黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程中胴体表面腐败菌的变化

为了分析黄羽肉鸡屠宰加工环节的肉鸡胴体污染菌的菌群组成,本试验利用平板倾注法及Illumina MiSeq高通量测序高效地测定黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程中加工环境和胴体表面腐败菌的多样性。结果表明,净膛、预冷及分级是黄羽肉鸡菌落总数增长的主要污染来源工序,分级秤、分级车间工人手套、预冷槽及净膛工人手套为以上三个工序中污染来源接触面,且分级秤及分级车间工人手套所污染菌群是黄羽鸡胴体菌群的主要来源,使黄羽鸡胴体表面菌落总数及假单胞菌增长率高达24.13%、41.27%,经过分级秤及分级车间工人手后黄羽鸡菌落总数显著（P<0.05）增加至4.63 lg(CFU/g)。打毛后（DM）、净膛后（JH）、净膛消毒后（CH）黄羽鸡胴体优势菌主要为链球菌属（Streptococcus）,大肠杆菌属（Escherichia）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）。黄羽鸡经预冷槽预冷后气单胞菌属丰度大幅增加,链球菌属次之。经过分级秤分级后黄羽鸡胴体菌群中不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）为主要优势菌,巨球菌属（Macrococcus）次之。添加次氯酸电解水减菌后,黄羽肉鸡胴体表明气单胞菌属和链球菌属丰度大幅...     

肉鸡屠宰加工过程中空肠弯曲菌污染的监测与分析

目的 调查分析浙江金华地区肉鸡屠宰加工过程中空肠弯曲菌的污染现状及规律。方法 选择金华地区6家肉鸡屠宰加工企业, 通过直接计数法对空肠弯曲菌定性定量检测, 分析其流行病学规律。结果 采集的2139份样品中, 泄殖腔、脱毛、取内脏、消毒预冷、包装和速冻等环节样品的空肠弯曲菌阳性率分别为92.48%、83.39%、98.12%、79.31%、86.21%和77.45%, 空肠弯曲菌阳性数分别为12926.14±1821.84 CFU/g、379.01±67.44、856.66±206.27、110.57±19.52、138.01±76.5、67.90±46.79 CFU/100 cm2。总体上, 空肠弯曲菌阳性率和阳性数均呈现出先升高、后降低、再升高的变化规律, 大型企业的空肠弯曲菌污染情况较中小型企业要好。结论 所检测的6家肉鸡屠宰加工企业均被空肠弯曲菌污染, 大型企业应重视包装环节的生产工艺和卫生消毒, 中小型企业更要严格把控包装环节的操作规范, 提高脱毛和消毒预冷工艺。     

2010年江苏省肉鸡沙门菌污染专项监测分析

目的了解肉鸡养殖和屠宰过程中沙门菌的污染状况,为确定从生产到销售各环节沙门菌分布和疾病可能传染源、制定公共卫生措施并评价其有效性提供科学依据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》中专项监测的采样和实验室检测要求,2010年共采集活体肉鸡肛拭样本210份,胴体样本204份,监测沙门菌污染情况。结果肛拭样本检出沙门菌23份,检出率10.95%;胴体样本检出沙门菌71份,检出率34.80%。两类样本的血清学分型构成比不同(χ2=15.7,P<0.001),肛拭样本检出的23株沙门菌中有22株印第安纳沙门菌,胴体样本中检出的71株沙门菌中有35株为印第安纳沙门菌,22株为奥尔巴尼沙门菌。结论肉鸡活体肛拭和胴体样本沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=33.5,P<0.001),胴体高于活体检出率,活体和胴体的沙门菌来源不同,胴体可能存在交叉污染。     

肉鸡屠宰环节金黄色葡萄球菌污染定量评估研究

目的解析某大型肉鸡屠宰场中金黄色葡萄球菌的风险和关键防控点,为肉鸡屠宰过程金黄色葡萄球菌污染的科学防控提供指导。方法通过某大型肉鸡屠宰场金黄色葡萄球菌的监测和调研,应用@RISK 7软件建立金黄色葡萄球菌污染的定量评估模型,对肉鸡屠宰四个环节(烫洗煺毛、净膛、清洗预冷和分割传送)进行定量评估。结果初步探明了鸡肉中金黄色葡萄球菌在屠宰加工过程中的消长变化规律,清洗预冷环节和分割传送环节是金黄色葡萄球菌污染的主要风险环节,预冷池水中金黄色葡萄球菌浓度和工人手部带菌程度是肉鸡屠宰加工过程中金黄色葡萄球菌的关键风险点(相关系数分别为0.62和0.50)。结论对肉鸡屠宰环节的金黄色葡萄球菌进行关键控制点识别和精准采取控制措施,可有效保障终端鸡肉产品的卫生安全。     

猪肉屠宰加工过程中弯曲菌流行病学调查与分析

目的 调查分析猪肉屠宰加工过程中主要环节弯曲菌的污染现状。方法 选择两家猪肉屠宰加工企业,分别采集宰前、脱毛、取内脏、胴体修饰和预冷前后等环节样品,应用选择性CCDA平板直接计数法对弯曲菌进行定量检测。结果 150份猪肉样品检测出22份弯曲菌阳性样品,阳性率14.67%;环境样品30份,检出12份阳性样品,阳性率40.00%。所检出的弯曲菌均为结肠弯曲菌,未见其它种属弯曲菌。所监测的6个环节均存在不同程度的弯曲菌污染,阳性率呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。其中取内脏环节弯曲菌阳性率最高,为17.50%,阳性样品弯曲菌携带量为177.14±296.73CFU/100cm2;而环境样品中取内脏环节的地面样品阳性率最高,为100%,弯曲菌携带量为588.00±307.66CFU/100cm2。结论 猪肉屠宰加工过程中存在弯曲菌污染,以取内脏环节阳性率最高,预冷后阳性率明显降低;而环境样品的高污染率对猪肉屠宰加工过程中的交叉污染构成了很大威胁。     

屠宰过程中猪胴体表面及环境的细菌菌相分析

应用传统培养方法结合高通量测序技术分析屠宰分割过程中猪胴体表面微生物污染情况，并对屠宰车间刀具和分割车间接触面进行细菌菌落计数，以确定屠宰分割过程中的关键污染环节。结果表明：测序共得到881 458 个有效序列，864 个可操作分类单元，样品共注释到了22 门、33 纲、79 目、162 科、382 属和613 种的微生物信息。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门，不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）为主要的优势菌属。屠宰分割过程中群落多样性的排序为放血＞脱毛＞分割＞开膛＞冲淋＞冷却，冷却环节胴体表面的微生物多样性最低，分割后有所增加，表明分割是关键污染环节。传统微生物计数与测序的结果一致，从脱毛到冷却环节，猪胴体表面各类微生物数量呈下降趋势，分割后显著上升；分割车间各接触面菌落总数平均为6.11（lg（CFU/cm2）），高于屠宰车间刀具（平均为4.86（lg（CFU/cm2））），表明分割车间各接触面是关键污染源，进一步证明猪胴体分割环节为关键污染环节。     

肉鸡屠宰环节中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行及分子特征和耐药性

为探究肉鸡屠宰加工环节中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染关键环节及菌株的分子特征和耐药性,对陕西省某肉鸡屠宰场5个屠宰环节（活鸡肛拭、浸烫、预冷、分割和贮存）进行4次样本收集。通过选择培养和聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增nuc基因对金黄色葡萄球菌进行分离鉴定。然后对分离株进行23种毒素编码基因、27种耐药基因、16种抗生素耐药性及葡萄球菌蛋白A(staphylococcal protein A,SPA)、多位点序列分型（multilocus sequence typing,MLST）和肠杆菌科基因间重复序列PCR(enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR,ERIC-PCR)分型检测。结果表明,收集的144份样本中有32份样本被污染（22.2%,32/144）。除活鸡肛拭样本无检出外,其余环节样本均有检出。其中浸烫褪毛环节污染率最高（40.0%,12/30）,其次为分割环节（26.7%,8/30）、预冷环节（21.9%,7/32）和贮存环节（15.6%,5/32）。23种被检毒素编码基因中...     

黑龙江省肉鸡养殖和屠宰加工环节中沙门菌调查

目的了解黑龙江省肉鸡养殖和屠宰加工环节中沙门菌污染状况。方法根据国家食品安全风险监测专项《肉鸡养殖及屠宰加工环节沙门氏菌专项监测工作手册》规定的操作程序,并参考国家标准GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对黑龙江省4个地市3 766份肉鸡样品进行检验。结果 4大环节共检测样品3 766份,检出阳性样品339份,检出率为9.00%,孵化、养殖、屠宰到配送分销4个环节均检出沙门菌,检出率分别为2.82%(22/781)、2.14%(11/515)、13.84%(220/1 590)、9.77%(86/880)。其中,屠宰环节的8种样品中预冷池水样品沙门菌检出率最高,为35.42%(34/96)。检出的沙门菌分属于9个血清型,以肠炎沙门菌和印地安纳沙门菌的比例最高。结论黑龙江省肉鸡屠宰和配送分销环节中沙门菌污染较严重。屠宰环节阳性率最高,是重要的污染环节,其中预冷池水中沙门菌检出率最高,是屠宰过程中肉鸡污染沙门菌的主要环节。     

2012—2013年成都市生鸡肉中弯曲菌调查分析

了解成都市零售环节鸡肉中的弯曲菌定量污染水平以及其随季节变化的趋势,为食品安全风险评估提供依据。方法 选择成都市及周边的大型超市和农贸市场作为采样点,采取未分割的新鲜鸡冷藏鸡胴体。用涂布平板法计数,用多重PCR进行鉴定。结果 采集255份样品,阳性数202份,检出率为79.22%;弯曲菌污染量＞500 cfu/g的样品占32.55%(83/255);农贸市场样品的阳性率高于超市样品;夏季阳性率高于其他季节;共分离到空肠弯曲菌300株、结肠弯曲菌393株和胎儿弯曲菌11株。结论 四川省零售环节鸡肉中弯曲菌的污染严重。     

肉鸡屠宰加工中减菌工艺及抗菌剂的研究进展

肉鸡屠宰加工过程中的微生物控制对保障食品安全和人类健康具有重要意义。肉鸡屠宰加工过程中，浸烫、洗涤、冷却是微生物污染控制的重要环节，多种措施的联合使用可有效降低肉鸡胴体中微生物载量。其中次氯酸钠、氯化十六烷基吡啶、酸化亚氯酸钠等抗菌剂可有效减少肉鸡胴体中沙门菌、大肠埃希菌和弯曲菌等致病菌污染，但不同减菌环节及抗菌剂的使用剂量、作用时间等对减菌效果影响较大。本文综述了肉鸡屠宰加工过程中各环节微生物污染的控制措施，同时也对多种抗菌剂在上述工艺环节中的减菌效果进行系统阐述，以期为国内肉鸡屠宰加过程中微生物污染防控提供数据参考，促进肉鸡生产行业健康发展，保护消费者健康。     

肉鸡屠宰加工生产链中沙门氏菌的污染调查及ERIC-PCR溯源

目的：了解肉鸡屠宰加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染状况及其溯源性追踪,分析沙门氏菌污染的关键环节,以降低食源性沙门氏菌感染的风险。方法：分别采集两家肉鸡屠宰加工厂(FX、GZ)生产链中的肉鸡胴体表面、肉鸡泄殖腔、嗉囊内容物、环境、设备及器具表面样品,应用常规法及PCR进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定,通过基因间重复序列为引物的聚合酶链式反应(ERIC-PCR)分型技术对沙门氏菌分离株进行基因分型,利用NTSYS-pc 2.10软件进行聚类分析。结果：两家加工厂的沙门氏菌总检出率为1.37%(16/1171),FX的检出率较低(0.18%),与GZ(2.39%)间差异极显著(P＜0.01);FX仅于净膛后肉鸡胴体体表检出Ⅳ型沙门氏菌;GZ屠宰、煺毛及净膛后的肉鸡胴体体表、肉鸡泄殖腔、嗉囊内容物、脱毛指及净膛工人手套表面均检出Ⅰ型沙门氏菌,煺毛、冷却后肉鸡胴体及净膛工人手套表面均检出Ⅲ型沙门氏菌,运输车表面检出Ⅴ型沙门氏菌,另有脱毛指表面检出Ⅱ型沙门氏菌。结论：肉鸡的宰前及煺毛、净膛过程为引发生产链沙门氏菌污染的重要环节,加强肉鸡的进厂检疫及设备与器具的日常卫生管理有利于降低沙门氏菌的污染。     

Broiler carcass contamination with Campylobacter from feces during defeathering.

Three sets of experiments were conducted to explore the increase in recovery of Campylobacter from broiler carcasses after defeathering. In the first set of experiments, live broilers obtained from a commercial processor were transported to a pilot plant, and breast skin was sampled by a sponge wipe method before and after defeathering. One of 120 broiler breast skin samples was positive for Campylobacter before defeathering, and 95 of 120 were positive after defeathering. In the second set of experiments, Campylobacter-free flocks were identified, subjected to feed withdrawal, and transported to the pilot plant. Carcasses were intracloacally inoculated with Campylobacter (10(7) CFU) just prior to entering the scald tank. Breast skin sponge samples were negative for Campylobacter before carcasses entered the picker (0 of 120 samples). After defeathering, 69 of 120 samples were positive for Campylobacter, with an average of log10 2.7 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm2). The third set of experiments was conducted using Campylobacter-positive broilers obtained at a commercial processing plant and transported live to the pilot plant. Just prior to scalding, the cloacae were plugged with tampons and sutured shut on half of the carcasses. Plugged carcasses were scalded, and breast skin samples taken before and after defeathering were compared with those collected from control broilers from the same flock. Prior to defeathering, 1 of 120 breast skin sponge samples were positive for the control carcasses, and 0 of 120 were positive for the plugged carcasses. After passing through the picker, 120 of 120 control carcasses had positive breast skin sponge samples, with an average of log10 4.2 CFU per sample (approximately 30 cm2). Only 13 of 120 plugged carcasses had detectable numbers of Campylobacter on the breast skin sponge, with an average of log10 2.5 CFU per sample. These data indicate that an increase in the recovery of Campylobacter after defeathering can be related to the escape of contaminated feces from the cloaca during defeathering.     

陕西省某活鸡屠宰场肉鸡相关样品中沙门菌定量检测及污染分析

目的了解肉鸡屠宰加工中不同时间和环节沙门菌的污染情况,分析污染关键点。方法 2016年11月至2017年11月从陕西省某活鸡屠宰场不同环节定期采集活鸡肛拭子标本、整鸡胴体和鸡肉样品,使用最大可能数(MPN)法对沙门菌进行定量检测,同时分离菌株;采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对沙门菌进行鉴定,同时结合血清凝集技术对沙门菌鉴定结果进行确认。结果采集的284份样品中有67份检出沙门菌,检出率为23. 6%,平均MPN值为0. 051 6 MPN/g。2017年7月采集的样品沙门菌污染最为严重,检出率为37. 8%(14/37),平均MPN值为0. 064 7 MPN/g; 2016年11月检出率最低,为13. 9%(5/36),平均MPN值为0. 043 6 MPN/g。不同屠宰环节中,浸烫褪毛后整鸡胴体样品中沙门菌检出率最高(43. 3%,26/60),平均MPN值为0. 060 5 MPN/g;分割后冷冻前鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌检出率最低(18. 3%,11/60),平均MPN值为0. 036 8 MPN/g,略高于储存配送过程整鸡胴体/鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌的污染水平(0. 035 8 MPN/g)。结论活鸡屠宰过程沙门菌的检出率与MPN值具有较强的季节性,在不同屠宰加工环节存在纵向和交叉污染,应对活鸡屠宰加工过程沙门菌污染严重的环节进行重点控制。     

Contamination of meat with Campylobacter jejuni in Saitama, Japan.

To determine the source of food contamination with Campylobacter jejuni, we investigated retail meat, a chicken processing plant and a broiler farm. C. jejuni was found in domestic retailed poultry (45.8%) and imported poultry (3.7%), but not in beef or pork. In the poultry processing plant, there is significant contamination with C. jejuni in chicken carcasses, equipment and workers' hands. This contamination increases during the defeathering and evisceration processes. RAPD analysis shows that contamination with C. jejuni is of intestinal origin. In a broiler farm, C. jejuni was first isolated from a faecal sample of broiler chicken after the 20th day of age. Two weeks later, all birds in this farm became C. jejuni positive. RAPD analysis indicated that C. jejuni spread rapidly from one broiler flock to the other flocks on the farm.     

The effect of slaughter operations on the contamination of chicken carcasses with thermotolerant Campylobacter

To evaluate the effect of specific slaughter operations on the contamination of broiler carcasses with naturally occurring thermotolerant Campylobacter, experiments were carried out in two Danish commercial slaughter plants (Plant I and Plant II). Six broiler flocks determined Campylobacter positive prior to slaughter were investigated at four sampling locations within each slaughter plant. Quantification of thermotolerant Campylobacter in 30 neck skin samples per flock per sampling location showed that the evisceration operation in Plant I led to a significant increase in the Campylobacter concentration of 0.5 log(10) cfu/g in average, whereas no significant changes were observed during this operation in Plant II. Air chilling (Plant I) and water chilling (Plant II), both including a carcass wash prior to the chilling operation, caused similar, but significant reductions of 0.83 and 0.97 log(10) cfu/g, respectively. In packed frozen chickens (Plant II) an additional reduction of 1.38 log(10) cfu/g in average was obtained due to the freezing operation. In packed chilled chickens (Plant I), however, the number of thermotolerant Campylobacter per gram remained at the same level as after air chilling. Enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter in 30 intestinal samples per flock showed that in two of the six flocks examined the within flock colonization was very low (<3% and 27% positive samples). The remaining four flocks were colonized at percentages of 100 (three flocks) and 97 (one flock) and had intestinal mean counts ranging from 6.65 to 8.20 log(10) cfu/g. A correlation between Campylobacter concentrations in intestinal content and on chicken carcasses after the defeathering operation was documented. This finding indicates that a reduction in the Campylobacter concentration on chicken carcasses may also be obtained by interventions aimed at reducing the concentration of Campylobacter in the intestines of the living birds.     

Campylobacter contamination during poultry slaughter in Belgium

The relation between internal carriage and surface contamination with thermophilic Campylobacter species in broilers was examined by molecular typing methods. Samples from 39 flocks were collected in three Belgian poultry slaughterhouses. From each flock, crop swabs before slaughter and intestines and neck skins during slaughter were collected. A total of 309 isolates were identified at species level and further characterized by flagellin gene A PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (90%), Campylobacter coli (8.7%), and Campylobacter lari (2.2%), and 27 genotypes could be distinguished by combining the two molecular methods. Seventy-two percent of the flocks arriving at the abattoir were colonized with campylobacters. After slaughter, 79% of the flocks had contaminated neck skins. In six flocks, genotypes isolated from the neck skins were also found in the alimentary tract from previously slaughtered flocks. Four of these flocks were initially free of Campylobacter. These four flocks might have had no contaminated carcasses after logistic slaughtering.     

Application of distilled white vinegar in the cloaca to counter the increase in Campylobacter numbers on broiler skin during feather removal

Because of the escape of highly contaminated gut contents from the cloaca of positive carcasses, Campylobacter numbers recovered from broiler carcass skin samples increase during automated feather removal. Vinegar is known to have antimicrobial action. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vinegar placed in the cloaca prior to feather removal on the numbers of Campylobacter recovered from broiler breast skin. Broilers were stunned, killed, and bled in a pilot processing plant. Vinegar was placed in the colons of the chickens prior to scalding. Carcasses were scalded, and Campylobacter numbers were determined on breast skin before and after passage through a commercial-style feather-picking machine. Campylobacter numbers recovered from the breast skin of untreated control carcasses increased during feather removal from 1.3 log CFU per sample prior to defeathering to 4.2 log afterward. Placement of water in the colon before scalding had no effect on Campylobacter numbers. Campylobacter numbers recovered from the breast skin of carcasses treated with vinegar also increased during defeathering but to a significantly lesser extent. Treated carcasses experienced only a 1-log increase from 1.6 log CFU per sample before feather removal to 2.6 log CFU per sample afterward. Application of an effective food-grade antimicrobial in the colon prior to scald can limit the increase in Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses during defeathering.