搅拌头偏移对Ti/Al异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头成形及拉伸强度的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)完成了3 mm厚TC4钛合金和2A14-T14铝合金的连接,研究了搅拌头偏移对接头的成形及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明在搅拌头向铝合金侧的偏移对接头的最大抗拉强度有显著的影响。接头最大抗拉强度随搅拌头的偏移量的增加逐渐升高。在偏移量为2.0 mm、搅拌头转速从400 r/min增加到700 r/min时,接头的最大抗拉强度逐渐降低。在偏移量为2.5 mm、接头的最大抗拉强度随转速的增加逐渐升高。当在搅拌头转速为700 r/min, 焊接速度为60 mm/min时,所得接头强度最高,约347 MPa,为铝合金母材的83 %。接头的断裂位置和拉伸强度均取决于微观组织和金属间化合物。对于强度最高的接头,由于TiAl相的生成,接头于铝合金侧热影响区发生断裂。     

Improving Joint Morphologies and Tensile Strength of Al/Mg Dissimilar Alloys Friction Stir Lap Welding by Changing Zn Interlayer Thickness

The pure Zn foils with different thicknesses(0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm) were selected as interlayers to improve the quality of friction stir lap welding joint of 7075-T6 Al and AZ31 B Mg dissimilar alloys. The effects of the interlayer thickness on joint formation, microstructure and tensile strength were analyzed. The results displayed that the maximum length of the boundary between stir zone(SZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone in lower plate was obtained by the addition of the Zn interlayer with 0.05 mm thickness. The Mg–Zn intermetallic compounds(IMCs) were discontinuously distributed in the SZ, replacing the continuous Al–Mg IMCs. The size of Mg–Zn IMCs increased with the increase in the thickness of the Zn interlayer. The maximum tensile shear strength of 276 N mm-1 was obtained by the addition of 0.05 mm Zn foil, which increased by 45.6% of that of the joint without the Zn foil addition.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 1.5 GPa Martensitic High-Strength Steel Plates

In this study, 2.4 mm thick high-strength martensitic steel plates with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa were friction stir welded at various welding speeds of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mm/min and a constant rotation speed of 300 rpm. Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 40, 60 and 80 mm/min, while a kissing bond was found in the joint welded at 100 and 120 mm/min. It was revealed that the peak temperature exceeded A_C3 (the end temperature at which all ferrite transformed to austenite when the steel was heated) for all the welding conditions and martensitic structures were finally formed in the stir zone of the joints. A significant decrease in hardness was located in the heat-affected zone, which had a transitional microstructure from tempered martensite near base metal to a mixed structure containing hard martensite, soft ferrite and bainite near stir zone. For the sound joints, the specimen was fractured in the heat-affected zone during tensile tests and the highest tensile strength could reach about 1058 MPa.     

Microstructure Evolution and Recrystallization Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Thick Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloys: Influence of Pin Centerline Deviation

Four tools with different pin centerline deviations were fabricated to friction stir weld (FSW) thick plates of Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloys. The results show that, compared with the pin without pin centerline deviation, the applying of pin centerline deviation is favorable to improve the flowability of plastic material, enlarging the size of nugget zone, refining the grains and reprecipitated phase particles, enhancing the degrees of dynamic recrystallization and quantity of high angle grain boundaries owing to higher temperature and bigger eccentric force, resulting in the increase of strain hardening. Especially for the used pin with a centerline deviation of 0.2 mm, the highest average hardness and best metallurgical properties of thick FSW joints are produced, and which are consistent with the microstructure evolution and recrystallization behavior. Moreover, the fracture mode of the joints produced by the pins with centerline deviation from 0 mm to 0.3 mm changes gradually from a brittle fracture in the nugget zone (NZ) to a ductile failure in the HAZ.     

Effect of Zener-Hollomon Parameter on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper Subjected to Friction Stir Welding

In this work, the influence of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated. Liquid N₂ cooling was conducted to control the cooling rate after the FSW. The obtained results demonstrate that the Z parameter was dependent on the tool rotation rate during the FSW, i.e., a higher tool rotating rate resulted in a lower Z parameter. The grain size in the stir zone decreased with the increase in the Z parameter. The relationship between the yield strength and the Z parameter is established as σ_0.2 = σ₀ + kZⁿ. This relationship exhibited two different plots under the conditions of air cooling and liquid N₂ cooling. Even at a similar Z parameter, a significant yield strength difference occurred because massive dislocations, which were caused by the prevention of the post-annealing effect, were maintained in the stir zone. This study suggests that the influence of the post-annealing effect should not be neglected when analyzing the relationship between the Z parameter, microstructure, and mechanical properties.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding

This study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of Q235 mild steel, which was formed by the friction stir welding (FSW). The results indicated that, after the FSW, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the retreating side (HAZ_RS) and the HAZ of the advancing side (HAZ_AS) recovered under the influence of the heating cycle. The transformation of the phases in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the retreating side (TMAZ_RS), the stir zone (SZ) and the TMAZ of the advancing side (TMAZ_AS) generated the pearlite and acicular ferrite. The continuous dynamic recrystallization occurred in all the three zones, whereas the grains were refined. The SZ mainly consisted of D₁, D₂ and F shear textures, while the TMAZ_AS was made up of only the F shear texture. The fine-grained structure, pearlite and the acicular ferrite improved the hardness and tensile strength of the joint. Its ultimate tensile strength was 479 MPa, which was 1.3% higher than that of the base metal. However, the uniform elongation was 16%, which showed a decrease of 33%. The fracture was a ductile fracture with the appearance of dimples. Besides, the joints of the FSW showed an excellent bending performance.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded Thick Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Plate

In this work, 20-mm-thick aluminum-alloy plates were joined via friction stir welding. The temperature gradient was reduced by reducing the surface welding heat input to achieve uniformity of the mechanical properties across the thick plate joints. The welding temperature was measured using thermocouples. The microstructures were observed via electron backscatter diff raction and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties of the samples sliced along the thickness direction of the j...     

Microstructure Distribution and Tensile Anisotropy of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded AM60 and AZ31 Magnesium Alloys

The microstructure distribution, tensile anisotropy and fracture behaviors in the dissimilar friction stir welded joint of AM60/AZ31 alloys were investigated. Experimental results showed that a significant grain refinement and an orientation fluctuation occurred in the weld. The grain size of AZ31 side in joint was obviously smaller than that of AM60 side. There was a higher percentage of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and a lower degree of recrystallization in AZ31 side compared with those in AM60 side, especially for the thermo-mechanically affected zone in AZ31 side. The discrepancies of grain size distribution, recrystallization behavior and LAGBs in joint depended on the different initial state of two metals and the inhomogeneous temperature distribution in joint. In addition, the (0001) basal plane in weld was roughly parallel to the surface of the pin, showing the symmetrically distributed texture characteristics. The joint showed an obvious tensile anisotropy due to the special texture distribution. The comprehensive tensile properties of joint along the three directions decreased in the order: welding direction, 45° direction and transverse direction. The maximum ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the joint were 242 MPa, 116 MPa and 21.2%, respectively. The fluctuations of grain size and texture in joint affected the fracture behavior of samples in the three directions.     

Influence of Multi-pass Friction Stir Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Die Cast Al–7Si–3Cu Aluminum Alloy

The influence of overlap multi-pass friction stir processing on the microstructure and the mechanical properties, in particular, strength, ductility and hardness of die cast Al–7Si–3Cu aluminum alloy was investigated.It was observed that increase in the number of overlap passes friction stir processing resulted in significant refinement and redistribution of aluminum silicon eutectic phase and elimination of casting porosities. The microstructural refinement by the friction stir processing not only increases the ultimate tensile strength from 121 to273 MPa, but also increases the ductility as observed by the increase in fracture strain from 1.8% to 10%. Analysis of the fractured surface reveals that the microstructural refinement obtained by friction stir processing plays a vital role in transforming the fracture mode from completely mixed mode to the ductile mode of the fracture with increasing number of passes. The change in the size, shape, morphology and distribution of eutectic silicon particles and elimination of the porosities are the main reasons for the increases in tensile strength and ductility due to friction stir processing.     

Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Al–Mg–Si/Al–Zn–Mg Aluminum Alloys Friction Stir Welding Joints

In this study, fatigue properties and fracture mechanism of dissimilar Al–Mg–Si/Al–Zn–Mg aluminum alloys friction stir welding(FSW) joints were investigated and the effect of the sheet configuration on the fatigue behavior of the FSW joints was also discussed. Results showed that the joints owned better fatigue properties when the Al–Zn–Mg aluminum alloy was placed at the advancing side(AS). At 10~7 cycles, the fatigue strengths of Al–Zn–Mg–AS and Al–Mg–Si–AS joints were, respectively, 105.6 and 90.1 MPa. All joints fractured at the heat-affected zone at the Al–Mg–Si alloy side. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that better fatigue property of the Al–Zn–Mg–AS joint was associated with the bridging effect of the bigger secondary phase particles.     

AZ91D镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊对AZ91D镁合金进行焊接试验,研究了搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能.结果表明,当转速为1 000～1 400 r/min、焊速为50～150 mm/min时,均可得到表面成形良好、内部无孔洞和隧道的焊缝;焊接区与母材组织差异极大,焊接区形成细小、均匀的再结晶组织,具有锻造组织特征;热影响区为部分再结晶组织,再结晶晶粒沿原铸造晶粒的晶界生长;对接头进行拉伸试验,断裂发生在母材处,表明接头的抗拉强度高于母材.     

铝合金LD10的搅拌摩擦焊组织及性能分析

搅拌摩擦焊是 2 0世纪 90年代发展起来的新型固态塑性连接方法 ,在航空航天结构中铝合金件的焊接方面有很好的应用前景。文中试验研究了航空航天结构件常用的LD10铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊技术。通过工艺试验 ,对其塑性连接时的焊缝成形、焊缝组织形态及接头的力学性能进行了分析。研究结果表明 ,用搅拌摩擦焊方法焊接板厚6mm的LD10铝合金 ,当规范参数合适时 ,可获得外观成形美观、内部无缺陷、几乎无变形的平板对接接头。从显微组织角度 ,焊接接头可分为五个区域 ,即焊核、热力影响区、热影响区、轴肩变形区和探针挤压区 ,各区域的组织有明显的特征。接头的力学性能试验表明 ,接头的抗拉强度可达母材的 87% ,高于熔焊接头的强度 ,断裂位置大多位于热影响区     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of RAFM-316L Dissimilar Joints by Friction Stir Welding with Different Butt Joining Modes

Dissimilar welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel and 316L austenitic stainless steel were prepared by friction stir welding with different butt joining modes and welding parameters. The weld quality of the joint was improved by placing the 316L steel on the advancing side and the RAFM steel on the retreating side, and using a relatively high rotational speed of 400 rpm. The microstructure of the stir zone on the 316L steel side consisted of single-phase austenite, and the microstructure of the stir zone on the RAFM steel side mainly consisted of lath martensite and equiaxed ferrite. A mechanical mixture of the two steels and diffusion of Cr and Ni could be detected near the bonding interface. Diffusion of Ni from the 316L steel to the RAFM steel resulted in the formation of a dual-phase structure consisting of austenite and ferrite. The as-welded joints showed good strength and ductility at room temperature and 550 °C, which were nearly equal to those of the 316L base material. The heat-affected zone on the RAFM side had the lowest impact toughness throughout the weld with a value of 13.2 J at - 40 °C, ~ 52% that of the RAFM base material.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel Joints by Friction Stir Welding Under Various Cooling Conditions

X80 pipeline steel plates were friction stir welded(FSW) under air, water, liquid CO_2 + water, and liquid CO_2 cooling conditions, producing defect-free welds. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these FSW joints were studied. Coarse granular bainite was observed in the nugget zone(NZ) under air cooling, and lath bainite and lath martensite increased signifi cantly as the cooling medium temperature reduced. In particular, under the liquid CO_2 cooling condition, a dual phase structure of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite appeared in the NZ. Compared to the case under air cooling, a strong shear texture was identifi ed in the NZs under other rapid cooling conditions, because the partial deformation at elevated temperature was retained through higher cooling rates. Under liquid CO_2 cooling, the highest transverse tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 92% and 82% of those of the basal metal(BM), respectively, due to the weak tempering softening. A maximum impact energy of up to 93% of that of the BM was obtained in the NZ under liquid CO_2 cooling, which was attributed to the operation of the dual phase of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite.     

Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Similar and Dissimilar Alloys:A Review

Refi ll friction stir spot welding, also known as friction spot welding(FSpW), is a solid-state welding process suitable for spot joining of lightweight materials. Through the eff orts of improving joint quality for similar and dissimilar materials, for example, aluminum and magnesium, this joining technology is well developed. The joining mechanism and process characteristics of FSpW have been widely studied. However, the application of FSpW in industry has not been entirely successful. In this review article, the research of similar and dissimilar material joints, such as, Al/Cu, Al/Ti, Al/Mg and Al/Steel, is summarized. The microstructural features and mechanical properties of the joints, welding tool and the application development are discussed in detail.     

铝铜异种材料线性摩擦焊接头的微观组织与力学性能

采用不同的顶锻力对AA5083-H112铝合金和T2纯铜进行了线性摩擦焊接,获得了无明显缺陷的焊接头,并通过扫描电镜、硬度、力学性能试验等方法研究了线性摩擦焊铝铜接头的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明,随着顶锻力的减小,摩擦效应增加,更多的铜颗粒渗入铝基体中;而随着顶锻力的增加,拉伸力学性能明显下降,这是由于较大的顶锻力会使摩擦过程的热输入量增大,从而在铝铜结合处生成层状的第二相Al_2CuMg,使焊接头的力学性能降低。     

Ultrafine-Grained Microstructure and Improved Mechanical Behaviors of Friction Stir Welded Cu and Cu–30Zn Joints

Ultra-strong joints of pure Cu and Cu–30Zn alloy were obtained by friction stir welding under flowing water. The effects of heat inputting condition and material characteristics on the morphologies, microstructures and mechanical properties of welding joints were studied. Defect-free stirring zones of pure Cu and Cu–30Zn were characterized by onion-ringed structure and plastic flowing bands, respectively. Both low stacking fault energy and fast cooling condition contributed to the formation of small recrystallized grains less than 1 μm in stirring zones. The welding joints in both materials exhibited enhanced mechanical performances due to ultrafine-grained microstructure in stirring zones and disappearance of soft heataffected-zone. The technique of digital image correlation was used to study the tensile deformation behaviors of welding joints and verify the improved tensile properties.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接技术是一种利用高速旋转的搅拌探头与工件摩擦产生的热量使被焊材料局部塑化的新型固相连接工艺.为提高铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头质量,对工艺参数的波动、装配和表面状态等原因产生的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接特有的缺陷(包括缺陷的种类、特征及形成原因)进行分析.总结了缺陷对接头拉伸、疲劳性能的影响以及焊接缺陷的检测和修补方法.对改善铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头性能和提高焊接生产效率具有重要的理论意义和实际参考价值.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Double-Side Friction Stir Welds Between Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Aluminum and Pure Copper Plates

It is difficult to achieve Al/Cu dissimilar welds with good mechanical properties for medium-thick plates due to the inherent high heat generation rate at the shoulder-workpiece contact interface in conventional friction stir welding. Thus, double-side friction stir welding is innovatively applied to join 12-mm medium-thick 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and pure copper dissimilar plates, and the effect of welding speeds on the joint microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu welds is systematically analyzed. It reveals that a sound Al/Cu joint without macroscopic defects can be achieved when the welding speed is lower than 180 mm/min, while a nonuniform relatively thick intermetallic compound (IMC) layer is formed at the Al/Cu interface, resulting in lots of local microcracks within the first-pass weld under the plunging force of the tool during friction stir welding of the second-pass, and seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of the joint. With the increase of welding speed to more than 300 mm/min void defects appear in the joint, but the joint properties are still better than the welds performed at low welding speed conditions since a continuous uniform thin IMCs layer is formed at the Al/Cu interface. The maximum tensile strength and elongation of Al/Cu weld are, respectively, 135.11 MPa and 6.06%, which is achieved at the welding speed of 400 mm/min. In addition, due to the influence of welding distortion of the first-pass weld, the second-pass weld is more prone to form void defects than the first-pass weld when the same plunge depth is applied on both sides. The double-side friction stir welding is proved to be a good method for dissimilar welding of medium-thick Al/Cu plates.     

Numerical Prediction of Intermetallic Compounds Thickness in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum/Magnesium Alloys

An atomic diffusion model is developed to predict the thickness of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the interface of aluminum/magnesium alloys in dissimilar friction stir welding.Both the temperature and the strain rate associated with dislocation density at the checking point are used to determine the diffusion coefficients.The variations of the diffusion coefficients and the thickness of IMCs are quantitatively analyzed at selected characteristic time instants during welding process.It is found that the dislocation density can increase the diffusion coefficient and plays a dominant role in the IMCs formation during the plastic deformation stage.Especially in magnesium alloy and Al12Mg17,the diffusion coefficient is increased by two orders of magnitude or even nearly three orders of magnitude by considering the dislocation density.The temperature is the main influencing factor after the end of plastic deformation.The model is validated by comparing the predicted thickness of IMCs with the experimentally measured results.