聚合物发光材料喷墨打印成膜技术研究进展

喷墨打印具有成本低、定位精度高、可实现全彩色化等优点,被业界认为是实现聚合物电致发光器件(PLED)量产的重要技术之一。本文介绍了喷墨打印技术在PLED制备中的应用现状和研究进展,探讨了聚合物发光材料溶液喷墨打印流变性、薄膜均匀性等基础性问题。     

喷墨打印技术在材料科学中的应用

近年来,采用喷墨打印技术制备功能陶瓷、金属导线、聚合物电致发光二极管以及生物芯片等材料引起了国内外研究人员的广泛关注。介绍了喷墨打印技术在陶瓷墨水喷墨打印无模成型、单分散胶体球体自组装、金属纳米粒子的图案化排列以及有机分子多层膜的微图形蚀刻中的研究和应用进展,讨论了喷墨成型技术在材料制备中存在的问题和发展趋势,指出喷墨打印技术已成为材料领域基础研究和产品研发的一个有力工具。     

白光聚合物电致发光器件及其材料的研究进展

白光聚合物电致发光器件具有低能耗、低驱动电压、绿色环保以及可制备柔性屏等诸多优异特性,被业界公认为是21世纪最具潜质和最具发展前景的高技术领域之一。此外,白光聚合物电致发光器件可通过湿法加工技术(如旋涂、丝网印刷、喷墨打印)来制作,因而其制作成本低,在显示和照明领域有着广阔的应用前景,受到人们广泛的关注。从器件和材料两个方面开展论述,简单介绍了白光聚合物电致发光的最新研究进展,并分析了实现白光聚合物电致发光器件商用化所需解决的问题。     

喷墨打印机及其耗材技术现状与进展

喷墨打印是一种快速发展的高新信息技术，在非接触性打印领域占有重要地位。喷墨打印机用墨水和介质，也随打印机技术的改进不断更新换代。本文综述了喷打印器件、打印介质、打印墨水发展的基本情况，着重探讨了喷墨打印技术新用途的广阔前景，介绍了喷墨打印技术的发展趋势。     

喷墨打印制备电化学生物传感器的研究进展

喷墨印刷技术是一种非接触式、工艺简单、无版数字化的印刷技术,越来越多的研究者将该技术应用到制备电化学生物传感器中,以应对电化学生物传感器因向数字化、智能化等方向发展而对其制备技术提出的更高要求。因此,在对喷墨打印技术制备电化学生物传感器原理与优劣进行分析的基础上,依据其发展历程对近年来的研究进行了总结与分析,探讨了其在制作过程中存在的主要问题,即对油墨的要求较高。寻找合适的方法解决喷墨打印金属电极的电导率问题,研究导电聚合物的浓度、层数等对成膜质量和传感器响应程度的影响及利用喷墨打印技术制备整个传感器的研究将是今后本领域的研究重点。     

喷墨打印介质的技术发展进程

本文简述了喷墨打印介质的特性要求，系统地介绍了喷墨打印介质结构类型、支持体应用、聚合物特性、生产工艺等方面的技术进步和发展方向。     

喷墨打印技术在薄膜传感器中的应用

传感器技术是获取自然和生产领域中信息的主要途径与手段,新型薄膜传感器正向微型化、数字化、集成化等方向发展。喷墨打印技术作为一种非接触式的数字成型技术,有设备简单、制备成本低、操作灵活等优点。从喷墨打印技术的原理入手,综述了喷墨打印技术近年来在传感器制备中的最新进展,系统介绍了喷墨打印技术在制备湿度传感器、气敏传感器、光传感器、生物传感器中的应用,并对喷墨打印技术制备薄膜传感器的前景进行了展望。     

石墨烯/聚合物基复合材料3D打印成型研究进展

石墨烯因其优异的特性,被广泛用于制备聚合物基复合材料,而3D打印作为一种新兴的成型加工方式,正越来越多地应用到石墨烯/聚合物基复合材料的成型制造当中。本文介绍石墨烯/聚合物基复合材料的溶液混合、熔融混合以及原位聚合三种主要制备方式,重点论述喷墨打印成型、熔融沉积成型、立体光固化成型、选择性激光烧结等目前国内外用于石墨烯/聚合物基复合材料成型的3D打印方式及其各自的优势和劣势,以及3D打印成型的石墨烯/聚合物基复合材料制件在电子、能源、生物医学和航空航天等领域的应用,最后指出可打印性好、石墨烯分散均匀、功能特性优异的石墨烯/聚合物基复合材料的研制将会是未来该方向的研究重点。     

墨水直写、喷墨打印和激光直写技术及其在微电子器件中的应用

直写技术是一种新型微加工技术,其加工过程不需模板并可在亚微米至厘米范围实现材料加工成型。墨水直写、喷墨打印和激光直写作为最常用的直写技术,具有强大的二维、三维成型能力和优异的成型精度,可实现金属、陶瓷、聚合物、水凝胶等复杂构型的程序化构筑,被广泛应用于微电子、组织工程、微流控等领域。阐述了这3种直写技术的构型原理和材料选择,重点介绍了其在微电子器件制造中的应用,讨论了当前研究的难点和热点问题,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

墨水直写、喷墨打印和激光直写技术及其在微电子器件中的应用

直写技术是一种新型微加工技术,其加工过程不需模板并可在亚微米至厘米范围实现材料加工成型.墨水直写、喷墨打印和激光直写作为最常用的直写技术,具有强大的二维、三维成型能力和优异的成型精度,可实现金属、陶瓷、聚合物、水凝胶等复杂构型的程序化构筑,被广泛应用于微电子、组织工程、微流控等领域.阐述了这3种直写技术的构型原理和材料选择,重点介绍了其在微电子器件制造中的应用,讨论了当前研究的难点和热点问题,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

Inkjet Printing of Polymers: State of the Art and Future Developments

Inkjet printing is considered to be a key technology in the field of defined polymer deposition. This article provides an introduction to inkjet printing technology and a short overview of the available instrumentation. Examples of polymer inkjet printing are given, including the manufacturing of multicolor polymer light‐emitting diode displays, polymer electronics, three‐dimensional printing, and oral dosage forms for controlled drug release. Special emphasis is placed upon the utilized polymers and conditions, such as polymer structure, molar mass, solvents, and concentration. Studies on viscoelastic fluid jets and the formation of viscoelastic droplets under gravity indicate that strain hardening is the key parameter that determines the inkjet printability of polymer solutions.     

Flexible electroluminescent device with inkjet-printed carbon nanotube electrodes

Carbon nanotube (CNTs) inks may provide an effective route for producing flexible electronic devices by digital printing. In this paper we report on the formulation of highly concentrated aqueous CNT inks and demonstrate the fabrication of flexible electroluminescent (EL) devices by inkjet printing combined with wet coating. We also report, for the first time, on the formation of flexible EL devices in which all the electrodes are formed by inkjet printing of low-cost multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Several flexible EL devices were fabricated by using different materials for the production of back and counter electrodes: ITO/MWCNT and MWCNT/MWCNT. Transparent electrodes were obtained either by coating a thin layer of the CNTs or by inkjet printing a grid which is composed of empty cells surrounded by MWCNTs. It was found that the conductivity and transparency of the electrodes are mainly controlled by the MWCNT film thickness, and that the dominant factor in the luminance intensity is the transparency of the electrode.     

Inkjet‐Printed High‐Efficiency Multilayer QLEDs Based on a Novel Crosslinkable Small‐Molecule Hole Transport Material

Quantum dots light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) have attracted much interest owing to their compatibility with low‐cost inkjet printing technology and potential for use in large‐area full‐color pixelated display. However, it is challenging to fabricate high efficiency inkjet‐printed QLEDs because of the coffee ring effects and inferior resistance to solvents from the underlying polymer film during the inkjet printing process. In this study, a novel crosslinkable hole transport material, 4,4′‐bis(3‐vinyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (CBP‐V) which is small‐molecule based, is synthesized and investigated for inkjet printing of QLEDs. The resulting CBP‐V film after thermal curing exhibits excellent solvent resistance properties without any initiators. An added advantage is that the crosslinked CBP‐V film has a sufficiently low highest occupied molecular orbital energy level (≈?6.2 eV), high film compactness, and high hole mobility, which can thus promote the hole injection into quantum dots (QDs) and improve the charge carrier balance within the QD emitting layers. A red QLED is successfully fabricated by inkjet printing a CBP‐V and QDs bilayer. Maximum external quantum efficiency of 11.6% is achieved, which is 92% of a reference spin‐coated QLED (12.6%). This is the first report of such high‐efficiency inkjet‐printed multilayer QLEDs and demonstrates a unique and effective approach to inkjet printing fabrication of high‐performance QLEDs.     

Dewetting of conducting polymer inkjet droplets on patterned surfaces

The manufacture of high-performance electronic devices with micrometre or even submicrometre dimensions by solution processing and direct printing, requires the ability to control accurately the flow and spread of functional liquid inks on surfaces. This can be achieved with the help of surface-energy patterns causing inks to be repelled and dewetted from pre-defined regions of the substrate. To exploit this principle for the fabrication of submicrometre device structures, a detailed understanding of the factors causing ink droplets to dewet on patterned surfaces is required. Here, we use hydrophobic surface-energy barriers of different geometries to study the influence of solution viscosity, ink volume, and contact angle on the process of dewetting of inkjet-printed droplets of a water-based conducting polymer. We demonstrate polymer field-effect transistor devices with channel length of 500 nm fabricated by surface-energy-assisted inkjet printing.     

Large‐Area Organic Solar Cells: Material Requirements,Modular Designs,and Printing Methods

The printing of large‐area organic solar cells (OSCs) has become a frontier for organic electronics and is also regarded as a critical step in their industrial applications. With the rapid progress in the field of OSCs, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) for small‐area devices is approaching 15%, whereas the PCE for large‐area devices has also surpassed 10% in a single cell with an area of ≈1 cm². Here, the progress of this fast developing area is reviewed, mainly focusing on: 1) material requirements (materials that are able to form efficient thick active layer films for large‐area printing); 2) modular designs (effective designs that can suppress electrical, geometric, optical, and additional losses, leading to a reduction in the PCE of the devices, as a consequence of substrate area expansion); and 3) printing methods (various scalable fabrication techniques that are employed for large‐area fabrication, including knife coating, slot‐die coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, pad printing, and brush coating). By combining thick‐film material systems with efficient modular designs exhibiting low‐efficiency losses and employing the right printing methods, the fabrication of large‐area OSCs will be successfully realized in the near future.     

Graphene-based conducting inks for direct inkjet printing of flexible conductive patterns and their applications in electric circuits and chemical sensors

A series of inkjet printing processes have been studied using graphene-based inks. Under optimized conditions, using water-soluble single-layered graphene oxide (GO) and few-layered graphene oxide (FGO), various high image quality patterns could be printed on diverse flexible substrates, including paper, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyimide (PI), with a simple and low-cost inkjet printing technique. The graphene-based patterns printed on plastic substrates demonstrated a high electrical conductivity after thermal reduction, and more importantly, they retained the same conductivity over severe bending cycles. Accordingly, flexible electric circuits and a hydrogen peroxide chemical sensor were fabricated and showed excellent performances, demonstrating the applications of this simple and practical inkjet printing technique using graphene inks. The results show that graphene materials-which can be easily produced on a large scale and possess outstanding electronic properties-have great potential for the convenient fabrication of flexible and low-cost graphene-based electronic devices, by using a simple inkjet printing technique.      

Control of the Surface Morphology of Ceramic/Polymer Composite Inks for Inkjet Printing

The use of organic/inorganic composite inks in the Drop on Demand inkjet printing technology is a promising as well as demanding approach for the fabrication of composite thick films. Therefore, a versatile ceramic/polymer composite ink system for inkjet printing is developed in this study, containing Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ (BST) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). When developing such inks suitable for a one‐step fabrication, the major challenge is to fulfill the requirements of the inkjet printing technology and to obtain homogeneous surface morphologies after drying. Thus, possible influencing factors like the solvent composition, the solids content, and the ratio of ceramic to polymer are investigated to obtain a detailed knowledge for the general ink development. The fluid mechanical properties, viscosity, density, and surface tension are characterized. The main focus of this study lies on the drying behavior of the different inks, with the interactions of the ceramic particles, and the dissolved polymer molecules being highlighted. Furthermore, the drying behavior depending on the ink composition is shown. This study provides new insights into the possibility of using composite inks for the inkjet printing process and the fabrication of printed composite thick films in a single process step.