Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Raspberry and Blackberry Cultivars

ABSTRACT: Raspberry (Aksu Kırmızısı, Rubin, Newburgh, Hollanda Boduru, Heritage) and blackberry (Bursa 1, Bursa 2, Jumbo, Chester) cultivars were assayed for antioxidant activity (determined as 2,2-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid][ABTS], 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical [DPPH], and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity [CUPRAC]), total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents. In addition, 10 anthocyanins and anthocyanidins were determined in raspberry and blackberry by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Raspberry and blackberry had the highest ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents in methanol extracts, whereas total anthocyanin contents were the highest in water extracts. The antioxidant activity of the raspberry and blackberry was directly related to the total amount of phenolic compounds detected in the raspberry and blackberry. All antioxidant activity values were highly correlated with anthocyanin content in blackberry (0.93 ≤ r ≤ 0.99, P = 0.05). On the other hand, high correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity was recorded in water extract of blackberry (0.91 ≤ r ≤ 0.93, P = 0.05). ABTS value was highly correlated with total flavonoid content in methanol extract (r = 0.90), whereas total flavonoid content was relatively less correlated with DPPH (r = 0.85) and CUPRAC (r = 0.89).     

液体浸渍冷冻对鲟鱼贮藏过程中品质的影响

研究新兴低温冻结技术液体浸渍冷冻对鲟鱼贮藏期品质的影响,分析比较液体浸渍冷冻和传统空气冷冻处理后的鲟鱼在贮藏期的品质变化,并对多个指标进行了检测分析。结果表明,液体浸渍冷冻处理的鲟鱼冷冻速率是传统空气冷冻的12.47倍,经过液体浸渍冷冻的鲟鱼其肌纤维受到的破坏较空气冷冻小,贮藏过程中鲟鱼的回复性与L*值均较空气冷冻高(P0.05),二者挥发性盐基氮值和过氧化值的变化趋势也具有显著性差异(P0.05)。因此,液体浸渍冷冻能够更好地保持鲟鱼原有的品质,可在鲟鱼贮藏保鲜过程中加以利用。     

冻藏条件对人乳脂质及挥发性风味物质的影响

以新鲜人乳为对照(0d),设置-18、-60℃和-60℃快速冷冻(-60℃(Q))3种冻藏条件分别冻藏60 d与180 d,通过测定脂质含量、非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids,NEFA)含量、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)含量、脂肪酸组成、乳脂肪球微观结构及挥发性...     

浸渍冻结对凡纳滨对虾冻藏过程中品质的影响

为了研究浸渍冻结对凡纳滨对虾冻藏品质的影响,以挥发性盐基氮含量、脂肪氧化值、pH值、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力、感官评价为指标,考察浸渍冻结和静止空气冻结对凡纳滨对虾品质特性的影响。结果表明：冻藏期间静止空气冻结对虾的挥发性盐基氮含量、脂肪氧化值、pH值等腐败指标均高于浸渍冻结对虾,并且随着冻藏时间延长而显著性增大（P＜0.05）;盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活力和多酚氧化酶活力随冻藏时间延长而下降,蛋白质逐渐变性,品质下降,但浸渍冻结对虾的下降程度小于静止空气冻结的。感官评价进一步显示,两种冻结方式处理对虾的组织、气味、色泽和外观4 方面有不同程度下降,品质不断下降,但浸渍冻结对虾的感官评分高于静止空气冻结的对虾。综合以上结果,浸渍冻结更有利于对虾冻藏过程中品质的保持。     

不冻液冻结乌鳢块冻藏过程中品质变化

为了研究不冻液冻结对乌鳢块冻藏过程中冰晶及品质的影响,采用不同冻结温度（－20、－30、－40 ℃）的不冻液和空气冻结乌鳢块,以冰晶大小、盐溶性蛋白含量、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值和持水性等为指标,考察了乌鳢块冻藏（－18 ℃）过程中的品质变化。结果表明：采用－20、－30、－40 ℃不冻液冻结的乌鳢块通过最大冰晶生成带的时间分别为310、226 s和125 s,生成冰晶的面积分别为308.8、142.4 μm2和86.5 μm2,分别显著短于和小于空气冻结方式下乌鳢块通过最大冰晶生成带的时间（3 412 s）和生成冰晶的面积（939.6 μm2 ）（P＜0.05）。另外,在－18 ℃冻藏过程中,经不冻液冻结的乌鳢块的盐溶性蛋白含量均明显高于空气冻结组,而形成冰晶大小、pH值、TBA值、TVB-N含量、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率均明显低于空气冻结组,其中－40 ℃不冻液冻结后的乌鳢块在冻藏过程中品质变化最小。综合以上结果,不冻液冻结比空气冻结能够更好地保持冻藏过程中乌鳢块的品质,且不冻液的冻结温度越低,冻结速率越高,形成冰晶越小,越有利于鱼肉品质的保持。     

冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾品质的影响

为探究冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾品质的影响,将小龙虾热烫后置真空包装盒内,灌水并抽成真空,分别于3个冻结温度(-20,-40和-55℃)的冰柜内冻结至中心温度为-15℃,再置于2个冻藏温度(-20,-40℃)的冰柜中冻藏24周,测定小龙虾的汁液流失率、持水率、剪切力、pH值、TVB-N值、水分状态和肌肉组织的显微结构。结果表明:-20℃与-40℃和-55℃两种冻结温度的小龙虾肌肉组织对比,其肌纤维被破坏程度较轻,虾肉持水率较高,汁液流失率、剪切力、pH值、TVB-N值较低。与-40℃相比,在-20℃冻藏的小龙虾的肌纤维完整性较低,孔隙较大,结构从紧密变成松散,虾肉的持水率、结合水和不易流动水含量较低,汁液流失率、剪切力、自由水含量、pH值和TVB-N值均较高。结论:冻结及冻藏温度影响小龙虾的品质。     

Effect of Freezing and Frozen Storage on Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics in Sheep Milk Cheese

ABSTRACT: Most chemical components and water activity of an the Los Pedroches' brand ewes' milk cheese were not altered by frozen storage. Lactic acid concentration and pH were significantly different (p < 0.05) in control cheeses and those kept in frozen storage for 3 and 6 months from those stored for 9 months. Proteolysis continued slowly during frozen storage, with significantly higher rates of non protein nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen (p < 0.05) present at the end of the storage period. Counts of microorganisms, except for enterococci, tended to decrease during frozen storage. Freezing rates did not affect the chemical and microbiological characteristics studied.     

浸渍冻结对凡纳滨对虾冻藏过程中肌肉组织的影响

本文以肌纤维轮廓、细胞间隙、肌丝、肌节以及肌纤维间隙等为指标,研究浸渍冻结和静止空气冻结对凡纳滨对虾冻藏过程中肌肉组织结构的影响。结果发现,浸渍冻结对虾的肌纤维排列更加致密,形成的冰晶间隙更加细小,分布均匀,肌原纤维直径变短的程度比静止空气冻结的小;而静止空气冻结的肌纤维排列疏松,形成的冰晶间隙宽大。随着贮藏时间的增加,浸渍冻结对虾的冰晶逐渐增大,间隙逐渐变大,细胞核也逐渐分解变少。冻藏90 d后,静止空气冻结对虾中很难发现细胞核的存在,肌丝结构大部分消失,明暗带难分辨,肌节长度变短程度严重,肌节消失,且没有完整结构的线粒体。但是浸渍冻结对虾中肌丝结构及明暗带依然存在,肌节长度变短程度比静止空气冻结的小,部分线粒体结构完整。结果表明,浸渍冻结更有利于对虾的肌肉结构的保持,能更好地保持对虾的品质。     

Fate of Listeria monocytogenes During Freezing and Frozen Storage

A cell suspension of Listeria monocytogenes was frozen 30 min at ?18°C, or 10 min in liquid nitrogen (LN) at ?198°C. Solidification required 15 min at ?18°C and ca. 1 min at ?198°C. Freezing and storage 1 month in phosphate buffer (PB) at ?18°C caused 87% death and 79% injury. These were 54 and 45%, respectively, for cells in Tryptose Broth (TB) at ?18°C. Freezing and storage 1 month in LN caused no death or injury of cells suspended in PB, whereas some injury and death occurred in TB. Freezing at ?198°C followed by storage 1 month at ?18°C resulted in 60% death and 36% injury in PB, and 61 and 44.2%, in TB. Repeated freezing and thawing caused more death/injury than did a single freeze-thaw cycle.     

冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾冻藏过程中脂质氧化的影响

本研究将小龙虾热烫后置于真空包装盒内,灌水并抽真空,分别于3 种冻结温度（－20、－40 ℃和－55 ℃）的冰柜内冻结至中心温度为－15 ℃,再于2 种冻藏温度（－20 ℃和－40 ℃）的冰柜中冻藏24 周,测定不同温度冻结和冻藏小龙虾肉的脂肪质量分数、游离脂肪酸（free fatty acids,FFAs）含量以及脂肪酸组成、过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值,探讨冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾脂质氧化的影响。结果表明：随着冻藏时间的延长,6 组小龙虾的脂肪质量分数、不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acids,UFAs）和多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs）相对含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,FFAs含量和饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acids,SFAs）相对含量、POV、TBARS值总体显著上升（P＜0.05）。冻藏温度相同时,－20 ℃冻结的小龙虾肉的POV、TBARS值高于－40 ℃和－55 ℃,而FFAs含量和脂肪酸组成无明显差异;冻结温度相同时,－20 ℃冻藏小龙虾肉脂肪和FFAs含量、POV、TBARS值均明显高于－40 ℃冻藏组,UFAs和PUFAs含量低于－40 ℃冻藏组,SFAs含量高于－40 ℃冻藏组。结论：冻结温度－40、－55 ℃和冻藏温度－40 ℃均减轻了小龙虾肉脂质的水解和氧化程度。     

冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾蛋白质理化性质的影响

将小龙虾热烫后置于真空包装盒内,灌水并抽真空,分别于3个冻结温度(-20,-40,-55 ℃)下冻结至中心温度为 -15 ℃,并置于2个冻藏温度(-20,-40 ℃)中冻藏24周,测定不同冻结温度处理和冻藏的小龙虾肉的肌原纤维蛋白含量、表面疏水性、内源荧光强度、总巯基和二硫键含量、二级结构的变化。结合冰晶的显微结构观察结果,探讨冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾蛋白质理化性质的影响,为小龙虾加工原料的周年供应提供理论指导。试验结果显示:在冻藏温度相同时,-20 ℃冻结小龙虾肉的冰晶较大,导致肌肉结构受到严重的破坏,肌原纤维蛋白含量显著低于-40,-55 ℃冻结(P<0.05)的表面疏水性、内源荧光强度、总巯基和二硫键含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。在冻结温度相同时,-20 ℃冻藏小龙虾肉的冰晶更大,出现针形冰晶的时间更早,肌原纤维蛋白含量、总巯基含量显著低于-40 ℃(P<0.05),表面疏水性、二硫键含量显著高于-40 ℃(P<0.05),内源荧光强度变化幅度更大。此外,-20 ℃冻结或冻藏时,α-螺旋的相对含量较高,而β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲无明显差别。这些结果表明,较低的冻结及冻藏温度使小龙虾肉蛋白的空间构象更稳定,减轻了蛋白质的变性程度,使冻藏期间小龙虾的品质更好。     

Effect of Freezing and Frozen Storage of Alaska Pollock on the Chemical and Gel-Forming Properties of Surimi

Alaska pollock was headed, gutted, and frozen at sea in pre- and postrigor condition. Surimi made from this fish held at - 29°C showed a gradual loss in gel-forming ability with time of storage. This loss in gel-forming ability was accompanied by a loss in viscosity and Ca⁺⁺-ATPase activity of the surimi over the 9-month storage period. The gel strength of kamaboko gels showed an inverse linear relationship with gel moisture over a limited moisture range. Simply freezing and thawing pollock resulted in surimi with significantly lower gel strength than that from fresh pollock.     

弯曲菌菌种冷冻保存及复苏方法的研究

目的探索一种简单、方便、有效的弯曲菌菌种保存方法。方法采用含30%甘油的脑心浸液肉汤,将实验室保存的19株弯曲菌于-30℃和-70℃分别保存,每个菌株3个菌种管。1年后,采用5%脱纤维羊血的布氏肉汤进行增菌,然后转种哥伦比亚血平板,比较存活效果。结果-30℃条件下采用多管法保存弯曲菌可以获得与-70℃条件下保存相当的效果。结论采用多管法（每株菌3个菌种管）于-30℃冷冻保存弯曲菌是一个简单、方便、有效、实用的方法。     

Blanching, Freezing and Frozen Storage Influence Texture of White Asparagus

We studied effects of three methods of blanching in conjunction with freezing, on texture of white asparagus as defined by three measures: maximum shear force, cutting energy, and total fiber content. We also assessed shelf life of asparagus kept in frozen storage at -22°C. Methods of blanching were total immersion in hot water, progressive immersion in hot water and steam. An increase in total fiber content was found throughout frozen storage. This increase correlated with lignification of vascular bundles in the basal segment of spears, even during frozen storage. This was reflected in an increase in maximum shear force and cutting energy required. The shelf life of frozen asparagus was 12 mo using total fiber content as a criterion.     

Changes in Texture of Green Peas during Freezing and Frozen Storage

The effects of freezing (still-air, air-blast, and Freon immersion freezing) and frozen storage (?5°, ?10° and ?15°C for 0 to 48 wk) on texture of cooked frozen peas were examined. Peas frozen by a Freon-12 immersion method with no appreciable damage to cell structure had firmer and more chewy sensory textural quality compared to those peas frozen by a slower freezing method. Sensory tenderness decreased initially and then increased with storage time to the maximum storage times of 6 wk in ?5°C storage, 16 wk in ?10°C storage, and 48 wk in ?15°C storage. Sensory chewiness increased initially, then remained constant with storage time except in ?15°C storage. Generally, the lower storage temperature resulted in less sensory chewiness. The correlation coefficients (r) between sensory and objective measurements for tenderness and chewiness were 0.76 and 0.88 (P < 0.05), respectively.     

酚酸类物质对杨梅发酵酒贮藏期间色泽和挥发性风味物质的影响

为研究杨梅发酵酒贮藏过程中色泽及风味变化,本实验采用气相离子迁移谱仪、色差计、电子舌和感官评价方法探究酚酸类物质对杨梅发酵酒的辅色作用、挥发性风味变化和感官指标的影响。结果表明：单宁酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸均对杨梅发酵酒具有辅色作用,减缓了a*、C*值和ΔE*值的变化趋势,明显增强了杨梅发酵酒贮藏期间色泽稳定性;通过气相离子迁移谱技术分析添加酚酸类物质杨梅发酵酒与对照组挥发性风味物质的二维、三维谱图和指纹图谱,发现添加酚酸类物质杨梅发酵酒在挥发性风味物质组成和含量上与对照组差异不明显;电子舌分析能够很好地区分对照组与添加酚酸类物质的杨梅发酵酒;添加芥子酸辅色的杨梅发酵酒更接近对照组杨梅发酵酒的感官品质。因此,宜选用芥子酸作为杨梅发酵酒的辅色剂。     

Chlorogenic Acid and Other Phenolic Compounds in Fourteen Sweet Potato Cultivars

Fourteen cultivars of sweet potatoes were analyzed qualitatively for their phenolic content at harvest and after storage. The phenolic content of the sweet potato cultivars, Centennial, Jasper, Jewel, LO-323, L3-243, L3-151, L4-62, L4-112, L4-131, NC-702, NC-718, NC-719, NC-345, and V₂-237, was assayed. The qualitative examination of the sweet potato phenolics resulted in the separation and identification of four isomers of caffeolyquinic acid. A fifth compound, which exhibited phenolic acid characteristics, was separated but could not be identified.     

Effects of Freezing Rate, Frozen Storage Temperature and Storage Time on Tenderness Values of Beef Patties

All-beef and soy-extended patties were frozen to ?18°C in either 24, 48, 72 or 96 hr and stored at ?23°, ?18° or ?7°C for 6, 9, 12, 18 or 24 months. Freezing produced considerable reductions in both sensory and instrumental measures of tenderness with the effects being greater for the slower freezing rates. Thus, just after freezing, and prior to storage, tenderness was found to be higher in patties subjected to faster freezing compared to slower rates of freezing. Storage at ?7°C reduced sensory scores for tenderness and increased stress in relation to strain during shearing. Extending patties with soy reduced the effects of freezing rate, storage temperature and storage time on tenderness.