基于DS扩频信号的自适应门限双积分滑动相关捕获算法

提出了一种基于直接序列扩频信号的双积分滑动相关捕获算法,同时使用两组相关器联合进行码相位的捕获,捕获的门限采用CAFR(常虚警率)自适应控制方式。文中给出了这个捕获方案的数学模型,并进行了具体分析。实验表明,利用FPGA实现这种捕获算法,不仅具有较高的性价比,而且衡量PN码捕获的最关键指标——平均捕获时间也大大少于常规捕获方法。     

DS-SS code acquisition based on simultaneous search andverification

A double-dwell acquisition system that can simultaneously operate search and verification processes, by employing two correlation blocks, is proposed. The search block continuously looks for threshold-crossing instants, and at those instants, the verification block is reset and reinitiated. The threshold is time varying and updated depending on the partial correlation. Computer simulation results indicate that the proposed technique can perform better than existing double-dwell systems which alternate between search and verification modes     

Variable dwell-time code acquisition for direct-sequencespread-spectrum systems on time-variant Rayleigh fading channels

Variable dwell-time code acquisition based on multiple-dwell or sequential linear tests is investigated for direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems on time-variant Rayleigh fading channels. Unlike in the conventional additive white Gaussian noise channels, the channel memory incurred by fading renders the exact analysis of the acquisition systems extremely difficult, if not impossible. In this paper, a novel method is developed to evaluate the mean acquisition time of the acquisition systems very accurately. The effects of Rayleigh fading are evaluated, and comparisons are made between double-dwell and sequential linear tests. Numerical results show that Rayleigh fading may result in 1-4-dB loss in performance, and the sequential linear test can outperform double-dwell test by a margin of 1-2 dB. The analytical results are verified by computer simulations     

Use of multiple antennas for DS/CDMA code acquisition

A generalized acquisition scheme is proposed for direct sequence code-division multiple-access systems with multiple antennas. The proposed scheme employs grouping of multiple antennas as a means of a tradeoff between two important factors determining the mean acquisition time, combining gain and search time. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analyzed in frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channels with consideration of spatial correlations. Numerical results show that the use of the largest number of antenna groups is preferable to reducing the mean acquisition time at low signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) values. At high SIR values, on the contrary, the mean acquisition time is found to increase in proportion to the number of antenna groups. In a typical environment, the presence of spatial correlation is shown to increase or decrease the mean acquisition time within 50% compared with the uncorrelated fading case.     

Twin-Cell Detection (TCD): A Code Acquisition Scheme in the Presence of Fractional Doppler Frequency Offset

As a novel code-acquisition scheme, the twin-cell detection (TCD) is proposed for the acquisition in time of spread-spectrum codes in the presence of fractional Doppler frequency offset (FDFO). When the FDFO exists, the correlation peak that is used for detection during the acquisition process is split into two neighboring peaks with smaller magnitudes, which results in a considerable degradation in the overall acquisition performance of conventional schemes. In the TCD, the decision variable for detection is formed by combining two consecutive correlator outputs so that the influence of the reduction in the correlation peak due to the FDFO can be alleviated. The numerical results show that the TCD can offer a better mean-time-to-synchronization performance than the conventional scheme based on the cell-by-cell detection.     

智能天线辅助的PN 码同步捕获新方法研究

为有效解决强干扰环境下长PN 码的同步捕获问题,研究了基于自适应滤波器的PN 码同步捕获方法,给出了基于自适应滤波器权矢量范数的同步捕获判决准则,与传统的基于均方误差的判决相比,这种方法可以大幅提高判决的正确概率。在此基础上,研究了智能天线权值与PN 码同步联合捕获算法,并对其性能进行了计算机仿真验证,结果表明这种空时联合的捕获算法可以有效实现低SINR 环境下的长PN 码捕获。     

基于累积量的极化敏感阵列信号DOA和 极化参数的同时估计

本文研究极化敏感阵列非高斯窄带信号二维波达方向(DOA)和极化参数的同时估计问题.所考虑的极化敏感阵列包含一个特定子阵,该子阵由空间稀疏伸展三极子天线和两个导引阵元组成.分析了3维极化-角度域相干结构的平凡模糊问题,对利用并行累积量ESPRIT分别恢复出的信号3维极化-角度域相干结构和空域相干结构信息进行联合完成了非线性极化信号二维DOA和极化参数的同时估计.给出了一种相位缠绕解决方案并讨论了空间伸展三极子天线的可选择结构.     

Frequency acquisition synchronization for multiple antenna systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of frequency acquisition synchronization by using multiple antennas over wireless fading channels. We introduce frequency synchronization with different combining schemes including space diversity and time diversity. Their performance is estimated for a Rayleigh fading channel with an analysis both theoretically and by simulation. We investigate the relationship between the mean squared error (MSE) and the average signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for combining of different blocks and antennas. Both the carrier frequency offset and the sampling frequency offset are estimated when multiple antennas are utilized for signal transmission. The estimation with maximum ratio combining (MRC) scheme is presented in detail, and the estimation with selection combining scheme and equal gain combining scheme are introduced briefly. The simulation results explicitly show that the performance of the frequency acquisition synchronization with MRC scheme is better than that of others and that the MSE at low SNR is not very close to the Cramér–Rao low bound in multiblock combining frequency synchronization. Furthermore, the results address that in order to improve the performance, the total number of receive antennas will be increased exponentially. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Utilization of multipaths for spread-spectrum code acquisition infrequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels

A novel acquisition scheme that utilizes multipaths to improve the acquisition performance is proposed for frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed acquisition scheme employs nonconsecutive search and joint triple-cell detection. The performance is analyzed in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Equations for the probabilities of detection and false alarm are derived, and an expression for the mean acquisition time is developed. The mean acquisition time performance of the proposed and conventional acquisition schemes is evaluated and compared. It is found that the proposed acquisition scheme significantly outperforms the conventional one. The effects of various channel parameters such as the number of resolvable paths, the shape of the multipath intensity profile (MIP) and the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) on acquisition performance are also investigated     

Optimum threshold for double-dwell DS-SS code acquisition system inPCS channel mode

A method for selecting the optimum threshold for a double-dwell direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) code acquisition system in the JTC PCS channel model is presented. A modified expression for the mean acquisition time is derived, along with a set of optimum threshold values. Simulation is performed on VHDL to verify the acquisition system     

Pre-DFT combining space diversity assisted COFDM

A new pre-discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) combining diversity receiver is proposed for coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems and investigated in a frequency-selective fading channel. Although the post-DFT combining space diversity receiver is optimum in terms of maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after combining, it requires an increased number of DFT processors, which increases the computational complexity. Since the proposed pre-DFT combining receiver requires only one DFT processor, while achieving space diversity gain, the proposed scheme can drastically reduce the computational complexity. This paper derives the optimum diversity weights for the proposed receiver analytically, in order to maximize the SNR after combining. Computer simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the computational complexity by tolerating a slight performance degradation     

Acquisition for DS/CDMA systems with multiple antennas in frequency-selective fading channels

A generalized code acquisition scheme for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems with multiple antennas is proposed over frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed scheme is developed on the framework of a generalized configuration of multiple antennas and correlators. The nonconsecutive search method is generalized and extended to multiple antenna systems to exploit multipath signals in improving acquisition performance over frequency-selective fading channels. The proposed scheme also adopts a hybrid decision strategy to make effective decisions on acquisition. The mean acquisition time performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analyzed and evaluated in frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channels with general multipath delay profiles and spatial-fading correlations. The effects of nonconsecutive search on mean acquisition time are investigated for various channel environments, and the optimal choice of decision strategy is discussed. Furthermore, effects of various configurations of multiple antennas and correlators, decision thresholds, and correlation interval on the performance are also investigated.     

一种基于信道信息修正的解码后合并算法

远距离短波通信过程复杂,接收信号相位、幅度都发生剧烈变化。为提高远距离短波 通信性能,采用本土多台站构成宏分集,结合最大比合并方法性能最优和解码后合并方法实 现简单的优点,对两种方法进行折衷,提出了一种基于信道信息修正的解码后合并方法,并 对其性能进行理论分析和仿真实现。仿真结果表明,在误码率为10－4时,修 正后的解码后合并法比传统择多判决的方法提高了2 dB,当接收台站数大于5时,该修 正算法性能优于等增益法接近最大比法。该方法易于实现,为实际通信中合并方法的选择提 供了有效参考。     

Acquisition of m-sequences using recursive soft sequential estimation

A novel sequential estimation method is proposed for the initial synchronization of pseudonoise (PN) signals derived from m-sequences. This sequential estimation method is designed based on the principle of recursive soft-in/soft-out (SISO) decoding, and we refer to it as the recursive soft sequential estimation (RSSE) acquisition scheme. The RSSE acquisition scheme exhibits a complexity similar to that of a conventional m-sequence generator, which increases only linearly with the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. Our simulation results also show that the acquisition time of the proposed RSSE acquisition scheme is also linearly dependent on the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. Owing to the above properties, the employment of the proposed RSSE acquisition scheme is beneficial for the acquisition of long m-sequences.     

Serial acquisition performance of single-carrier and multicarrier DS-CDMA over Nakagami-m fading channels

We investigate the issue of pseudo noise (PN) code acquisition in single-carrier and multicarrier (MC) direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems, when the channel is modeled by frequency-selective Nakagami-m (1960) fading. The PN code acquisition performance of single-carrier and MC DS-CDMA systems is analyzed and compared when communicating over Nakagami-m fading channels under the hypothesis of multiple synchronous states (H/sub 1/ cells) in the uncertainty region of the PN code. In the context of MC DS-CDMA, the code acquisition performance is evaluated, when the correlator outputs of the subcarriers associated with the same phase of the local PN code replica are noncoherently combined by using equal gain combining (EGC) or selection combining (SC) schemes. The performance comparison of the above mentioned schemes shows that the code acquisition performance of the MC DS-CDMA scheme, especially when using the EGC scheme, is more robust, than that of single-carrier DS-CDMA schemes communicating over the multipath Nakagami-m fading channels encountered. However, our code acquisition performance comparison also shows that if the detection threshold was set inappropriately, the performance might be degraded, even if the channel fading becomes less severe.     

Generalized principal ratio combining for space-time codes inslowly fading channels

We present a generalized version of principal ratio combining (PRC), which is a near-optimum detection scheme for space-time codes in quasistatic flat fading environments. In Tarokh and Lo (1998), the performance penalty increases as the number of receive antennas increases. In the proposed scheme, receive antennas are optimally grouped by K, and the PRC detection method is applied to each group. This shows a flexible tradeoff between performance and decoding complexity by choosing the appropriate K     

Normalized-Energy-Detector Serial Search Acquisition Scheme for Packet Communication Systems with Non-ideal AGC

Automatic gain control (AGC) is extensively used in practical packet communication systems, but the effect is generally not taken into account in code acquisition research. A dedicated investigation in this paper highlights the effect of non-ideal AGC on the performance of the extensively used envelope-detector (ED) serial search acquisition (SSA) scheme, for the performance loss due to non-ideal AGC is significant. To improve the acquisition performance and eliminate the effect of AGC, a normalized-energy-detector (NED) SSA scheme is proposed. Theoretical analysis and numerical results on the performance of the proposed scheme are given. Simulations are also performed to further justify the analysis and numerical results. Performance comparisons show that the proposed scheme outperforms the ED SSA scheme with ideal and non-ideal AGC. Moreover, the proposed scheme is free from influence of AGC, and no performance loss can be found even when using non-ideal AGC for the proposed method.     

基于辛算法的二维电磁场散射问题的研究

辛算法是保持Hamilton系统辛结构的一种新的数值方法,由于 Maxwell方程是一无穷维Hamilton系统,因此可将辛算法用于电磁场模拟中.本文提出一种基于辛分块Runge-Kutta(PRK)方法的显式辛算法,并将它成功应用于二维电磁散射问题的计算中.通过对金属方柱散射场的数值模拟,比较了FDTD法和低阶辛算法(一阶和二阶),结果表明低阶辛算法不仅与FDTD法精度相当,而且可以减少存储空间和计算时间,尤其是一阶辛算法节省了大约的CPU时间,提高了计算速度,体现了该算法的优越性.     

Differential acquisition of m-sequences using recursive soft sequential estimation

A novel sequential estimation method is proposed for the acquisition of m-sequences. This sequential estimation method exploits the principle of iterative soft-in-soft-out (SISO) decoding for enhancing the acquisition performance, and that of differential preprocessing for the sake of achieving an enhanced acquisition performance, when communicating over various communication environments. Hence, the advocated acquisition arrangement is referred to as the differential recursive soft sequential estimation (DRSSE) acquisition scheme. The DRSSE acquisition scheme exhibits a low complexity, which is similar to that of an m-sequence generator, while achieving an acquisition time that is linearly dependent on the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. A low acquisition time is achieved with the advent of the property that the proposed DRSSE scheme is capable of determining the real-time reliabilities associated with the decision concerning a set of, say, S consecutive chips. This set of consecutive chips constitutes the sufficient initial condition for enabling the local m-sequence generator to produce a synchronized local despreading m-sequence replica. Owing to these attractive characteristics, the DRSSE acquisition scheme constitutes a promising initial synchronization scheme for acquisition of long m-sequences, when communicating over various propagation environments.     

Fast slot synchronization for intercell asynchronous DS/CDMAsystems

Slot synchronization is a critical step for fast and reliable cell search in intercell asynchronous direct sequence-code division multiple access systems. To increase reliability, observations over a number of slots may be combined. In this paper, combining schemes of multiple observations are studied for slot synchronization. The optimal combining rule is determined based on detection theory. It is found that two known combining schemes correspond to special cases of the optimal combining. These schemes may not work well in typical environments, since the schemes are optimized for specific environments. To improve slot synchronization performance in typical environments, a new combining scheme is proposed. The performance of the proposed combining scheme as well as other combining schemes is analyzed for Rayleigh fading channels with frequency offset. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed combining scheme significantly outperforms other combining schemes in typical environments