生物酶整理技术

生物酶已广泛用于纺织品整理，不仅用于纤维素纤维的纺织品的抛光、柔软整理，也用于蛋白质纤维（羊毛）纺织品的防毡缩、抛光和柔软整理，特别是苎麻纤维纺织品，还可以改善刺庠和柔软性能。就连Tencel纤维纺织品，用酶处理后可除去原纤茸毛，提高服用性能。———纤维素酶。纤维素酶是一个多组分酶体系，纺织工业中应用的纤维素酶是由木酶属真菌制成的。纺织工业中应用的纤维素酶大概分为：外切纤维素酶：即纤维素二糖水解酶，由CHBⅠ和CBHⅡ两种酶组成内切纤维素酶：即内切葡聚糖酶，由EGⅠ、EGⅡ、EGⅢ、EGⅣ、EGⅤ等五种酶组成…     

生物酶在纺织品后处理加工中应用的探讨

本文概述了生物酶的产生、种类及特性，并对纤维素酶、蛋白质酶、淀粉酶等在纺织品后处理加工中的应用进行了说明，同时列举了应用空例，指明了生物工程技术在纺织工业中应用的广阔前景。     

纤维素酶在纺织品返旧整理中的应用

综述了纤维素酶的组成、作用机理以及在纺织品返旧整理中的应用.指出了目前纤维素酶洗在返旧整理中存在返沾色、织物表面出现条花、重现性差等问题,并介绍了解决的措施.最后,对酶洗工艺的注意事项进行了探讨.     

纺织品用纤维素酶制剂品质的评价内容与方法

对于纺织品用纤维素酶制剂品质的评价，采用测量其酶活力的方法是不可靠的，而以其对纺织品的实际应用效果来评价的方法既直接又容易操作。文中提出了通过测量、评价、对比经纤维素酶制剂处理的纺织品的吸水性、白度、去杂百分率、光洁度、抛光水平、强力、柔软性、蓬松性、抗起毛起球性、沾色性、光泽等性能判断酶制剂品质优劣的方法。     

纤维素酶的活性与织物减量率的关系探讨

1　前言　　近年来 ,酶特别是纤维素酶在纺织工业上的应用已受到纺织染整和生物工程界人士的高度关注。纤维素酶是个多组分的复合物 ,各个组分的底物专一性不同 ,使纤维素酶活的测定方法很多。我们选择滤纸、ＣＭＣ(羧甲基纤维素钠 )为底物 ,其原理均系利用纤维素酶催化水解纤维素 ,从而产生纤维多糖、二糖及葡萄糖等还原糖 ,与显色剂反应 ,求出还原糖的浓度 ,间接求出酶的活力。由不同底物测得的酶活分别称作ＦＰＡ(滤纸酶活 )和ＣＭＣＡ(ＣＭＣ酶活 )。本文比较两种底物的酶活测定方法的结果 ,研究纤维素酶的不同用量对织物的减量率的影响…     

纤维素酶在织物整理中的应用

纤维素酶在纺织品生产中应用领域很宽，本文介绍了纤维素酶在织物整理中的几个应用实例，随着纤维素产品的日益增多，消费者对织物性能要求的提高，纤维素酶在织物整理中会发挥更大的作用，是个有市场潜力的纺织品整理方法。     

纤维素酶在织物整理中的应用

综述了纤维素酶在牛仔布仿旧、纺织品生物抛光中的应用 ,指出目前纤维素酶生物整理中存在的问题及发展前景。     

红麻韧皮部和木质部纤维素酶木素的特性

用纤维素酶水解的方法从红麻韧皮部和木质部分离出红麻韧皮纤维素酶木素和红麻木质纤维素酶木素。通过元素分析、功能基含量测定以及碱性硝基苯氧化产物和酚酸的ＨＰＬＣ分析，ＩＲ，ＵＶ．＇Ｈ－ＮＭＲ和１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ波谱分析，认为红麻韧皮纤维素酶木素属于ＧＳ型木素，其摩尔比为Ｇ：Ｓ＝１：１．８７，而红麻木质纤维素酶木素属于ＧＳＨ型，其摩尔比为Ｇ：Ｓ：Ｈ＝１：１．０３：Ｏ．２６。它们的Ｃ９单元式分别为Ｃ９Ｈ７．３８Ｏ３．４６（ＯＣＨ３）１．３４和Ｃ９Ｈ７．５２Ｏ３．００（ＯＣＨ３）１．２２。研究表明，在红麻韧皮纤维素酶木素中不存在酚酸酯或醚连接，而８１％的对香豆酸和９０％的阿魏酸可在红麻木质纤维素酶木素碱水解中除去，红麻木质纤维素酶木素比红麻韧皮纤维素酶木素缩聚度高。这两种纤维素酶木素的得率均高于７５％（占相应原料中Ｋｌａｓｏｎ木素含量），这无疑在木素研究中具有更好的代表性。     

纺织品酶法整理工艺参数的探讨

1 前言 早在40年代,国外就已经用酶来加工纺织品。较常采用的是α-淀粉酶,它主要用于织物退浆。随着酶制剂的大批量工业化生产,人们逐渐开辟了它在纺织工业的各个方面的应用,近十几年来,我国也开始了酶法整理纺织品的研究和应用。 酶法整理较多使用的酶是纤维素酶和蛋白     

纤维素酶活力检测与织物处理若干问题探讨

ＣＭＣ粘度法是纤维素酶活力检测的方法之一，作者用它测定了一批市售纤维素酶的活力，又分别用ＳＢＤＩ－Ａ和Ｃｅｌｌｕｓｏｔｆｌ酶进行多项工艺测试，在此基础上提出。在织物处理过程中，酶对纤维素纤维有较多的吸着，随着处理时间的延长，酶的作用力逐渐减弱直至完全衰竭，并认为ＣＭＣ粘度法是一个简易可靠值得推荐的活力定量检测经可以用来评价酶的力份，测定酶的储存稳定性，用以筛选酶的增效剂和抑制剂，可以用来测定酶处理     

降低亚麻/棉织物强力损失的前处理工艺措施

针对亚麻/棉织物前处理强力降低问题进行了生物酶前处理的工艺研究,包括精练酶、除氧酶的应用工艺.分析了亚麻/棉织物前处理织物强力降低的原因,提出亚麻/棉无氯漂白的加工工艺.     

双醛氧化纤维素固定化β-半乳糖苷酶

以双醛氧化纤维素为载体固定化β-半乳糖苷酶,研究了固定化酶的制备条件、微观结构及酶学性质,结果表明:固定化时间为4 h,[酶]/[载体]=1:15(g:g)时,固定化酶的活力最高为0.517 U/g。红外光谱和扫描电镜对固定化酶的微观结构研究表明,双醛氧化纤维素的醛基与β-半乳糖苷酶的氨基发生共价反应形成固定化酶。与游离酶相比,β-半乳糖苷酶经过固定化后热稳定性和耐酸碱性增强,米式方程分析表明,β-半乳糖苷酶经固定化后与底物的亲和力降低,固定化酶重复使用5次后,相对酶活力为63%。     

The Properties of Glucoamylase Soluble and Immobilized on DEAE-Cellulose. Part II. Thermostability of Glucoamylase

The stability of glucoamylase as a catalyst of starch hydrolysis reaction against heat denaturation was examined for enzyme adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose as well as in solution. The protective action of the substrate against inactivation of enzyme and the influence of the amount of enzyme adsorbed on its stability was studied.     

Analytical Methods for Pectin Methylesterase Activity Determination: a Review

Pectin methylesterase is an enzyme with an important in vivo role in plants as well as in food industry. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of methyl ester bounds in pectin which is one of the main components of cell wall in plants, producing methanol and free carboxylic groups. The effect of pectin methylesterase in food quality has been extensively studied, producing desirable effects in texture improvement as well as undesirable effects in some beverages. Likewise, the low methoxyl pectin produced by this enzyme has characteristics that contribute to formulate best quality food products. Pectin methylesterase is a ubiquitously enzyme that presents multiple isoforms, but is not only present in plants; it is also found in fungi, bacteria, and yeast, which have specific chemical and physical characteristics. The latter makes the task of analyzing the wide variety of these enzymes with its specific characteristics difficult. Based on this enzyme relevance and the aforementioned, multiple methods have been developed in order to evaluate pectin methylesterase activity with different research objectives. In this paper, the importance of the enzyme as well as advantages and drawbacks of the different methods will be discussed besides applications and evolution of these will be mentioned. Additionally, this paper will improve the understanding of the systems used in pectin methylesterase activity analysis.     

Religiosin B, a milk-clotting serine protease from Ficus religiosa

A novel milk-clotting serine protease, named religiosin B, is purified from Ficus religiosa. The molecular mass of the protein is 63,000 with pI value of pH 7.6. The proteolytic activity of the enzyme is strongly inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and chymostatin. Religiosin B acts optimally at pH 8.0-8.5 and temperature 55 °C. The molar absorption coefficient of the enzyme is 149,725 M⁻¹cm⁻¹ with 23 tryptophan, 15 tyrosine and 7cysteine residues per molecule of the enzyme. The enzyme shows broad substrate specificity with natural as well as synthetic substrates. Religiosin B is highly stable against denaturants and metal ions as well as over a wide range of pH and temperature. The de novo sequencing confirms the novelty of the enzyme. In addition to its high milk-clotting ability, it could be used in the cheese industry, as well as other food and biotechnological industries.     

Gewinnung von Ethanol aus Weizen. Untersuchungen zum drucklosen Stärkeaufschlußverfahren (DSA-Verfahren)

Production of Ethanol from Wheat. Research on the Pressure-free Starch Decomposition Process (DSA-Process) . In the production of ethanol from starch-containing raw materials by pressure-free starch decomposition processes the attainable alcohol yield is significantly dependent on the degree of shredding of the raw material, on steeping, on thermal treatment for pasting, solving and enzymatic degradation of the starch, as well as on the kind of enzyme system used. An isolated appreciation of the individual process parameters is not possible due to their interaction. The enzyme system used is of major importance, which is able to dominate the influence of the other process parameters to a significant degree. Of all the enzyme preparations studied one preparation derived from Rhizopus spec. (Optilase G 150®) proved to be clearly superior regarding its immunity to the process parameters of degree of shredding of raw material, and steeping as well as energy consumption for thermal treatment.     

饲用酶在家禽日粮中应用效果差异的探讨

综述了饲用酶在家禽日粮中应用效果的一些差异,着重从饲用酶的添加时间、添加量及饲用酶对家禽的影响方面分析了其存在差异的原因;并对饲用酶发展方向进行了展望,为深入研究饲用酶作用机理和合理应用饲用酶提供参考依据。     

酶固定化研究进展

由于酶催化的特异性、高效性和温和性,酶的工业化利用一直是酶工程领域的研究热点。酶固定化是酶工程发展的必然趋势。固定化酶已在众多工业生产中发挥越来越重要的作用,围绕酶固定的载体材料开发与固定技术研究进展很快。传统酶固定化主要包括吸附、包埋、结合或化学交联等技术,然而固定化酶的稳定性、牢固性及催化效率等与工业实际应用仍具有很大差距。近年来,随着纳米技术、高分子材料化学、表面化学、蛋白质结构分析及分子生物学等学科的快速发展,新型载体材料和固定化技术不断涌现。以纳米载体材料、纳米磁性材料、金属有机骨架复合材料为代表的新型固定载体以及以定向化学修饰研究为代表的固定化技术取得了显著进展。本文重点对酶固定的纳米载体、金属有机骨架材料以及定向修饰固定技术进行了简要综述,同时对研究前景作了简要展望。     

Degradation of apple cell wall material by commercial enzyme preparations

The action of commercial enzyme preparations on the release of cell wall constituents from alcohol-insoluble substance prepared from apples without skins and cores as well as their influence on the water binding of remaining residues is described as a model for the enzymatic cell wall destruction during production of liquid fruit products. Besides 'normal' enzyme concentrations adapted from the usual industrial dosage, 'tenfold' enzyme concentrations were applied. Dependent on enzyme spectrum and activities, concentrations of dietary fibre, e.g., pectin, increased in the soluble fractions using conditions of enzymatic 'mash treatment'. A further release of these cell wall constituents occurred when cellulase containing enzyme preparations were used under conditions of 'pomace treatment', especially with the 'tenfold' enzyme dosage. The partial enzymatic degradation of the cell wall material is connected with a decrease in water binding of the remaining residues during both simulated mash treatment of pomace treatment. Alcohol-insoluble substance from apples is a suitable model for the determination of complex enzymatic actions of enzyme preparations containing pectolytic, hemicellulolytic, and/or cellulolytic activities under standardised conditions.     

Processing,suitability and nutritive value of field bean seeds after germination

An attempt was made to obtain hydrolysates from field bean seeds after germination. The activity of native proteolytic enzymes, ascorbic acid and phytate phosphorus contents, as well as the activity of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors were studied, as influenced by seed steeping, water acidity and aerating conditions. Germinated field bean seeds were found to be suitable for hydrolysate production. The enzyme activity, as well as the contents of compounds responsible for the nutritive value of seed was determined and depended on germinating conditions.