are sufficiently high. Previous investigations have indicated that lamination is often accompanied by an improvement in the fracture toughness of the plate material. In the vicinity of the crack tip, the stress concentration is so large that the bond between adjacent layers will break before crack propagation sets in. If these layers are sufficiently thin, a state of plane stress is approached near the crack tip. In the present study, the influence of layer thickness and bond strength on the fracture toughness is investigated. It is shown that lamination does improve the toughness, if certain conditions in these variables are fulfilled. This offers a possibility to build up structures with high yield stress and high fracture toughness at the same time, since the permissible defect size to prevent unstable crack growth need not be uncomfortably small.     

拉—拉疲劳下15MnMoVN多裂纹扩展研究

为分析单裂纹或多裂纹在裂纹面承受疲劳拉伸载荷作用下尖端应力强度因子变化规律和裂纹形貌变化以及疲劳寿命情况,以含不同初始长深比的半椭圆单裂纹或双裂纹的薄片试样为研究对象,对试样在应力比R=0.1的疲劳拉伸载荷下单裂纹或双裂纹情况进行了仿真分析。建立含裂纹试样的有限元模型,仿真分析了裂纹在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的分布情况,并将单裂纹扩展结果与双裂纹相互作用影响下的结果进行了对比研究;进行含裂纹试样的疲劳实验,分析了含单裂纹或双裂纹的试样的断裂面的形成原因,并验证仿真结果正确性。结果表明,裂纹面之间的相互作用会逐渐影响裂纹的扩展方向、扩展速率以及在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的变化趋势;而且初始形貌为半椭圆形的双裂纹在相互作用影响下会逐渐过渡到半圆形。     

On the mechanism of crack propagation resistance of fully lamellar TiAl alloy

The study was done using notched two-colony thick tensile specimens of a directionally solidified cast fully lamellar TiAl alloy. In-situ observations of fracture processes in scanning electron microscope (SEM) were combined with section-to-section related observations of fracture surfaces to investigate the crack growth process. Finite element method (FEM) calculations are carried out to evaluate the stresses for propagating cracks. The results reveal that: (1) the reason why enhancement of applied load is required to propagate the main crack, was attributed to that the main crack observed at the surface did not extend all the way through the specimen's thickness thus the stress field was still controlled by the notch, in which a definite stress required for extending a crack tip should be kept by increasing the applied load. (2) Crack propagation resistance is enhanced at colony boundaries, only when a change occurs from an inter-lamellar propagation to a trans-lamellar propagation (3) Ligament bridging toughening phenomena can be integrated into aforementioned mechanism. As a whole the processes of new crack nucleation with bridging ligament formation decreases the crack propagation resistance rather than increasing it. (4) In case the majority of microcracks are surface cracks, the effect of microcrack shielding is not obvious.