增城丝苗米米饭理化性质与质构特性的相关性分析

选用7份增城丝苗米的原料大米,研究米饭的质构特性,并分析其与大米的热特性、糊化特性和理化指标之间的相关性。结果表明,增城丝苗米原料大米的硬度、粘性的差别较大,而凝聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性均较接近。大米直链淀粉含量与米饭质构特性呈显著相关,米饭硬度、粘性与大米淀粉的糊化起始温度呈正相关,与热焓值呈负相关。米饭的硬度、粘性、凝聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性与大米淀粉糊化的最终粘度、崩解值呈负相关,与消减值呈正相关,粘性与回生值呈负相关。因此,开发大米配方时, 将直链淀粉含量检测与大米的糊化特性、米饭硬度和粘性测试分析相结合,对于提高大米配方的品质稳定具有重要意义。     

不同加工程度大米食味变化分析

为研究大米加工程度对米饭食味的影响,对不同加工程度大米进行基本理化指标、质构、感官品质及风味测定。结果表明,随着加工程度提高,大米食味值增大,总脂肪、蛋白质含量降低,米饭硬度减小。蒸煮可显著增加米饭的水溶性蛋白质含量。大米加工程度越高,米饭风味成分含量损失越严重。相对于糙米,碾磨3 min、碾磨6 min、碾磨9 min的大米米饭挥发性成分总量分别减少了50.7%、73%、79%。碾磨6 min和碾磨9 min大米在理化性质（食味值、粗蛋白、直链淀粉、脂肪含量）、质构（黏度、平衡、弹性）均无显著差异。     

大米贮藏过程中理化性质及食味品质的变化

大米是人类主要的粮食作物之一,含有丰富的营养物质,是人体主要的热量来源。但大米在储存过程中易发生陈化和变质,影响大米的营养及食味品质。而大米的陈化、变质及食味品质下降与储藏过程中大米的理化性质的改变是密不可分的。将大米密封贮存于阴凉干燥的室温条件下,定期测定不同贮藏时间大米水分和直链淀粉含量、糊化性质、碱消值、膨润力和溶解度以及米饭质构特性等理化指标。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,大米中的水分和直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、膨润力和溶解度以及回生值都呈现增长趋势;而大米的碱消值、糊化冷却过程中的黏度(峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度)和崩解值呈现下降趋势;其蒸煮得到的米饭硬度上升,黏力和弹性均呈下降趋势,食用品质逐渐下降。     

淘洗次数对大米蒸煮特性及食味品质的影响

研究不同淘洗次数（1~6次）对大米蒸煮品质、糊化特性、质构特性及感官评价的影响规律，旨在探明淘洗次数与大米蒸煮特性及食味品质的相关性。结果表明：大米色度值（L*）与淘洗次数呈显著二次相关性（R2=0.95，P < 0.05），但在实验次数内无显著差异性；蒸煮后米饭膨胀率、吸水率均呈现先降低后上升趋势，而米饭的硬度与淘洗次数呈显著负相关（R2=0.91，P < 0.05），弹性与淘洗次数呈显著二次相关性（R2=0.98，P < 0.05），5次淘洗时硬度显著降低为1291g，弹性显著提升至0.816；大米的峰值糊化黏度、崩解值和最终糊化黏度值与淘洗次数整体呈显著正相关，回升值呈显著负相关，当淘洗次数超过5次后，峰值黏度和最终黏度无显著（P > 0.05）变化；在感官评定中，淘洗次数1~5时，感官评分增加至82.81，淘洗次数再增加，感官得分显著（P < 0.05）降低。综上所述，淘洗次数为5时，大米蒸煮食味品质最佳。     

影响米饭质构特性和感官的关键理化因素分析

选取来自统一产区的24个水稻品种,测定了稻米以及其所加工成米饭的理化特性,分析了稻米理化特性与米饭质构特性间的相关性,建立了质构特性及感官与理化因子间的回归方程,进一步分析影响米饭食味品质的一些关键因素。结果表明,淀粉与多个质构参数呈显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)正相关关系;蛋白质与各质构参数相关性不大;水分与米饭的弹性显著相关(r=0.448,p0.05);游离氨基酸与粘连性极显著负相关(r=-0.576,p0.01),与弹性负相关(r=-0.423,p0.05);脂肪与硬度显著负相关(r=-0.420,p0.05),与其他质构参数也基本呈负相关;长宽比主要与反映淀粉特性的质构参数显著相关。回归分析表明,脂肪和游离氨基酸含量对米饭食用品质影响较大,当这两者含量低时,米饭质构特性更优良,而当游离氨基酸含量高时,米饭适口性好、感官评分值高。     

不同稻谷干燥方式对浸泡前后大米品质的影响

为探究不同稻谷干燥方式对浸泡前后大米理化性质及食味品质的影响，以经过自然干燥和热风干燥处理的同一品种粳米为主要原料，探究不同稻谷干燥方式对浸泡前后大米的水分含量、水分分布、微观结构、晶型结构、糊化特性、碘蓝值、食味值以及质构特性的影响。结果表明，热风干燥组大米裂纹较多，相对结晶度、回生值、糊化温度显著低于(P<0.05)自然干燥组，而崩解值、最终黏度、米饭黏弹性和食味值显著高于(P<0.05)自然干燥组；热风干燥组大米在浸泡初期吸水率显著高于(P<0.05)自然干燥组，且当浸泡30 min时两组大米的水分含量基本达到饱和，浸泡后，两组大米的裂纹数量和宽度均明显增大，相对结晶度分别降低了1.03%～1.98%、糊化温度降低了2.45～3.40℃；峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值和米饭黏弹性显著增大(P<0.05)，碘蓝值增加了15.60%～21.26%，米饭食味值增加至84.73～85.46。综上所述，浸泡提升了两组米饭的品质，且热风干燥组米饭品质更好。     

压榨型鲜湿米粉条凝胶质构特性及食用品质影响因素

以压榨型鲜湿米粉条凝胶品质影响因素为研究对象,主要探讨了大米粉基本理化指标、快速黏度分析(rapid visco analyze,RVA)糊化特性、大米淀粉结晶特性对压榨型鲜湿米粉条的食用品质及其凝胶质构特性的影响。研究表明大米粉直链淀粉的质量分数与米粉条的感官得分、质构特性指标(除黏附性、弹性外)呈显著或极显著正相关(P0.05,P0.01),大米粉支链淀粉质量分数与米粉条感官得分、质构特性指标(除黏附性、弹性外)呈显著或极显著负相关(P0.05,P0.01);大米粉粗蛋白(除与恢复性呈显著正相关外)、粗脂肪质量分数与米粉条凝胶特性和食用品质相关性不显著(P0.05);X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱2种方法分析得到的结晶度RX和RI均与米粉条的凝胶特性指标和食用品质感官得分均无显著相关性(P0.05)。RVA糊化特性参数中的峰值黏度、最低黏度和最终黏度与米粉条的感官得分、质构特性指标(除黏附性、弹性外)呈显著或极显著正相关性(P0.05,P0.01);衰减值虽与感官得分、凝胶质构特性指标(除与黏附性显著负相关外)均呈一定的负相关性,但均不显著(P0.05);而回生值则与米粉条感官得分、凝胶质构特性指标的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、恢复性均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。由此可见,直链淀粉、支链淀粉质量分数及RVA糊化特性参数可用来预测压榨型鲜湿米粉条的食用品质关键性指标。     

脂肪酸对米饭食味的影响

研究脂肪酸对米饭食味的作用,以垦育38号为原料,采用米饭硬度黏度仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪及快速黏度分析仪等测定添加油酸、亚油酸对米饭的质构特性、挥发性风味化合物及淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,在1%～3%添加量范围内,随脂肪酸添加量的增加,油酸、亚油酸与大米淀粉形成的淀粉-脂质复合物增多,米饭的硬度分别升高了9.02%～30.97%、12.45%～29.10%,黏度分别降低了23.28%～53.44%、11.64%～30.17%;与亚油酸相比,油酸分子更易与大米淀粉形成复合物,对米饭黏度的降低作用更显著。添加油酸和亚油酸可显著提高大米淀粉的最终黏度和回生值,使最终黏度由198.88 RVU分别升至232.21 RVU和237.96 RVU,回生值由59.04 RVU分别升至126.96 RVU和90.96 RVU。与亚油酸相比,油酸对大米淀粉糊化特性和米饭挥发性风味化合物的作用更显著。     

混合实验仪法对大米食用品质评价的探索研究

目的探索大米食用品质的混合实验仪(Mixolab)表征点。方法利用混合实验仪测定70种大米的相关参数,用国标法测定大米品质理化指标(蛋白质、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度),并用描述性分析法对大米进行感官评定,分析Mixolab图谱特征值与大米的理化指标以及感官评定指标之间的相关关系。结果蛋白质含量与淀粉糊化特性、淀粉热糊化胶的稳定性以及冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性呈显著负相关,直链淀粉含量与吸水率呈显著负相关,与蛋白质弱化、淀粉糊化特性、淀粉热糊化胶的稳定性、冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性、淀粉糊化的速度、淀粉酶的水解速度和淀粉的崩解值呈显著正相关,胶稠度与吸水率和冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性呈显著正相关;感官评定质地方面的粘性、硬度和凝聚性均和Mixolab的冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性值有显著相关性。结论混合试验仪法应用于大米食用品质的评价是可行的,其中冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性可以作为大米食用品质评价的参考表征点。     

鲜湿方便米饭原料适宜性研究——以东北地区粳米为例

为了筛选适合加工鲜湿方便米饭的粳米品种,并建立一种简单易行的原料适宜性评价方法,选用东北地区30种粳米为原料,制作鲜湿方便米饭。通过描述性分析及相关性分析探究大米外观品质、基本组分、糊化特性和蒸煮特性对鲜湿方便米饭食用品质的影响。结果表明,不同粳米的22个评价指标存在差异,其中变量系数超过10%的指标有6个,由大到小依次为碘蓝值、米汤干物质质量分数、崩解值、谷值黏度、长宽比、黄蓝值,说明这6个指标更具有代表性。相关性分析表明,长宽比与胶黏性、咀嚼性、内聚性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),崩解值与内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。碘蓝值和米汤干物质均与弹性、黏附性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。基于因子分析计算鲜湿方便米饭综合得分,再结合逐步回归分析得出鲜湿方便米饭原料筛选模型,该模型核心评价指标是碘蓝值和崩解值。通过模型预测的鲜湿方便米饭品质得分与感官评分结果的拟合度R²值达0.7064,表明该模型比较准确,可用来判断不同品种粳米制作鲜湿方便米饭的适宜性。通过聚类分析确定了11种粳米适合加工鲜湿方便米饭。研究旨在为鲜湿方便米饭生产原料的选择提供理论依据。     

不同烹煮方式对米饭食味品质的影响

以4种市售大米为研究对象,利用质构仪、气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)及感官评价等检测和评价手段,对不同烹煮方式的米饭进行基本蒸煮品质、质构特性以及风味物质等食味品质的评价,并探究其与感官评价的相关性。旨在探究不同大米品种(粳米和籼米),以及不同蒸煮工艺(高压烹煮、电饭锅烹煮、微波烹煮和电蒸锅烹煮)对米饭食味品质的影响,寻找一种能够综合评价米饭食味品质的方法,为米饭的制作及米饭食味品质的改善提供理论参考。结果表明:经高压烹煮后的米饭吸水率、膨胀率、碘蓝值均高于其他方式,且米饭硬度小,弹性和黏性较大,感官品质评价最优,而微波烹煮米饭食味品质最差。米饭膨胀率与感官评价中米饭的滋味和形态呈显著正相关(P0.05,P0.01),硬度与口感呈极显著负相关(P0.01),弹性与米饭形态呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。此外,米饭风味物质分析表明经高压烹煮和电饭锅烹煮的米饭,醛、醇、酮等主要的米饭风味物质含量和种类均高于其他烹煮方式,且因品种不同大米的香气有所差异。     

Physicochemical,cooking and textural characteristics of some Indian black gram (Phaseolus mungo L) varieties

Physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of black gram varieties were studied and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Different varieties showed significant variation in their physicochemical, cooking and textural properties. Varieties having higher seed weight and seed volume had higher values of cooking time, swelling capacity, hydration capacity and hardness. The relationships between textural parameters of cooked grains from different black gram varieties showed a significant positive correlation of hardness with cohesiveness (r = 0.472), gumminess (r = 0.938) and chewiness (r = 0.859). Swelling index, cohesiveness and gumminess of black gram varieties were observed to be related to their fibre content. Swelling capacity and swelling index correlated well with cooking time, hardness and gumminess. Cooking time had a positive correlation with hardness (p < 0.05) and gumminess (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with springiness. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

CHANGES IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, THERMAL, COOKING AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RICE DURING AGING

Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of aging on the physico-chemical, thermal, cooking and textural properties of milled rice obtained from two rice cultivars (Basmati-370 and Sharbati). The physicochemical properties like amylose content, liquification number decreased while the free fatty acid content increased with aging. Basmati-370 milled rice had higher cooking time and elongation ratio which subsequently increased with aging in both the cultivars. Water uptake and gruel solids loss also decreased significantly with the aging of the milled rice from both the cultivars. Sharbati milled rice showed higher transition temperatures, enthalpy of gelatinization and peak height index than Basmati-370 rice cultivar when determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter. All these thermal parameters decreased with the aging of milled rice from both the cultivars. Textural properties such as packability, hardness, cohesiveness, extrudability and chewiness of cooked rice were measured using Instron Universal Testing Machine by back extrusion test. Basmati-370 cooked rice had higher packability, hardness, cohesiveness, extrudability and chewiness value as compared to Sharbati cooked rice. The values for all textural parameters in both the cultivars increased during aging, however, the increases were greater in Basmati-370 rice.     

Studies on noodle quality of potato and rice starches and their blends in relation to their physicochemical, pasting and gel textural properties

The physicochemical, pasting, and gel textural properties of potato and rice starches and their blends were studied in relation to their noodle making performance. Amylose content, swelling power and solubility values of potato starch were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than for rice starch. Pasting properties showed higher peak, final and setback viscosity for potato starch as compared to rice starch. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch gel had higher hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness as compared to rice starch gel. Potato starch noodles showed higher cooked weight and cooking loss and were scored higher by sensory panellists especially with respect to transparency and slipperiness. On the other hand, rice starch noodles were more firm with lower cooking loss. Addition of potato starch to rice starch significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the noodle characteristics. Among the starch blends studied, blending of potato and rice starch in the ratio of 1:1 resulted in good quality noodles in terms of their lower cooking time, higher cooked weight, transparency and slipperiness. The results revealed the possibility of blending of potato starch with rice starch in equal proportions to produce noodles of acceptable quality.     

基于物性仪评价大米食用品质的方法研究

为了建立国产物性仪评价大米食用品质的方法,探索了米饭摆放方式及压缩参数对大米物性测试结果的影响,并研究了米饭物性仪测试结果与感官评价指标间的相关关系。结果表明：米饭粒在辐射状摆放、圆柱型压缩探头、压缩比70％和压缩速率0．5mm／s的条件下,其物性测定结果重现性较好。物性测试的硬度、弹性和黏硬比与米饭感官评价中软硬发、弹性及综合评分值具有显著的相关性。可见硬度、弹性和黏硬比是米饭物性仪评价米饭食味的关键指标,物性测试仪能代替部分感官评价来快速、准确地测量米饭物性。     

Physicochemical,Textural, Pasting,and In Vitro Digestion Properties of Some Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Cultivars

Grain quality attribute tests based on physicochemical, textural, pasting, and in vitro digestion properties of eight different rice cultivars were studied. Basmati varieties showed higher values of amylose content, iodine absorption, blue value, hardness, cohesiveness, pasting temperature, and set back, whereas swelling power, solubility, adhesiveness, peak viscosity, and breakdown values were found to be higher in non-basmati varieties. The release of maltose from basmati rice flour (23.12–25.86 mg/g rice flour) was found to be slower as compared to non-basmati ones (27.43–28.36 mg/g rice flour). Amylose content showed significant correlations with different quality parameters at 5% level of significance.     

Relationships Between Selected Properties of Seeds,Flours, and Starches from Different Chickpea Cultivars

ABSTRACT

Five desi (PBG-1, PDG-4, PDG-3, GL-769, and GPF-2) and one kabuli type (L-550) chickpea cultivars were evaluated for their seed mass, volume, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time, and instrumental textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness). Flour was prepared from these chickpea cultivars and various physicochemical and functional properties were determined. The pasting (pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown, and final viscosity) and gelatinization (T _o, T _p, T _c, and ΔH _gel) properties of these flours were measured using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), respectively. Starch was also isolated from chickpea cultivars and evaluated for amylose content, swelling power, solubility, and syneresis values. Physicochemical, cooking, and instrumental textural properties of seeds of different chickpea cultivars were related to physicochemical, gelatinization, and pasting properties of their flours and physicochemical properties of their starches. Selected properties of chickpea seeds were significantly correlated with the properties of their starches and flours. Hardness value of soaked chickpea seeds was positively correlated to cooking time, seed mass, seed volume, hydration, and swelling capacity (p < 0.01). Water solubility index (WSI) of chickpea flours was positively correlated to seed mass, volume, hydration capacity, and hardness value (p < 0.05). Selected instrumental textural parameters of seeds had positive correlation with ΔH _gel of flours (p < 0.01). Peak viscosity of flours showed positive correlation to breakdown, final viscosity, bulk density, and negative correlation to cohesiveness of soaked seeds (p < 0.01). Final viscosity showed negative correlation to bulk density and water absorption index (WAI) (p < 0.01) of flours.     

Influence of Acid Treatment on Physicochemical Properties of Aged Rice Flour

This study investigated the influence of citric acid and ascorbic acid solutions (0.0–0.9% w/w) on the physicochemical properties of 12 month aged rice flour (aged) using 0.7 month rice flour (fresh) as the reference. The results showed that rice storage did not affect the chemical composition. However, 12 month aged rice flour showed an increase in formation of disulfide bonds and amylose-lipid complexes which could restrict starch granules from swelling during gelatinization. Moreover, 12 month aged rice flour showed an increase in gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Acid treatment did not break the formed disulfide bond but reduced the protein content in the acid-treated 12 month aged rice flour producing a significant increase in granular swelling and thus increased peak viscosity (p ≤ 0.05) but caused a reduction in retrogradation. The excess concentration (0.9% w/w acid solution) induced granule rupture. Aging of rice also affected the textural properties of freeze-thaw gels, increasing the hardness value but this was reduced by the addition of acids.