基于阻抗反演技术的现场吸声测量研究

吸声系数是针对平面波入射条件下定义的声学参量.在实际(或现场)测量时,往往不满足平面波入射条件.已有的三维空间吸声测量大都基于球面波入射条件,然后加以几何修正.由于与阻抗管测量时的平面波条件不同,所以两者的结果有一定差距.利用逆滤波器原理,对扬声器频响在高低频进行了相应的补偿,消除了环境噪声的影响,在三维空间产生了光滑的butterworth宽频声脉冲.另外,由于声源辐射面积相比测试样品尺寸小很多,可将脉冲声源近似为点声源.将butterworth声脉冲入射毛毡样本,利用在时域上能够分离的入射脉冲和反射脉冲,首先计算了球面波反射系数,然后采用牛顿下山法反演得到样本的平面波阻抗比,并进一步计算了吸声系数.结果表明:较之直接利用球面波几何修正的吸声系数,反演后的吸声系数与声管测量结果更为接近.本方法采用单传声器法(两次测量),测量过程简单,为现场吸声测试提供了一种新的技术途径.     

In situ reflectance monitoring in MOVPE of a multiwafer reactor

A new design is presented that combines an interferometer and rotation monitor for in situ monitoring of variations in the growth process in Aixtron planetary reactors. Particular attention was paid to the growth of GaAs and Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) structures with the aim of increasing the level of understanding of the growth process and enable improvements in control and batch to batch reproducibility. It is anticipated that the properties of the Bragg reflectors will be predicted during the growth of the VCSEL structure by monitoring variations in the growth and using a predictive model based on the virtual interface model. Results are presented on planetary rotation under different reactor conditions, while the use of time resolved software to monitor growth, is discussed.     

Differences arising in the determination of the atmospheric extinction coefficient by transmission and target reflectance measurements

Measurements of the optical extinction at a wavelength of 1.06 microm have been made in water droplet clouds. The extinction coefficient has been measured in the laboratory using two different methods simultaneously. In the first, measurements of the transmitted signal attenuation over a known path length were used. In the second the extinction coefficient was derived from the two-way attenuation of the signal reflected from a target on the opposite side of the cloud from the laser source and detector. It is found that in general the two values of the coefficient derived differ considerably, and the magnitude of the difference depends on the cloud density, the target size, and the system's optical parameters. The difference is shown to originate in the off-axis forward scattering caused by the cloud droplets, and the implications of the results on the measurement of the atmospheric extinction by reflection (lidar) techniques are discussed.     

Visible spectral dependence of the scattering and absorption coefficients of pigmented coatings from inversion of diffuse reflectance spectra

A spectral-projected gradient method and an extension of the Kubelka-Munk theory are applied to obtain the relevant parameters of the theory from measured diffuse reflectance spectra of pigmented samples illuminated with visible diffuse radiation. The initial estimate of the spectral dependence of the parameters, required by a recursive spectral-projected gradient method, was obtained by use of direct measurements and up-to-date theoretical estimates. We then tested the consistency of the Kubelka-Munk theory by repeating the procedure with samples of different thicknesses.     

Analysis and rejection of systematic disturbances in hyperspectral remotely sensed images of the Earth

We discuss the appearance of systematic spatial and spectral patterns of noise in remotely sensed images as well as the possibility of mitigating the effects of these patterns on the data. We describe the structure of two simple theoretical models that predict the appearance of patterns of noise (mainly stripe noise). Moreover, two new algorithms that have been specifically developed to mitigate the noise patterns are described. The performance of the two algorithms is assessed by use of some hyperspectral images acquired by different kinds of airborne sensor. The algorithms show an unexpected ability to reject these noise patterns.     

Remote-sensing technique for determination of the volume absorption coefficient of turbid water

We use remote-sensing reflectance from particulate R(rs) to determine the volume absorption coefficient a of turbid water in the 400 < lambda < 700-nm spectral region. The calculated and measured values of a(lambda) show good agreement for 0.5 < a < 10 (m(-1)). To determine R(rs) from a particulate, we needed to make corrections for remote-sensing reflectance owing to surface roughness S(rs). We determined the average spectral distribution of S(rs) from the difference in total remote-sensing reflectance measured with and without polarization. The spectral shape of S(rs) showed an excellent fit to theoretical formulas for glare based on Rayleigh and aerosol scattering from the atmosphere.     

Algorithm for the retrieval of columnar water vapor from hyperspectral remotely sensed data

A new algorithm for the retrieval of columnar water vapor content is presented. The proposed procedure computes the area of the H2O absorption centered about 940 nm to allow its integrated columnar abundance as well as its density at ground level to be assessed. The procedure utilizes the HITRAN 2000 database as the source of H2O cross-section spectra. Experimental results were derived from radiometrically calibrated hyperspectral images collected by the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor over the Cuprite mining district in Nevada. Numerical simulations based on the MODTRAN 4 radiative transfer code were also employed for investigating the algorithm's performance. An additional empirical H2O retrieval procedure was tested by use of data gathered by the VIRS-200 imaging spectrometer.     

In situ derivatization/solid-phase microextraction: determination of polar aromatic amines

A solid-phase microextraction GC/MS method for the trace determination of a wide variety of polar aromatic amines in aqueous samples was developed. Prior to extraction the analytes were derivatized directly in the aqueous solution by diazotation and subsequent iodination in a one-pot reaction. The derivatives were extracted by direct-SPME using a PDMS/DVB fiber and analyzed by GC/MS in the full-scan mode. By diazotation/iodination, the polarity of the analytes was significantly decreased and as a consequence extraction yields were dramatically improved. The derivatization proved to be suitable for strongly deactivated aromatic amines and even the very polar diamino compounds can efficiently be enriched after derivatization. We investigated 18 anilines comprising a wide range of functional groups, which could be determined simultaneously. The method was thoroughly validated, and the precision at a concentration of 0.5 microg/L was 3.8-11% relative standard deviation for nonnitrated analytes using aniline-d(5) as internal standard and 3.7-10% for nitroaromatic amines without internal standard. The in situ derivatization/SPME/GC/MS method was calibrated over the whole analytical procedure and was linear over 2 orders of magnitude. Using 10-mL samples, detection limits of 2-13 ng/L were achieved for 15 of the 18 analytes. For two aminodinitrotoluene isomers and a diaminonitrotoluene, detection limits ranged from 27 to 38 ng/L. By allowing quantification at the 0.1 microg/L level, analysis of all target compounds meets EU drinking water regulations. The method provides high sensitivity, robustness, and high sample throughput by automation. Finally, the method was applied to various real water samples and in wastewater from a former ammunition plant the contents of several aromatic amines were quantified.     

In situ intestinal absorption of cyclosporine A solid dispersion in rats

Effects of concentration of Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate, Na(+) and P-gp inhibitor on cyclosporin A (CyA-SD) absorption were investigated by in situ circulation method. The results showed that the absorption of CyA increased linearly with its concentration, indicating a passive diffusion process was dominated. CyA absorption decreased with the carrier concentration. The concentration of Na(+) didn't influence the drug absorbed (P > 0.05). The P-gp inhibitor enhanced the CyA absorption significantly (P < 0.05). The passive diffusion process during the intestinal absorption indicated that the solubility enhancement of CyA is one of the mechanisms for the absorption of this water insoluble drug.     

Spectral absorption coefficient measured in situ in the North Sea with a marine radiometric spectrometer system

A submersible marine radiometric spectrometer system, capable of simultaneous measurements of the in situ spectral and angular properties of the underwater oceanic light field, is used to determine spectral inherent optical properties of marine waters. The inversion methods used to convert the sampled light field measurements into estimates of spectral absorption are presented and sample results for three water types obtained during a cruise in the North Sea are given.     

In situ determination of toughness indices of fibre reinforced concrete

A new method using the pull-out technique has been developed to address the problem of measuring the toughness of fibre reinforced concrete directly on existing structures. It consists of determining the load-displacement curves produced by pulling out pre-inserted bolts and determining the toughness indices expressing the ratio between the energy absorbed up to a given deformation level and the energy resulting in the onset of cracking. For varying fibre proportions, these indices are obtained on the basis of the material's response curves as recorded both from pull-out tests and, as in earlier investigations, from three-point bending tests: the good agreement in the results obtained from the two different types of test substantiates the possibility of using pull-out tests for the in situ determination of toughness parameters. Toughness indices are seen to increase with increasing fibre content, confirming the favourable effects of fibres on the ductility of the composite.     

Limitations arising from two-photon absorption of solvent in pulsed-laser thermal lens detection: determination of the two-photon absorption coefficient of ethanol at 266 nm

Two-photon absorption of the solvent under pulsed-laser excitation at 266 nm produces a high background thermal lens signal interfering with the analyte signal. Discrimination of both solvent and analyte signals along with calibration of the photothermal response has allowed the determination of the two-photon absorption coefficient of ethanol. The obtained value, 3.0x10(-10) cm W-1, is close to the literature values obtained from transmittance measurements using picosecond or femtosecond laser pulses.     

Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive determination of the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological tissue

The absorption and transport scattering coefficients of biological tissues determine the radial dependence of the diffuse reflectance that is due to a point source. A system is described for making remote measurements of spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance and hence noninvasive, noncontact estimates of the tissue optical properties. The system incorporated a laser source and a CCD camera. Deflection of the incident beam into the camera allowed characterization of the source for absolute reflectance measurements. It is shown that an often used solution of the diffusion equation cannot be applied for these measurements. Instead, a neural network, trained on the results of Monte Carlo simulations, was used to estimate the absorption and scattering coefficients from the reflectance data. Tests on tissue-simulating phantoms with transport scattering coefficients between 0.5 and 2.0 mm(-1) and absorption coefficients between 0.002 and 0.1 mm(-1) showed the rms errors of this technique to be 2.6% for the transport scattering coefficient and 14% for the absorption coefficients. The optical properties of bovine muscle, adipose, and liver tissue, as well as chicken muscle (breast), were also measured ex vivo at 633 and 751 nm. For muscle tissue it was found that the Monte Carlo simulation did not agree with experimental measurements of reflectance at distances less than 2 mm from the incident beam.     

In situ combustion measurements of CO with diode-laser absorption near 2.3 microm

In situ measurements of CO concentration were recorded with tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy techniques in both the exhaust and the immediate post-flame regions of an atmospheric-pressure flat-flame burner operating on ethylene air. Two room-temperature cw single-mode InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb diode lasers operating near 2.3 microm were tuned over individual transitions in the CO first overtone band (v' = 2 <-- v" = 0) to record high-resolution absorption line shapes in the exhaust duct [79 cm above the burner, approximately 470 K; R(15) transition at 4311.96 cm(-1)] and the immediate postflame zone [1.5 cm above the burner, 1820-1975 K; R(30) transition at 4343.81 cm(-1)]. The CO concentration was determined from the measured absorption and the gas temperature, which was monitored with type-S thermocouples. For measurements in the exhaust duct, the noise-equivalent absorbance was approximately 3 x 10(-5) (50-kHz detection bandwidth, 50-sweep average, 0.1-s total measurement time), which corresponds to a CO detection limit of 1.5 ppm m at 470 K. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy techniques were used to improve the detection limit in the exhaust to approximately 0.1 ppm m (approximately 500-Hz detection bandwidth, 20-sweep average, 0.4-s total measurement time). For measurements in the immediate postflame zone, the measured CO concentrations in the fuel-rich flames were in good agreement with chemical equilibrium predictions. These experiments demonstrate the utility of diode-laser absorption sensors operating near 2.3 microm for in situ combustion emission monitoring and combustion diagnostics.     

In situ determination of rail track electrical impedance andadmittance matrix elements

A novel differential excitation technique is described for the experimental determination of the elements of rail track impedance and admittance matrices from measurements of rail voltages, and currents on a short, isolated track section. The establishment of a common earth point along the track is unnecessary, although rail breaks and driven earth rods at the feed and remote ends of the test section are required. Rail self and mutual impedance and admittance measurements are reported for a single railway track, for a frequency of 50 Hz     

多层吸声材料吸声系数的理论计算

目前由穿孔板和空腔以及多孔吸声材料组成的多层吸声材料的吸声系数还没有理论方法求解,本文提出了一种多层吸声材料吸声系数的理论解法。首先,对于由穿孔板和空腔或穿孔板和吸声材料组成的多层吸声材料,用等效声电类比图求出声阻抗,从而求得吸声系数;然后,对由穿孔板和空腔以及吸声材料组成的多层吸声材料,利用递推方法求得声阻抗,从而求得吸声系数。最后,对由不同层材料组成的多层吸声材料的吸声系数进行了理论计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,结果表明：用该方法理论计算多层吸声材料的吸声系数是可行的。     

In situ measurement of the infrared absorption and extinction of chemical and biologically derived aerosols using flow-through photoacoustics

In an effort to establish a more reliable set of optical cross sections for a variety of chemical and biological aerosol simulants, we have developed a flow-through photoacoustic system that is capable of measuring absolute, mass-normalized extinction and absorption cross sections. By employing a flow-through design we avoid issues associated with closed aerosol photoacoustic systems and improve sensitivity. Although the results shown here were obtained for the tunable CO2 laser waveband region, i.e., 9.20-10.80 microm, application to other wavelengths is easily achievable. The aerosols considered are categorized as biological, chemical, and inorganic in origin, i.e., Bacillus atrophaeus endospores, dimethicone silicone oil (SF-96 grade 50), and kaolin clay powder (alumina and silicate), respectively. Results compare well with spectral extinction measured previously by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Comparisons with Mie theory calculations based on previously published complex indices of refraction and measured size distributions are also presented.     

On the absorption coefficient of a gray medium

The process of absorption of radiant energy by a gray medium is considered. Formulas for the absorption coefficient of a gray medium are derived on the basis of the reciprocity principle and Planck's law.     

In situ derivatization/solid-phase microextraction for the determination of haloacetic acids in water

An in situ derivatization solid-phase microextraction method has been developed for the determination of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water. The analytical procedure involves derivatization of HAAs to their methyl esters with dimethyl sulfate, headspace sampling using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS) determination. Parameters affecting both derivatization efficiency and head-space SPME procedure, such as the selection of the SPME coating, derivatization-extraction time and temperature, and ionic strength, were optimized. The commercially available Carboxen-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (CAR-PDMS) fiber appears to be the most suitable for the determination of HAAs. Moreover, the formation of HAA methyl esters was dramatically improved (up to 90-fold) by the addition of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (4.7 micromol) to the sample as ion-pairing agent in the derivatization step. The precision of the in situ derivatization/HS-SPME/GC/ITMS method evaluated using an internal standard gave relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 6.3 and 11.4%. The method was linear over 2 orders of magnitude, and detection limits were compound-dependent, but ranged from 10 to 450 ng/L. The method was compared with the EPA method 552.2 for the analysis of HAAs in various water samples, and good agreement was obtained. Consequently, in situ derivatization/HS-SPME/GC/ITMS is proposed for the analysis of HAAs in water.     

In situ determination of bacterial growth by multiple headspace extraction gas chromatography

This paper demonstrated an in situ headspace gas chromatography (GC) technique for monitoring bacterial growth using a commercial GC system with a multiple headspace extraction (sampling) mode. The technique was based on measuring the carbon dioxide mass in the headspace of a closed sample vial during the bacteria growth. A mathematic equation was derived in order to calculate the integrated amount of carbon dioxide produced by bacterial growth during the incubation. The method can be used to monitor the bacterial growth rate in a given cultural medium. The present method is very simple, sensitive, and safe.