Wear Behavior of Biodegradable Mg–5Zn–1Y–(0–1)Ca Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid

Metals and Materials International - In this study, wear behavior of biodegradable Mg–5Zn–1Y–(0–1)Ca alloys is investigated in simulated body fluid. Wear test is performed...     

Effect of Microstructure on Corrosion Behavior of Mg–Sr Alloy in Hank's Solution

Mg–Sr alloy has been studied as a potential biodegradable material with excellent bioactivity to promote the bone formation. However, its degradation behavior needs to be well controlled to avoid the negative effect, which is important for future application. Therefore in this study, the microstructure and its effect on corrosion behavior of an Mg–1.5 Sr alloy were investigated. The microstructures of the alloy under different processing procedures were characterized by both optical and scanning electron microscopes. The corrosion performance was studied in Hank's solution using immersion,potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) tests. The results showed that the grain size and the amount and distribution of b-Mg_(17)Sr_2 had obvious effects on the corrosion behavior of Mg–Sr alloy. The smaller the grain size was, the more the protective surface layer formed on Mg–Sr alloy, and the higher the corrosion resistance was. For the as-cast Mg–Sr alloy, the network-like second phases precipitated along the grain boundaries could not hinder the corrosion due to their own corrosion cracking accelerating the intergranular corrosion. However, the refinement of second phases increased the corrosion resistance of the as-extruded alloy. After solution treatment at 450 °C for 5 h, the grains in the alloy did not grow much and b-Mg_(17)Sr_2 phases homogenously distributed in the alloy, resulting in the increase in corrosion resistance. However, after aging treatment, large amount of precipitated second phases increased the galvanic corrosion of the alloy, accelerating the development of corrosion.     

Oxidation Behavior of a PVD-Processed Mg–10.6Zr Alloy

The oxidation behavior in air of a physical vapor-deposited (PVD) Mg–10.6Zr (wt. %) alloy was studied in the 325–450°C temperature range. The oxidation rate of this alloy remains low at temperatures below 375°C. However, at higher temperatures, the alloy experienced extremely high oxidation rates, which can even lead to disintegration of the sample. Oxidation is controlled by fast inward oxygen transport along the open boundaries of the alloy, leading to the formation of cracks throughout the sample, and subsequent formation of a thin MgO at crack interfaces. The MgO layer remains protective while coarsening of zirconium precipitates at the open boundaries does not take place. Thickening of Zr precipitates over a critical size induces impairment of the MgO layer at crack interfaces, facilitating inward oxygen diffusion. The volume increase resulting from the formation of new oxide at open boundaries favors decohesion of open boundaries, leading to accelerated oxidation.     

The High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr Alloy

The oxidation behavior of pure Mg and Mg–Gd-Y-Zr alloy was studied in O₂ at 300 °C with and without the presence of water vapor. The kinetics curves revealed improved oxidation resistance of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy in O₂, compared with pure Mg. However, when water vapor co-existed with oxygen, the oxidation rate of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy was accelerated; whereas, the oxidation rate of pure Mg was restrained. Detailed XPS analysis of pure Mg oxidized with water vapor revealed that the reduced oxidation rate could be strongly linked with the outer Mg(OH)₂ film. On the contrary, for Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy, an incomplete Mg(OH)₂ film was present in the outer region of oxide layer, which can provide a ready pathway for water vapor transport to the inner part of the oxide film and which has little oxidation resistance to water vapor.     

The Effect of Homogenization on the Corrosion Behavior of Al–Mg Alloy

The effect of homogenization on the corrosion behavior of 5083-O aluminum alloy is presented in this paper. The intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion were used to characterize the discussed corrosion behavior of 5083-O aluminum alloy. The variations in the morphology, the kind and distribution of the precipitates, and the dislocation configurations in the samples after the homogenization were evaluated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of the highly active grain boundary character distribution and the types of constituent particles on the corrosion are discussed on the basis of experimental observations. The results indicated that the corrosion behavior of 5083-O alloy was closely related to the microstructure obtained by the heat treatment. Homogenization carried out after casting had the optimal effect on the overall corrosion resistance of the material. Nevertheless, all samples could satisfy the requirements of corrosion resistance in marine applications.     

Effect of CaCl_2 and NaHCO_3 in Physiological Saline Solution on the Corrosion Behavior of an As-Extruded Mg–Zn–Y–Nd alloy

In this study, the corrosion behaviors of an as-extruded Mg–4%Zn–2%Y–1.8%Nd(in wt.%) alloy in different physiological saline solutions were investigated and compared. The results indicated that the alloy in the 9 g/L NaCl had the higher corrosion resistance than that containing with CaCl_2 and NaHCO_3. Moreover, it demonstrated that the corrosion behaviors of the alloy in two types of solutions were all dependent on the pre-immersion time. In the 9 g/L NaCl solution, the corrosion current densities of the alloy decreased firstly with the pre-immersion time being 4 h and then increased with the pre-immersion time prolonging from 4 to 48 h. However, in the 9 g/L NaCl solution containing with CaCl_2 and NaHCO_3, the corrosion current density of the alloy exhibited the adverse trend with the prolonging the pre-immersion time. Failure analysis demonstrated that the changes of corrosion resistance in two solutions were mainly dominated by the constituents formed in surface films.     

Microstructural Evolution and Biodegradation Response of Mg–2Zn–0.5Nd Alloy During Tensile and Compressive Deformation

The effect of deformation behavior on the in vitro corrosion rate of Mg–2Zn–0.5 Nd alloy was investigated experimentally after uniaxial tensile and compressive stress. The microstructure and texture were characterized using electron backscattered diffraction and X-ray diffraction, while potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests were used to investigate the corrosion response after deformation. The result reveals that applied compressive stress has more dominant effect on the corrosion rate of Mg–2 Zn–0.5 Nd alloy as compared to tensile stress. Both tensile and compressive strains introduce dislocation slip and deformation twins in the alloy, thereby accelerating the corrosion rate due to the increased stress corrosion related to dislocation slips and deformation twins. The {10ī2} tension twinning and prismatic slip were the major contributors to tensile deformation while basal slip, and {10ī2} tension twin were obtainable during compressive deformation. The twinning activity after deformation increases with the plastic strain and this correlates with the degradation rate.     

Effect of Different Scale Precipitates on Corrosion Behavior of Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.4Zr Alloy

A large amount of directional and willow-like β' phase was precipitated in Mg-10 Gd-3 Y-0.4 Zr(GW103 K) alloy after solution treatment and subsequently aged treatment(T6). In order to explore the effect of the precipitates on the corrosion behavior of the GW103 K alloy, the alloy was subjected to solution treatment(T4) at 773 K for 4 h at first, subsequently aged at 498 K for 193 h(T6). The microstructure evolution of the GW103 K alloy after this treatment was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The high-angle annular detector dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the typical corrosion morphologies of the nanoscale precipitation phases(β') in the T6-treated alloy. The corrosion rate was measured by potentiodynamic polarization test. Combining with the potential measurement results by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy, the effects of the skeleton-like Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_5 andf precipitates on the corrosion behavior of GW103 K alloy were explored. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the GW103 K alloy in different conditions was ranked as: as-cast alloy T4-treated alloy T6-treated alloy,attributing to the fact that the relative potential differences of skeleton-like Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_5 were lower than those of the matrix, therefore Mg24(Gd, Y)5 phase formed micro-galvanic coupling with the matrix and corrosion dissolution occurred.The nanoscale β' precipitates in T6-treated alloy can retard the cathodic process.     

Manipulating Precipitation Through Thermomechanical Treatment to Control Corrosion Behavior of an Al–Cu–Mg Alloy

Controlling the precipitation through thermomechanical treatment is an important method to improve the corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg alloys. In this study, the corrosion behaviors of Al–Cu–Mg alloys in the solution-treated state and retrogressiontreated state under cold rolling deformation and then natural aging were investigated. In the solution-treated series alloys, the cold-rolled deformation improved the resistance to intergranular corrosion by suppressing the precipitation of the S-phas...     

Wearing and Corrosion Resistance of TAMZ Alloy Implanted by Carbon Ion in Hank’s Body Fluid

人体模拟体液Hank’s溶液中对碳离子注入TAMZ合金的耐蚀耐磨行为进行研究。结果表明,碳离子注入TAMZ合金表面形成含碳量1.07%的均匀改性层,碳离子注入层厚度达9 μm。碳离子注入后,TAMZ表面形成无序层膜,经XRD分析主要由TiC和Ti组成。Hank’s溶液中电化学测试结果表明,注入碳离子的TAMZ合金腐蚀电位升高、电荷转移电阻增大,阳极极化电流密度降低,改善了电化学性能。其原因归结于碳离子注入后碳化物的无序层膜的形成阻滞了合金元素的溶解,提高了膜层的耐蚀性能。Hank’s溶液中注入碳离子的TAMZ合金的摩擦系数和比磨损率均明显小于基体TAMZ合金,硬度提高;而且经摩擦的碳离子注入TAMZ合金比基体TAMZ合金的阳极极化电流密度小、电荷转移电阻大,表明碳离子注入改性层在人体模拟液环境中具有优良的耐磨、耐蚀性能     

Aging Behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce Alloy

The aging properties of Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr-0.055Ce alloy are studied. The results show that can obtain higher electrical conductivity and microhardness after solutioned at 920℃ for lh, and aged at 500℃. The process of precipitation of the secondary phase can be accelerated with cold deformation before aging, so properties of the alloy are improved.Upon aging at 500℃ for 30 minutes after 60% cold deformation, the values of electrical conductivity and microhardness are 69.0%IACS and 152HV respectively, but they are only 66.2%IACS and 136HV upon directly aging after solution. With the addition of a trace of rare earth element Ce, the value of microhardness of Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr alloy increases 18～25HV,while the value of electrical conductivity drops a little.     

Effect of Precipitate State on Mechanical Properties,Corrosion Behavior,and Microstructures of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy

The mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and microstructures of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy under various ageing treatments were investigated comparatively. The results show that the tensile strength and corrosion resistance are strongly affected by the precipitate state. Massive fine intragranular precipitates contribute to high strength. Discontinuous coarse grain boundary precipitates containing high Cu content, as well as the narrow precipitate free zone, result in low corrosion susceptibility. After the non-isothermal ageing (NIA) treatment, the tensile strength of 577 MPa is equivalent to that of 579 MPa for the T6 temper. Meanwhile, the stress corrosion susceptibility r_tf and the maximum corrosion depth are 97.8% and 23.5 μm, which are comparable to those of 92.8% and 26.7 μm for the T73 temper. Moreover, the total ageing time of the NIA treatment is only 7.25 h, which is much less than that of 48.67 h for the retrogression and re-ageing condition.     

Microstructure,Tensile Properties and Work Hardening Behavior of an Extruded Mg–Zn–Ca–Mn Magnesium Alloy

A new Mg-2.2 wt% Zn alloy containing 1.8 wt% Ca and 0.5 wt% Mn has been developed and subjected to extrusion under different extrusion parameters.The finest(～0.48 μm) recrystallized grain structures,containing both nano-sized MgZn_2 precipitates and α-Mn nanoparticles,were obtained in the alloy extruded at 270℃/0.01 mm s~(-1).In this alloy,the deformed coarse-grain region possessed a much stronger texture intensity(～32.49 mud) relative to the recrystallized fine-grain region(～13.99 mud).A positive work hardening rate in the third stage of work hardening curve was also evident in the alloy extruded at 270℃,which was related to the sharp basal texture and which provided insufficient active slip systems.The high work hardening rate in the fourth stage contributed to the high ductility extruded at 270℃/1 mm s~(-1).This alloy exhibited a weak texture,and the examination of fracture surface revealed highly dimpled surfaces.The optimum tensile strength was achieved in the alloy extruded at 270℃/0.01 mm s~(-1),and the yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure were～364.1 MPa,～394.5 MPa and～7.2%,respectively.Fine grain strengthening from the recrystallized fine-grain region played the greatest role in the strength increment of this alloy compared with Orowan strengthening and dislocation strengthening in the deformed coarse-grain regions.     

Corrosion Behavior of Anodized Al Coated by Physical Vapor Deposition Method on Cu–10Al–13Mn Shape Memory Alloy

Physical vapor deposition method was utilized to apply Al coating onto Cu–10Al–13Mn alloy, then coated layer was anodized in different temperatures: 5 and 10°C as well as several potentials: 20, 30, 40, 50 V in order to achieve best anodizing parameters. The effects of anodizing parameters on alumina nanotube formation and corrosion resistance were investigated. Phase analysis on surface was conducted by X-ray diffraction method and nanotube characteristics was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface topology was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, the corrosion resistance of coatings was studied by potentiodynamic test in 1M NaCl solution. The results depicted that whole deposited Al layer was anodized and FCC alumina was formed merely. Polarization test results was illustrated that Al anodized layer significantly improved Cu–10Al–13Mn corrosion resistance. Uncoated specimen had highest corrosion rate and anodized layer in lower temperature and voltage had minimum alumina nanotube dimension; as a result, it had best corrosion behavior in NaCl corrosive solution.     

The Effect of Texture on the Corrosion Behavior of AZ31?Mg Alloy

Magnesium (Mg) grains show anisotropic corrosion behavior, which implies that the single-phase, hot-rolled Mg alloy AZ31 sheet, if highly textured, will have different corrosion performance depending on its crystallographic orientation of the grains. Its rolling surface, dominated by (0001) basal crystallographic planes, is more corrosion resistant than its cross-section surface, which is mainly composed of $ \{ 10\overline{1} 0\} $ and $ \{ 11\overline{2} 0\} $ prismatic crystallographic planes. Furthermore, grain refinement by hot rolling is beneficial to the overall corrosion resistance of AZ31 because of the dissolution of AlMn(Fe) intermetallic precipitates in the alloy. Surface compressive deformation machining can lead to refined grains and an expected preferred grain orientation, thus improving the corrosion resistance of AZ31 alloy.     

Effect of Various Retrogression Regimes on Aging Behavior and Precipitates Characterization of a High Zn-Containing Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy

In the present work, the influence of various retrogression treatments on hardness, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of a high Zn-containing Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy is investigated and several retrogression regimes subjected to a same strength level are proposed. The precipitates are qualitatively investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. Based on the matrix precipitate observations, the distributions of precipitate size and nearest inter-precipitate distance are extracted from bright-field TEM images projected along 〈110〉_Al orientation with the aid of an imaging analysis and an arithmetic method. The results show that GP zones and η′ precipitates are the major precipitates and the precipitate size and its distribution range continuously enlarge with the retrogression regime expands to an extent of high temperature. The nearest inter-precipitate distance ranges obtained are quite the same and the average distance of nearest inter-precipitates show a slight increase. The influence of precipitates on mechanical properties is discussed through the interaction relationship between precipitates and dislocations.     

Recrystallization Behavior of Re-aged Cu-Ni-Si Alloy

The interaction between precipitation and recrystallization and its effect on the properties of the re-aged Cu-Ni-Si alloy are discussed. The results indicate that the pre-aging process for Cu-Ni-Si alloy was responsible to the significant strengthening effect in re-aging process, and the re-aging strengthening effect with pre-aging at 450“C for 8h was even more remarkable, Upon aging, a phenomenon of simultaneous in situ and discontinuous recrystallization was observed in the treatment of pre-aging and deformed Cu-Ni-Si alloy. On the formation and growth of recrystallization, the precipitated phases are coarsed or dissolved in the front of grain boundaries following a re-precipitation in the recrystallization area.     

Corrosion Behavior of Ψ and β Quasicrystalline Al–Cu–Fe Alloy

Two nanostructured Al–Cu–Fe alloys, Al64Cu24Fe12 and Al62.5Cu25.2Fe12.3, have been studied. Icosahedral quasicrystalline(w) Al64Cu24Fe12 and crystalline cubic(b) Al62.5Cu25.2Fe12.3cylindrical ingots were first produced using normal casting techniques. High-energy mechanical milling was then conducted to obtain w icosahedral and b intermetallic nanostructured powders. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance, and potentiodynamic polarization were used to investigate the electrochemical corrosion characteristics of the powders in solutions with different p H values. Current density(icorr), polarization resistance(Rp), and impedance modulus(|Z|) were determined. The results showed that regardless of p H value, increasing the solution temperature enhanced the corrosion resistance of the both phases. However, the electrochemical behavior of the w phase indicated that its stability depends on the submerged exposure time in neutral and alkaline environments. This behavior was related to the type of corrosion products present on the surfaces of the particles along with the diffusion and charge-transfer mechanisms of the corrosion process.     

Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of the Ti–6Al–4V Alloy

The cyclic oxidation behavior of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy has been studied under heating and cooling conditions within a temperature range from 550 to 850 °C in air for up to 12 cycles. The mass changes, phase, surface morphologies, cross-sectional morphologies and element distribution of the oxide scales after cyclic oxidation were investigated using electronic microbalance, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the rate of oxidation was close to zero at 550 °C, obeyed parabolic and linear law at 650 and 850 °C, respectively, while at 750 °C, parabolic—linear law dominated. The double oxide scales formed on surface of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy consisted of an inner layer of TiO₂ and an outer layer of Al₂O₃, and the thickness of oxide scales increased with an increasing oxidation temperature. At 750 and 850 °C, the cyclic oxidation resistance deteriorated owing to the formation of voids, cracks and the spallation of the oxide scales.