热泵型溶液除湿新风系统性能分析与优化

本文建立了热泵型溶液除湿(HPLD)新风系统数学模型,研究了新风温度、湿度对系统运行性能的影响。结果表明:新风温度升高1℃,系统COP平均下降率为0.9%;新风含湿量增加1 g/(kg干空气),系统COP平均下降率为3.6%,新风湿度增加导致HPLD系统COP大幅下降,系统新风湿度变化的适应性差。为扩大HPLD系统适应范围,提出了冷却除湿与HPLD组合式除湿系统,以组合式除湿系统COP为评价指标,得到组合系统级间新风参数最优状态:温度为21℃,含湿量为14.1 g/(kg干空气)。夏季典型工况下,组合式除湿系统COP为5.40,比单一HPLD系统COP提高87.5%。最后,根据HPLD系统设计参数制作了实验样机,并对模拟结果进行了验证。     

多级矩阵结构冷却除湿器的除湿性能研究

为了降低空分系统压缩机功耗,提高压缩机运行可靠性,本文提出一种用于压缩机进气除湿的多级矩阵结构的冷却除湿器,并搭建了多级冷却除湿实验台,测试了除湿器的除湿性能。实验结果表明,在进口空气含湿量和温度固定为11.7 g/(kg干空气)和24.4 ℃时,当空气质量流量由0.48 kg/s增至0.78 kg/s,空气出口含湿量由7.1 g/(kg干空气)增至7.7 g/(kg干空气);在进口空气质量流量和温度固定为0.53 kg/s和25.2 ℃时,当冷却水温度由6.9 ℃升至11.9 ℃,空气出口含湿量由7.1 g/(kg干空气)增至9.4 g/(kg干空气)。同时,建立了除湿器内部传热传质过程的稳态数值模型,将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,该模型对于除湿器出口空气含湿量和温度的平均误差分别为8.6%和2.1%,显示出较好的可靠性。进一步模拟研究了多级矩阵结构与单级叉流结构冷却除湿器的除湿性能,发现采用多级结构可以有效提高除湿效率,在进口空气流量和冷却水质量流量分别为0.53 kg/s和0.3 kg/s时,多级结构的除湿量可以提高4.3%,除湿效率可以提高2.5%;通过增加填料模块的长度,可以提高除湿效率。当长方体填料模块体积固定为0.054 m3,模块长度由0.14 m增至0.28 m时,传质系数可由4.3 g/(m2?s)增至6.5 g/(m2?s),除湿效率由66.4%升至79.2%。     

溶液除湿新风机组控制策略仿真

利用Simulink构建由物性、传质单元数、空气和溶液出口参数等计算模块组成的溶液除湿新风机组仿真模型,分别将新风流量、溶液流量、溶液温度和溶液质量分数作为调节手段,分析其对机组送风含湿量的影响,并以除湿率为评价指标评价4种调节手段的优劣,提出适合夏季高温高湿和过渡季低温高湿工况溶液除湿新风机组的调节控制方案。仿真结果表明:夏季高温高湿工况溶液除湿新风机组应优先考虑调节新风流量和溶液质量分数;过渡季低温高湿工况溶液除湿新风机组应优先考虑调节溶液温度和溶液质量分数。     

热泵式溶液除湿新风机组性能研究

溶液除湿是一种具有较大节能潜力的湿度处理方式。本文针对热泵式溶液除湿新风机组进行试验研究,对新送风参数、室内外空气参数、系统功耗等进行测试,分析其除湿能力、制冷能力和能效比。结果表明其除湿效果良好,在与地面辐射系统的共同作用下,室内温湿度达到Ⅱ级热舒适度要求,且除湿性能会随着新风温度或新风含湿量的升高而增强。此外,将新风处理到同样的状态,溶液除湿较冷凝除湿直接节能54.8%,冷冻水温度提高近10℃也间接提高了系统的能效比,溶液除湿节能方面优势明显。     

热泵型溶液调湿新风机组冬季性能试验研究

搭建热泵型溶液调湿新风机组试验台,在冬季工况下,新风温度为9.5~10.1℃,含湿量为2.5~3.1 g/kg干空气时,试验比较填料类型、溶液温度、溶液浓度、溶液再生方式对机组制热加湿性能的影响。结果表明,在比较的3种填料中,7090湿帘填料综合性能最优;加湿单元入口溶液温度为32~34℃,且溶液槽中溶液浓度为45%~48%时,机组性能较好;机组采用回风再生较新风再生时的溶液再生能力提高,溶液槽中冷热抵消现象缓解,机组补水量减少47%,制热性能提高12%。试验结果可为热泵型溶液调湿新风机组的设计与冬季运行控制提供参考。     

温湿度独立控制系统特殊设备专利介绍

空调系统的任务是将室内的余热、余湿排出室外,并提供满足卫生要求的新风。目前,大型建筑空调系统通常采用冷却方法进行除湿,冷冻水的温度需要同时满足供冷与除湿的要求。如单独满足供冷需要,冷冻水温度只需16-18℃即可,而如需同时满足冷却及除湿则需要冷冻水温度5-7℃。这样本来可以采用高温冷源（16-18℃）带走的热量由于与除湿一起共用5-7℃的低温冷源进行处理,造成能量利用品位上的浪费。一些情况下,除湿后还需要对空气进行再热处理,更是加大了冷源浪费。     

极端条件下住宅建筑辐射吊顶与独立新风复合空调系统设计

以北京某小区辐射吊顶与独立新风复合空调系统为例,对室内外极端条件下的冷负荷特性进行分析,结合新风处理机组出风温度与冷冻水入口温度所能达到的实际最大差值,讨论极端条件下新风的处理方案。认为在单位面积湿负荷小于8.4g/(h·m~2)时,可采用单独冷水盘管除湿;单位面积湿负荷在8.4～17.6g/(h·m~2)之间时,可采用冷水盘管与直膨式蒸发盘管串联除湿;单位面积湿负荷大于17.6g/(h·m~2)时,可采用加大除湿风量的方法除湿。     

液体除湿剂超声波雾化再生器模型及能耗特性

本文对超声波雾化再生技术进行相关理论研究,在一定假设前提下,建立了超声波雾化再生器模型,并进行实验验证;提出除湿溶液再生能效指标——比能耗(SEC),模拟分析了进口溶液温度和质量浓度、再生空气温度和湿度对超声波雾化再生器能效特性的影响。研究表明:1)较低的溶液进口温度有利于提升溶液再生器的能效,但溶液进口温度的下限值应满足溶液再生后的使用条件要求;2)溶液再生SEC随除湿溶液质量浓度的增加而明显增大,当溶液质量浓度从0.28增加至0.33时,溶液单位再生量的能耗将提高近40%;3)较高的再生空气温度将导致溶液再生能效下降,当再生空气由30℃加热至41℃时,溶液的再生SEC从3.263 kJ/g增加至4.629 kJ/g;4)较高的再生空气湿度将导致较高的再生能耗,当进口再生空气含湿量从10 g/(kg干空气)增至28 g/(kg干空气)时,溶液再生SEC从3.23 kJ/g增至10.56 kJ/g。     

基于内冷式干燥剂换热器的固体除湿空调技术研究进展

基于内冷式干燥剂换热器的新型固体除湿空调技术,可有效克服转轮除湿空调系统升温除湿的不足,并能充分利用大量略高于环境温度的工业废热(30～60℃),具有巨大的节能效益。本文基于内冷式干燥剂换热器的固体除湿空调技术,从干燥剂材料、热湿传递过程和系统性能3个方面,总结近年来的研究进展,对面临的相关科学问题和挑战进行了梳理。高吸附、40℃低温再生且无腐蚀干燥剂的研制是提升该技术的前提,针对不同干燥剂种类考虑其与空气间的热湿传递过程机理是该技术的关键。基于制冷空调或材料学科的发展趋势,给出可能的未来发展方向,以期推动该新型固体除湿空调技术在工业余热利用、环境湿度处理、新风机组和空调等领域的应用。     

基于溶液除湿的辐射空调系统的初步研究

针对辐射板空调系统用于高热、高湿地区夏季供冷时辐射板表面结露的问题,提出基于热、湿负荷分开处理的液体除湿辐射空调系统；该系统采用LiCl溶液作为除湿剂,除湿干空气承担空调房间的湿负荷；对除湿后的干空气直接蒸发冷却,使空调回水降温,负担空调房间的热负荷；该系统具有辐射空调节能、舒适的优点,避免了表面结露的问题,同时不需要另外添加冷水机组,节约系统初投资,此外还考虑了能量回收和太阳能的利用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...