Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurea foam

Polymeric foams are ubiquitous in impact mitigation for civilian and military applications; the performance in such loading scenarios can be elucidated through quasi-static and dynamic mechanical testing. The present study reports on the complex microstructure of newly synthesized polyurea foams exhibiting a hierarchical structure consisting of large perforated semi-closed spherical cells with a mean diameter of 370 ± 162 μm surrounded by smaller closed, spherical cells with size distribution of 69 ± 18 μm. The stress–strain curves were used to calculate the basic mechanical properties and to predict the dynamic behavior of the foams. Nonlinear regression and finite element analyses were used to calibrate the Ogden hyperfoam model to explicate the hyperelastic behavior. The performance of the polyurea foam was found to outperform a benchmark foam in nearly all the elastic and energy absorbing properties. For example, one variation of the newly synthesized foam stored nearly doubled the energy of the benchmark foam while being 12% lighter. Low-density polyurea foam was found to decelerate an incoming impact mass with a minimum G-level that was nearly one third lower than the higher density polyurea and benchmark foams. In all, the behavior of the foam is dependent on the parameters of the fabrication process. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48839.     

Simple and generally applicable method of determination and evaluation of foam properties

A new, simple foam test, in which a well-controlled volume of gas is introduced into a definite volume of solution, is presented along with the method of analysis. Aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and n-hexanol, i.e., four systems forming metastable and transient foams, were studied. The parameter R5, defined as the ratio of the height of the foam at 5 min after formation to the initial height, is proposed for the evaluation of foam stability. Foams having R5 values higher than 50% can be considered as metastable. Lower R5 values indicate low-stability foams. Changes of R5 values with concentration are similar to those of foam half-life with concentration. Thus, instead of measurements lasting hours for the foam half-life, one can obtain similar information from tests lasting only a few minutes. With this test also one can obtain information about the solution contents in foams. This parameter can be used as an additional criterion for the evaluation of foam stability. In the case of metastable foams formed by SDS, CTAB, and n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, the initial foam volume was almost equal to the volumes of the dispersed gas and the solution carried into the foam by the bubbles. This shows that there was practically no rupture of foam films at the stage of the foam formation.     

泡沫碳化硅陶瓷材料的研究进展

泡沫碳化硅陶瓷材料除了孔隙率高、比表面积大,还具有相对密度小、优良的热学、力学、电学、声学性能等特性,已经广泛应用于化工、机械、生物、环保等领域。本文总结了泡沫碳化硅陶瓷材料的主要制备技术,包括粉末烧结法、固相反应烧结法、含硅树脂热解法以及气相沉积法等。阐述了泡沫碳化硅陶瓷材料的几种优良特性,包括结构特征、流体阻力、抗氧化性、吸波性等。最后举例介绍了该陶瓷在催化、过滤、生物学等领域的应用现状,重点介绍了其作为塔内件在化工领域中的应用,指出为满足对泡沫碳化硅陶瓷更高性能的需求,不仅要对现有技术进行集成创新,更要挖掘和开发泡沫碳化硅的潜在优势。     

Improving the flame-retardant property of bottle-grade PET foam made by reactive foam extrusion

Upcycling of low intrinsic viscosity (IV) poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) grades, such as bottle- or recycled grades, by a reactive foam extrusion process, provides an appropriate alternative to high pricing, high IV grades commonly used for foaming applications. However, the drawback of bottle-grade PET foams is its flame retardant (FR) performance. In this study, pyromellitic dianhydride was used as a chain extender to foam bottle-grade PET. The influence of different FRs, containing halogenated (HFR) and four different phosphorous-based types, on the processability and final foam properties was investigated. HFR showed better processability to achieve proper foams with fine morphology compared to P-based FRs, where the FR content was adjusted between 2 and 5 wt%. However, HFR exhibited lower FR performance by cone calorimeter testing compared to the P-based FRs and the commercial reference foam Kerdyn. Nonetheless, all of the FRs can only improve the time to ignition of the neat PET foams while the other values depend on the specific type of FR. In addition, all FR foams have improved mechanical properties more than twice in comparison to the neat PET foam.     

Nanoclay filled soy‐based polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam was fabricated from polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) and soy‐based polyol. Nanoclay Cloisite 30B was incorporated into the foam systems to improve their thermal stabilities and mechanical properties. Neat polyurethane was used as a control. Soy‐based polyurethane foams with 0.5–3 parts per hundred of polyols by weight (php) of nanoclay were prepared. The distribution of nanoclay in the composites was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and the morphology of the composites was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties were evaluated through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Compression and three‐point bending tests were conducted on the composites. The densities of nanoclay soy‐based polyurethane foams were higher than that of the neat soy‐based polyurethane foam. At a loading of 0.5 php nanoclay, the compressive, flexural strength, and modulus of the soy‐based polyurethane foam were increased by 98%, 26%, 22%, and 65%, respectively, as compared to those of the neat soy‐based polyurethane foam. The storage modulus of the soy‐based polyurethane foam was improved by the incorporation of nanoclay. The glass transition temperature of the foam was increased as the nanoclay loading was increased. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Active metal brazing of graphite foam-to-titanium joints made with SiC-Coated foam

Medium-density, high-conductivity carbon foams were joined to titanium using a two-step process that first exposed foam to SiO vapor at 1450 °C for 30 min. under vacuum followed by vacuum brazing Ti using Cusil-ABA to the sides of prismatic foam pieces along the ‘with-rise’ (WR) or foaming direction and the ‘against rise’ (AR) or transvers direction. Well-bonded joints with braze-infiltrated foam and Ti-rich interfaces formed along WR and AR. The un-bonded foam was stronger along WR (785 kPa) than along AR (277 kPa) as were the joints made using coated and uncoated foams. Foam thickness minimally affected joint strength along WR but along AR, joints with thick foam were 58 % stronger. The coating marginally (9 %) lowered joint strength along WR but led to a nearly 50 % strength drop along AR. The experimental foam is more robust and amenable to coating and joining along foaming direction than transverse to it.     

泡沫铜孔隙率和孔密度对流动与沸腾换热特性的影响

以去离子水作为工质，设计并搭建了以泡沫铜为研究对象的单相和两相换热实验系统。对于单相流动换热，当Re数较小时，孔隙率80%、孔密度90PPI的泡沫铜样品换热性能最好；当Re数较大时，孔隙率80%、孔密度45PPI的泡沫铜样品换热性能最好。泡沫铜最大换热系数为空通道的6倍，但同时需付出更大的泵功损耗为代价。对于两相流沸腾换热，低孔隙率样品70%~80%能有效地降低壁面过热度和强化沸腾换热性能。孔隙率对沸腾换热性能起决定性作用，孔隙率越低，沸腾换热系数越大；孔密度对沸腾换热性能起次要作用。90PPI泡沫铜样品，因其成核址密度高和毛细力较大，有助于提升泡沫铜的沸腾换热性能。     

The fabrication of mechanoluminescent composites manufactured via the displaced foam dispersion technique

ABSTRACT

Mechanoluminescent (ML) phosphors are ideal components for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of in-service fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs); the integration of ML phosphors however, has proven difficult due to ML phosphor properties such as density, morphology and chemical structure. This paper seeks to address such processing difficulties through the utilisation of the novel displaced foam dispersion (DFD) technique. The displaced foam dispersion (DFD) technique is a particular method for manufacturing particulate composites in which particulates are integrated into expendable PS foams. The foams are then placed between fibre fabrics and dissolved upon the infusion of vinyl ester (VE) resin, leaving the particulates in place. Herein, ML-FRCs using two varieties of ML phosphors are manufactured via the DFD technique followed by short beam shear (SBS) testing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are used to observe sample cross sections as well as identify the spatial location of ML phosphors and fibre constituents. Short beam shear tests indicate a reduction in shear strength with the integration of polystyrene (PS) foam however, the integration of ML phosphor foams yielded slightly stronger composites as compared to samples with only PS foams. SEM and EDS analysis yield the spatial location of constituents as well noticeable differences in fibre compaction that correlate with reductions in strength. The results of this study reveal important variables for /considerations for further development of the DFD technique for the fabrication of ML-FRCs.     

Design of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer foam and its double-layer composite for improving sound absorption properties via experimental method and theoretical verification

In this work, the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) foam was fabricated via 4-4′-oxobisbenzenesulfonyl hydrazide (OBSH) and phenolic resin (PF) in an effort to prepare the sound-absorbing composite which has excellent sound absorption at the medium and low frequency. For single-layer EPDM foams, cell morphology showed a certain pattern, causing the peak of the sound absorption coefficient move to a higher frequency and the peak value reached a maximum of about 0.75 as the OBSH content increased. In addition, with the foaming temperature increasing, the cell morphology had a different tendency and the peak of the sound absorption coefficient moved first to the higher frequency and then to the lower frequency due to the vulcanization reaction. Compared with the single-layer EPDM foams, the sound absorption curve of the double-layer composite made of the single-layer EPDM foam and pure EPDM sheet with cavities moved to a lower frequency by about 400 Hz. The theoretical calculation method was used to verify the accuracy of the experimental results. This work provided a simple approach to control the sound absorption property of EPDM foamed material and its double-layer composite through from an experimental and theoretical perspective.     

Water-blown flexible polyurethane foam extended with biomass materials

Soy protein isolate, soy fiber, and cornstarch (0–40% polyether polyol) were incorporated into a flexible polyurethane foam formulation. Stress–strain curves of the control foam and foams containing 10–20% biomass material exhibit a considerable plateau stress region but not for foams extended with 30–40% biomass materials. An increase in biomass material percentage increases foam density. An increase in initial water content decreases foam density. Foams extended with 30% soy protein isolate, as well as foams extended with 30% soy fiber, have notably greater resilience values than all other extended foams. The comfort factor increases with increasing percentage of biomass material in foam formulation. Foams containing 10–40% biomass materials display significantly lower values in compression-set than the control foam. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 695–703, 1997     

聚氨酯有机硅匀泡剂的研究及应用

综述了近年来有机硅表面活性剂聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚醚改性聚硅氧烷作为聚氨酯泡沫塑料匀泡剂的研究进展,重点介绍了其主要品种S i─C型聚醚改性聚硅氧烷在无溶剂工艺、催化剂的制备及聚醚配方优化等方面的进展,指出目前提高国产软泡匀泡剂的产品质量是聚氨酯有机硅匀泡剂研究的发展方向。     

亲疏水性对泡沫金属池沸腾换热特性的影响

随着航空飞机和航天器不断向高性能发展,热控制系统的紧凑性和散热效率亟需提高。泡沫金属具有超大的比表面积和高热导率,在航空航天热控制领域具有良好的应用前景。对亲水性和疏水改性泡沫金属内的池沸腾换热特性进行了试验研究,并与未改性泡沫金属进行对比,得出了亲疏水性对不同孔密度和孔隙率泡沫金属池沸腾换热特性的影响规律。测试样件为泡沫铜,孔密度为5、20和40 PPI,孔隙率为85%和95%。结果表明,疏水改性可使泡沫金属内池沸腾的起始过热度降低20%～30%;疏水改性泡沫金属和亲水改性泡沫金属分别在低热通量（q<4×10⁵ W/m²）和高热通量（q≥4×10⁵ W/m²）条件下具有最佳的沸腾换热性能;表面改性对于低孔隙率泡沫金属内池沸腾强化换热效果更加显著,且亲水改性的强化效果优于疏水改性。     

双负载抗生素亲水性聚氨酯泡沫的制备与表征

因细菌、异物和炎症等因素引起的慢性伤口会有过量的伤口渗出液流出,影响伤口周围健康皮肤,不利于伤口愈合.针对以上问题,我们开发了双负载亲、疏水性抗生素的亲水性聚氨酯泡沫作为慢性伤口的创面敷料.通过电子显微镜观察,泡沫的孔径均匀地分布在200～400 μm之间.聚氨酯泡沫中载入的药物对聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能略有影响,对吸液率...     

Fabrication of copper coated polymer foam and their application for hexavalent chromium removal

The polymer foam coated with zero-valent copper (Cu⁰) was designed and prepared for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in water. Firstly, porous poly(tert-butyl acrylate) was fabricated by concentrated emulsion polymerization and then acrylic acid groups were generated on the surface of foam by hydrolysis reaction. Secondly, with the help of the large amount reactive carboxylic acid groups, polyethyleneimine (PEI) were chemically grafted onto the surface by the reaction between amine group and acrylic acid group. Finally, zero-valent copper was reduced by sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and coated on the surface of polymer foam. Thus the copper functionalized porous adsorbent (Cu⁰–PEI–PAA) was constructed, and then applied for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The removal mechanism of Cr(VI) involved redox reaction by zero-valent copper and adsorption by amine groups, simultaneously. As a result, 99.5% of Cr(VI) could be removed within 2 h, and the maximum removal capacity for Cr(VI) of Cu⁰–PEI(1800)–PAA was 9.16 mg/g. Furthermore, the effect of initial concentration of Cr(VI), pH value, and temperature on the Cr(VI) removal was investigated. Therefore, the as-prepared zero-valent copper-loaded polymer foam could be an efficient and promising remediation material to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

Performance characteristics of novel mechanical foam breakers in a stirred tank reactor

Unlimited foam formation and insufficient foam collapse can have serious effects in an aerated system such as a fermentation process. Mechanical foam breakers are used in foam control to avoid the drawbacks associated with the use of chemical antifoams and defoaming agents. In this paper, two new foam breakers consisting of a two‐blade paddle with three slits, and a two‐blade paddle with 168 thin needles have been tested. They gave significantly reduced critical speeds and power consumption for foam control in a stirred vessel, compared with some conventional foam breakers. The effects of various parameters, namely the physical properties of the foaming solution, type of gas sparger, surfactant concentration, and foam‐breaker clearance above liquid level, have been investigated. The degree of difficulty of controlling dynamic foams generated continuously in a stirred vessel is found to be a function of the nature of the foam, ie its bubble size, its liquid holdup, and the degree of foamability of the system. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

二氧化碳泡沫稳定性及聚合物对其泡沫性能的影响

基于CO₂气体性质的特殊性以及CO₂泡沫在多孔介质中表现出不同于其他气体泡沫的现象,利用气流法,选用十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）作为起泡剂,研究了CO₂泡沫的稳定性和衰减规律,以及聚合物部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）对CO₂泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,在相同条件下,CO₂泡沫的稳定性比N₂泡沫差,并且CO₂泡沫的稳定性基本不受表面活性剂浓度的影响;CO₂泡沫的衰减曲线近似一条直线,泡沫形成后体积迅速减小。CO₂在水中具有较大的溶解度,泡沫的液膜渗透率系数大,因而泡沫稳定性差,也是造成CO₂泡沫在岩心内渗流规律区别于N₂泡沫的一个重要原因。HPAM的加入可以在一定程度上增强CO₂泡沫的稳定性,但同时也会使溶液起泡性能降低,所以实际应用时需要综合考虑泡沫特性,选择最佳的聚合物浓度。     

Zeolite synthesised on copper foam for adsorption chillers: A mathematical model

In this work, a new adsorbent bed for adsorption chillers is proposed. Highly porous copper foams were directly sintered on the external surface of copper pipes. Afterwards, the foam surface was coated by several layers of zeolite 4A by in situ hydrothermal synthesis. The performance of an adsorbent bed based on the proposed configuration was then evaluated by a dynamic model. The results of simulations provided a cooling COP = 0.10–0.28, a specific cooling power ranging between 0.6 and 3.8 kW per kg of adsorbent material (77–123 W per kg of adsorber) and a volumetric cooling power of 103–214 kW per cubic meter of adsorber, depending on the copper foam thickness assumed (1–10 mm). A comparison with other “traditional” configurations based on loose pellets or consolidated layers of zeolite, demonstrated attractive performance – in terms of specific and volumetric powers – for the proposed adsorbent bed.     

Electrical conductivity of carbon black/single-wall carbon nanotube/low-density polyethylene ternary composite foam

In order to obtain high electrical conductive low-density polyethylene (LDPE) foam, carbon black (CB), single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), and LDPE (CB/SWCNT/LDPE) ternary composite foams were successfully fabricated by chemical compression molding method. The electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, microstructure, density, and crystallinity of the foam were studied in detail. It can be found that CB and SWCNT have synergistic effect. For the CB/SWCNT/LDPE composite foam which containing 19 wt % CB and 0.05 wt % SWCNT, its density is only 0.082 g cm⁻¹ and the electrical conductivity can reach at 2.88 × 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻³, which is far more than 15 orders of magnitudes of pure polyethylene and 4 orders of magnitudes times higher than sample which CB content is 19 wt %. It is noteworthy that ultralow concentration of SWCNT could drastically improve the electrical conductivity and reduce the density of LDPE foams. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48382.     

制冷剂/油在泡沫金属加热表面池沸腾换热特性

实验研究了制冷剂/润滑油混合物在泡沫金属加热表面核态池沸腾的换热特性,分析了润滑油浓度和泡沫金属结构对池沸腾换热特性的影响。实验使用3种结构参数的泡沫金属作为加热表面,其参数分别为10 ppi/90%孔隙率、10 ppi/95%孔隙率和30 ppi/98%孔隙率,厚度均为5 mm。实验使用的制冷剂为R113,润滑油为VG68,润滑油浓度为0～5%。实验结果表明：泡沫金属的存在极大提高了制冷剂/油混合物的池沸腾传热系数,最多提高1.6倍;润滑油的存在恶化制冷剂在泡沫金属加热表面池沸腾的换热特性,传热系数最多降低相似文献