Influence of Zn Content on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Mg–Zn–Y–Nd Alloy

In the present study, the effect of Zn content on the microstructure and deformation behavior of the as-cast Mg–Zn–Y–Nd alloy has been investigated. The results showed that as Zn content increased, the volume fraction of secondary phases increased. Moreover, the phase transformation from W-phase to W-phase and I-phase occurred. In the as-cast state,W-phase exists as eutectic and large block form. When Zn content increases to 6 and 8%(wt%), small I-phase could precipitate around W-phase particles. Additionally, the effect of Zn content on the tensile properties and deformation behavior varies with the testing temperature. At room temperature, the tensile strength increases with Zn content, whereas the elongation increases initially and then decreases. At 250 °C, as Zn content increases, the tensile strength decreases initially and then increases slightly, whereas the elongation decreases. At 350 °C, the elongation increases with Zn content,whereas the tensile strength decreases initially and then increases slightly.     

Microstructure,Tensile Properties and Work Hardening Behavior of an Extruded Mg–Zn–Ca–Mn Magnesium Alloy

A new Mg-2.2 wt% Zn alloy containing 1.8 wt% Ca and 0.5 wt% Mn has been developed and subjected to extrusion under different extrusion parameters.The finest(～0.48 μm) recrystallized grain structures,containing both nano-sized MgZn_2 precipitates and α-Mn nanoparticles,were obtained in the alloy extruded at 270℃/0.01 mm s~(-1).In this alloy,the deformed coarse-grain region possessed a much stronger texture intensity(～32.49 mud) relative to the recrystallized fine-grain region(～13.99 mud).A positive work hardening rate in the third stage of work hardening curve was also evident in the alloy extruded at 270℃,which was related to the sharp basal texture and which provided insufficient active slip systems.The high work hardening rate in the fourth stage contributed to the high ductility extruded at 270℃/1 mm s~(-1).This alloy exhibited a weak texture,and the examination of fracture surface revealed highly dimpled surfaces.The optimum tensile strength was achieved in the alloy extruded at 270℃/0.01 mm s~(-1),and the yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure were～364.1 MPa,～394.5 MPa and～7.2%,respectively.Fine grain strengthening from the recrystallized fine-grain region played the greatest role in the strength increment of this alloy compared with Orowan strengthening and dislocation strengthening in the deformed coarse-grain regions.     

Effects of Passes on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr Alloy During Multidirectional Forging

The multidirectional forging(MDF) process was conducted at temperature of 753 K to optimize the mechanical properties of as-homogenized Mg–13 Gd–4 Y–2 Zn–0.6 Zr alloy containing long-period stacking ordered phase. The effects of MDF passes on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were also investigated. The results show that both the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) grains and mechanical properties of the deformed alloy enhanced with MDF passes increasing till seven passes. The average grain size decreased from 76 to 2.24 lm after seven passes, while the average grain size increased to 7.12 lm after nine passes. The microstructure after seven passes demonstrated randomly oriented fine DRX grains and larger basal(0001)11\"20[ Schmid factor of 0.31. The superior mechanical properties at room temperature(RT) with ultimate tensile strength(UTS) of 416 MPa and fracture elongation of 4.12% can be obtained after seven passes. The mechanical properties at RT after nine passes are inferior to those after seven passes due to the coarsening of DRX grains, which can be ascribed to the static recovery resulting from the repeated heating at the interval of MDF passes. The elevated temperature mechanical properties of the deformed alloy after seven passes and nine passes were investigated. When test temperature was below 523 K, the elevated temperature tensile yield strength and UTS after seven passes are superior to those after nine passes, while they are inferior to that after nine passes as temperature exceeds523 K.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–3Al–Zn Magnesium Alloy Sheet by Hot Shear Spinning

Hot shear spinning experiments with Mg–3.0 Al–1.0 Zn–0.5 Mn(AZ31 B, wt%) magnesium alloy sheets were conducted at various temperatures, spindle speeds and feed ratios to investigate the effects of these processing parameters on the microstructure, crystallographic texture and mechanical properties. The AZ31 B sheet displayed good shear formability at temperatures from 473 to 673 K, spindle speeds from 300 to 600 rev/min and feed ratios from 0.1 to 0.5 mm/rev. During the dynamic recrystallization process, the grain size and texture were affected by the deformation temperature of the hot shear spinning process. Each of the spun sheets presented a strong basal texture, and the c-axis of most of the grains was parallel to the normal direction. The optimal hot shear spinning parameters were determined to be a temperature of 473 K, a spindle speed of 300 rev/min and a feed ratio of 0.1 mm/rev. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation in the rolled direction reached 221 MPa, 288 MPa and 14.1%, and those in the transverse direction reached 205 MPa, 280 MPa and 12.4%, respectively. The improved strength and decreased mechanical anisotropy resulted from the fine grain size and strong basal texture.     

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of a Nb–Mo Microalloyed 6.5Mn Alloy Processed by Intercritical Annealing and Quenching and Partitioning

The transformation behavior, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were compared in a coldrolled Nb–Mo microalloyed 6.5Mn alloy after intercritical annealing(IA) and quenching and partitioning(Q P),respectively. The thermodynamic calculation and theoretical analysis were used to determine the optimal heat treatment parameters. The Q P samples exhibited relatively higher strength with relatively low ductility, mainly due to the hard martensite matrix, which resulted in continuous yielding behavior upon loading, whereas the IA samples showed the significantly improved ductility, which benefited from the more sufficient transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) effects and the softer ultrafine ferrite matrix. The dependence of yield point elongation(YPE) of IA samples on grain size demonstrated that the YPE value was in the reverse proportional relationship to the average grain size, which agreed well with theoretical analysis.     

Effects of ECAP Extrusion on the Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Mg–2Zn–xGd–0.5Zr Alloys

Effects of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) extrusion on the microstructure, mechanical properties and biodegradability of Mg–2Zn– xGd–0.5Zr( x=0,0.5,1,2 wt%) alloys were studied in this work. Microstructure analysis, tensile test at ambient temperature, immersion test and electrochemical test in Hank's solution were carried out. The results showed that Gd could further enhance the grain refinement during the ECAP extrusion. Both Gd addition and ECAP extrusion could improve the mechanical properties of the alloys, and the extrusion played the dominant role. Minor addition of Gd(0.5–1 wt%) could obviously enhance the corrosion resistance of the alloys. To some extent, ECAP extrusion improved the corrosion resistance of the alloys due to the change of second phases distribution and the refinement of grains. Further increase in extrusion pass was detrimental to the improvement of the corrosion resistance as a result of increment of the grain boundaries.     

Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on LPSO Kinking and Microstructure Evolution of Mg–11Gd–4Y–2Zn–0.5Zr Alloy

Two different kinds of hot compressions, namely normal-compression and can-compression, were performed on the Mg–11 Gd–4 Y–2 Zn–0.5 Zr alloy, featured with long period stacking ordered(LPSO) phase. The kinking behavior of LPSO phase and microstructure evolution was investigated to clarify the effect of levels of imposed hydrostatic pressure. The results suggest that the LPSO phases including both the intragranular 14 H-LPSO phase and intergranular 18 R-LPSO phase suffer severe kinking behavior under higher hydrostatic pressure induced by can-compression, which is firstly characterized with more kinking times and smaller relative kinking width. The main reason for such enhanced LPSO kinking during cancompression may be mainly ascribed to the higher dislocation density under a higher level of hydrostatic pressure. Meanwhile, a competitive relationship between the kink behaviors of intergranular 18 R-LPSO phase and intragranular 14 H-LPSO phase was observed. That is, the intergranular 18 R-LPSO phase only kinks obviously on the condition that the surrounded intragranular 14 H-LPSO phase scarcely kinks. In contrast to the distinctive kinking of LPSO phase, the dynamic recrystallization(DRX) mechanism shows less dependence on the hydrostatic pressure. Resultantly, similar DRX fractions and crystallographic texture were attained for two compression processes owing to the similar operation of deformation mode.     

Microstructure and Texture Evolution During the Direct Extrusion and Bending–Shear Deformation of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

AZ31 alloys were extruded by direct extrusion and bending–shear deformation(DEBS). The microstructure characteristic and texture evolution of DEBSed AZ31 sheets were investigated by electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD). It is found that DEBS technique could effectively refine grains and weaken texture. Besides, we also investigate how twinning affects dynamic recrystallization during hot extrusion. {10–12} extension twins can offer nucleation sites and enough energy to trigger dynamic recrystallization. Moreover, the character of direct extrusion and bending–shear die can lead to the activation of non-basal slip system and further dramatically weaken the basal texture of the microstructure with many preactivated basal slip systems.     

Enhanced Strength and Corrosion Resistance of Mg–2Zn–0.6Zr Alloy with Extrusion

The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg–2 Zn–0.6 Zr alloy under the as-cast and asextruded conditions were investigated. Microstructure analysis indicated the remarkable grain refinement by extrusion, as well as notable reductions in volume fraction and size of precipitate phases. As compared with the as-cast alloy, the asextruded alloy exhibited better mechanical performance, especially in yield strength which was promoted from 51 to 194 MPa. Refined grains, dispersive precipitate phases and texture were thought to be the main factors affecting the improved performance in strength. The electrochemical measurement and immersion test revealed the corrosion rate of Mg–2 Zn–0.6 Zr alloy by extrusion decreased from 1.68 to 0.32 mm/year. The reasons for the enhanced corrosion resistance were mainly attributed to the decreased volume fraction and Volta potential of the precipitate phases, the refinement of the grain size, as well as the formation of more protective corrosion film.     

Effect of Extrusion Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–5Al–2Ca Alloy

In this work, the Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy was extruded at 573, 623 and 673 K, with a ratio of 16:1 and a constant speed of 3 mm/s. Results demonstrate that the Al2Ca particle is formed in Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy. The size, amount and distribution of Al2Ca particles are influenced evidently by extrusion temperature. Unlike previous reports, the intensity of basal texture increases with increasing extrusion temperature, and the reasons are analyzed and given. Even though the average grain size increases as the extrusion temperature increased from 573 to 623 K, the YS, UTS and elongation of asextruded Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy are almost kept the same at 573 and 623 K. The reason is speculated as the balance of grain size, Al2Ca phase and texture at the two temperatures. The work hardening rate depends on extrusion temperature, and the largest θ value of Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy is obtained when the extrusion was performed at 623 K.     

The role of Zr-rich cores in strength differential effect in an extruded Mg–Zn–Zr alloy

This work examines the effects of extrusion parameters namely ratio and temperature on recrystallization behavior of a Mg–Zn–Zr alloy, and their consequent effects on anisotropy in the mechanical properties. Upon extrusion, the characteristic Zr-rich cores that do not recrystallize form the so-called “soft stringers” which are deformed bands elongated in the extrusion direction and curled around the extrusion axis. At higher extrusion ratio, there is more twinning contribution and the DRX response is improved, making the recryatallized grains finer and increasing the proportion of recrystallized Zr-rich cores. A basal texture after extrusion and the directional activation of tensile twinning cause anisotropy in the mechanical properties. In addition, the microstructural features such as large unrecrystallized regions and coarse crystallized grains also contribute in the strength differential effect. Further slip in the strain-hardened unrecrystallized grains is inhibited while twin activation under favorable orientation becomes easier in the coarse recrystallized grains. A higher proportion of large unrecrystallized and coarse crystallized gains in the case of lower extrusion ratio result in a much higher strength differential effect (100 MPa) in comparison to the one caused by the crystallographic texture only (25 MPa).     

ZK60镁合金管材热挤压成形及组织性能

对变形镁合金ZK60管材挤压成形进行了试验研究,分析了工艺参数对其微观组织的影响规律。结果表明,ZK60镁合金管材热挤压时的合理工艺参数范围是凹模锥半角为70°,坯料温度为300～360℃,模具预热温度为270～330℃,挤压速度为1.5mm/s,润滑剂采用动物油。增大挤压速度和降低挤压温度都有利于管材件的晶粒细化,但挤压力随之增大。在坯料温度相同的情况下,等温挤压的挤压力比差温挤压降低20%左右。当坯料温度在300～360℃时,ZK60镁合金发生了动态再结晶,晶粒较小且组织均匀,晶粒尺寸比原始组织细化了约40%。     

超细晶Mg-2.5Zn-1Ca合金制备及其组织性能研究

通过挤压+等通道转角挤压(ECAP)复合加工工艺制备了超细晶Mg-2.5Zn-1Ca合金,采用OM、SEM、XRD、EBSD等手段分析变形过程中微观结构演变特征,结合力学性能变化,研究变形过程中合金强化机制。结果表明,经挤压+ECAP变形后,晶粒与第二相颗粒明显细化,其中挤压+2道次ECAP后获得了均匀的细晶组织,平均晶粒尺寸约1.1μm;同时,细小的Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃颗粒弥散分布于基体中。晶粒细化是剧烈塑性变形、动态再结晶和细小弥散的Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃相共同作用的结果。ECAP变形使合金的力学性能显著提高,2道次有最高的抗拉强度和延伸率,分别为275 MPa和17%。随着ECAP变形道次的增加,织构强度逐渐减弱,基面织构逐渐转变为一种新的织构,并且ECAP变形合金有较高的非基面施密特因子,组织均匀细化,使得材料有更好的延伸率。     

Mg?RE挤压合金晶体学织构与力学性能各向异性分析

本论文研究了热挤压加工对Mg-1Gd-1Nd (wt.%)合金显微组织、织构及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,铸态合金呈现典型的共晶显微组织,包含α-Mg基体及半连续状的共晶化合物。经过固溶热处理后,这些共晶化合物已基本固溶入α-Mg基体中。采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术分析了挤压合金的显微组织与织构。结果表明,挤压合金显示出了完全再结晶的显微组织与弱的基面织构。合金中的晶粒基面同时朝向挤压板材的挤压方向与垂直方向偏移,尤其在挤压方向上晶粒的取向更加分散。这种分散的取向可以有效地激活合金中的基面滑移使得合金在断裂前能够承受更大的塑性变形。另一方面,织构也影响了合金力学性能的各向异性。     

AZ80镁合金挤压方棒心部和表层的织构和力学性能

研究了截面尺寸为230mm×140mm的大型AZ80镁合金挤压方棒心部和表层的织构和力学性能差异。采用X射线衍射法（XRD）测定了心部和表层共4个位置的宏观织构。不同位置的全极图表明,尽管不同位置的织构都具有纤维织构的特征,但（0001）极和（1120）极的分布方式却彼此不同。通过拉伸应力-应变曲线研究了心部和表层ED（挤压方向）、TD（平行于230mm边）和ND（平行于140mm边）3个方向上的屈服行为。结果表明,无论心部还是表层,ED方向的屈服强度均远大于TD或ND方向的屈服强度,而TD和ND方向的屈服强度却相差无几;心部的ED、TD和ND屈服强度均稍大于表层对应方向的屈服强度。织构特征很好地解释了力学性能上的不均匀性。     

Influence of aging on microstructure and properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy

The different aging process was investigated for ZK60 magnesium alloy to get the ideal synthetic properties. The results show that the values of strength, hardness and plasticity of ZK60 magnesium alloy increase at first and then decrease with increasing aging temperature, the suitable aging temperature of ZK60 alloy is from 160 to 180 ℃, At the meantime, the microstructures of appear mesh texture under high ageing temperature, this is the main reason why the mechanical properties decrease.     

Microstructural investigation and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded magnesium alloys

Abstract

Dissimilar joints of magnesium alloys were obtained by friction stir welding. Detailed microstructure and texture examinations were performed on the joints. Significant difference in microtexture distribution and microstructural features is observed between crown and stir zones in the dissimilar joints. However, an overall effect of these factors on mechanical properties of layered joints is not obvious as both the up and middle samples present quite similar yield strength and strain hardening behaviour. Moreover, both samples fracture in the Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy side. The fracture of the middle sample starts at the boundary of transition and stir zones, while the up sample starts in the crown zone side.     

A High-Ductility Mg–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy

A new kind of Mg–2 Zn–0.6 Ca(wt%) alloy was fabricated by casting and hot extrusion as a high-ductility structural material. The extruded alloy exhibits a superior elongation of ～30%, yield strength of 130 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 280 MPa along the extrusion direction at room temperature. Microstructure, texture and tensile properties of the extruded alloy were investigated in details. The remarkable improvement of ductility is ascribed to the weakened basal texture, refined grains and a small number of second phase in the alloy.