Study of an infrasonic generator

Summary As the result of the tests carried out by us it was established that the electromechanical infrasonic generator provides two sinusoidal voltages, displaced in phase by 90°. The phase angle error between these voltages does not exceed ±0.2 the range of the generated frequencies is 0.01–1 cps; the frequency instability does not exceed ±0.2%; the maximum output voltage is 100 v; the amplitude instability does not exceed ±0.3%; the nonlinear distortion factor does not exceed ±0.5 %; and the maximum background noise and interference at the output does not exceed 300 mv in the dynamic operating condition.The generator completely satisfies the requirements of precision measuring generators in the range of infrasonic frequencies.G. A. Martynov and Yu. I. Yanova participated in this development work.     

次声发生机理与装置的研究

本文从平面活塞运动的发声机理出发,研究了次声发生机理,建立了次声场的数学模型,并在此基础上,研制了一种频率,幅度均可调的次声发生装置。通过实验验证了理论模型的正确性,并分析了次声的频率,活塞的振幅,活塞的面积及空间点到声源距离与次声的声压级之间的关系。     

Methods of measuring low-frequency noise

Conclusions 1. The measurement of the noise of semiconductor instruments in the range of infrasonic frequencies is of great scientific and practical interest. 2. At present various methods and equipment have been developed for measuring the characteristics of noise at frequencies right down to 5·10^–5 Hz. 3. The measurement of low-frequency noise by the method of frequency-spectrum transformation (the magnetic-tape method) is at present not sufficiently acceptable. 4. Comparative methods of measurement using analog RC filters and a counting voltmeter are the most promising; these methods can be used to measure noise in the frequency range from several hertz down to frequencies of the order of 10^–5 Hz.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 43–46, June, 1970.     

The propagation of magnetic bubbles on permalloy disks

A magnetic bubble generator consisting of a Permalloy disk and a current conductor loop has been used recently in a mass memory design utilizing magnetic bubble technology. The bias field range in which the disk can hold the seed bubble is measured in this report as a function of of the rotating field frequency. Above a critical frequency fc, the bias field margins begin to decrease. The dependence of fcon disk size is obtained for disks with diameters from 16 μm up to 43 μm at rotating fields of 20 and 30 Oe. The separation between Permalloy disks and the garnet film is kept at 0.8 μm or 1.6 μm. Results show that at a fixed rotating field, a smaller disk is preferable at higher frequency for a magnetic bubble material with a given mobility. The critical frequency fcobtained is in good agreement with a theoretical calculation using the viscous damping model by Rossol et al. For frequencies below fc, the bias field margin on the disk is equal to that of the propagating channel and circuit failure due to the loss of the generator seed bubble can be eliminated.     

A Dual Frequency VLF Timing System

The use of high precision portable clocks and radio signals is discussed in relation to synchronization of remotely located clocks. The demonstrated inherent phase stability, approximately ten ?s rms, of very-low-frequency (VLF) propagation and its low attenuation rate with distance, have led to various approaches to exploit these virtues in timing applications. The system considered here employs two carrier frequencies with timing information contained in their difference frequency to permit identification of a specific cycle of one of the carrier frequencies. Such a system makes stringent demands on phase stabilities of the transmitted signals and of the receiving system as well as that of the propagation medium itself. The present system, whose development has been supported jointly by NBS and NASA, makes use of NBS radio station WWVL at Fort Collins, Colo. Receivers are of the standard VLF phase tracking servo type. A special signal generator is used in conjunction with the local clock to simulate the transmitted signal in order to relate the local time scale to that at the transmitter. One of the carrier frequencies is maintained at 20 kHz. With a second frequency (500 Hz removed from this frequency), carrier cycle identification was achieved on about 90 percent of the days for over a month on the path from Fort Collins, Colo., to Greenbelt, Md. Since January 4, 1966, the difference frequency has been 100 Hz, with somewhat more fluctuation in results. However, lower precision is required for the initial synchronization.     

An AC Josephson Voltage Standard for AC–DC Transfer-Standard Measurements

We describe the traceability chain of length measurements at Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES) from atomic clocks to the lasers of primary interferometers. Crucial part of the traceability chain, an optical frequency comb generator linking optical frequencies to atomic clocks, is described in detail. The frequency comb generator is used in frequency calibrations of iodine-stabilized lasers, which are operated in compliance with the recommendations of the practical realization of the definition of the meter. Measured absolute frequencies of iodine-stabilized lasers, time records of the measurements, and the respective Allan deviations demonstrate the solid performance of the MIKES laser frequency standards. The results are in good agreement with the recommended values, as well as with the independent characterizations of the measured lasers     

A spectral representation based model for Monte Carlo simulation

A new model is proposed for generating samples of real-valued stationary Gaussian processes. The model is based on the spectral representation theorem stating that a weakly stationary process can be viewed as a superposition of harmonics with random properties. The classical use of this theorem for Monte Carlo simulation is based on models consisting of a superposition of harmonics with fixed frequencies but random amplitude and phase. The resulting samples have the same period depending on the discretization of the frequency band. In contrast, the proposed model consists of a superposition of harmonics with random amplitude, phase, and frequency so that different samples have different periods depending on the particular sample values of the harmonic frequencies.

A band limited Gaussian white noise process is used to illustrate the proposed Monte Carlo simulation algorithm and demonstrate that the estimates of the covariance function based on the samples of the proposed model are not periodic.     

晃动的流体对渡槽结构振动的抑制与放大效应

本文对渡槽结构横向流-固耦合动力特性及其幅频响应特性进行了较为详尽的分析,分析表明：1)结构体系存在二个横向振动固有振动频率 、 , 当系统以较小的频率 （同相位频率）振动时,结构振动的方向与流体的晃动方向一致;当系统以较大的频率 （异相位频率）振动时,结构振动的方向与流体的晃动方向相反。2) 当外动力荷载的频率（或卓越频率）与 （或 ）接近时,结构体系会发生共振反应,流体对结构振动会产生放大效应。3)渡槽结构体系还存在一个特殊的振动频率 ,当外动力荷载的频率（或卓越频率）与 接近时,晃动的流体对结构起到减振的作用。4)渡槽内的流体质量可以分为固定质量与晃动质量两部分,其中固定质量会加大结构顶端的动力惯性反应,可能会对结构安全构成不利影响。     

Impedance Bridge Balancing Using Perturbation Theory

This paper describes a technique for separating the two signal voltages necessary for balancing an ac impedance bridge from its detector output voltage. The technique is unique in that the necessary information is derived from modulations on the generator voltage. These modulations are formed by perturbing the variable arms at a fixed frequency but phased 90° apart. The two signals are then separated by phase detectors referenced to the modulation frequency and the proper phase. The perturbation increases and decreases the arm by a small amount, comparable to the action of a human operator increasing and decreasing the variable arm slightly to see which direction appears to lead to a null. Although no attempt was made to automate a bridge, this paper discusses the theoretical considerations for deriving the proper control signals for automating a bridge as well as experimental results obtained from a working model of such a system.     

A non-binary direct digital synthesizer with an extended phase accumulator

We describe a new direct digital synthesizer (DDS) in which output tuning resolution is flexibly controlled. The new DDS has an extended phase accumulator (EPA) controlled by two frequency control words; one determines the wave number within a single EPA operation cycle, and the other determines the length of the cycle. The EPA allows the DDS to provide jitter-free signals, the frequencies of which are given by arbitrary fractional expressions. (The denominator is fixed in conventional DDS that use normal phase accumulators.) Experimental results showed that the EPA worked well, allowing flexible output tuning resolution.     

VOR信号量值溯源技术研究

基于相位发生器和调频调幅设备建立了甚高频全向信标(VOR)标准信号发生装置,将VOR相位量值溯源至国家相位基准,解决了传统基于直接数字信号合成方法难以实现量值溯源的问题。对VOR标准信号发生装置的不确定度进行了评定,VOR相位扩展不确定度小于±0.020°(k=2),VOR调幅深度不确定度为±0.2%(k=2)。基于该标准信号发生装置可以对商用VOR信号发生和解调设备提供校准。     

Process-induced oscillator frequency pulling and phase noise within plasma systems

Passive radio spectroscopy is employed to examine plasma process instabilities generated by the interaction between the power source oscillator and the plasma load. A fixed frequency of 13.56 MHz and a 170-180 kHz Flyback transformer are considered. The carrier frequencies are interrogated using a resolution bandwidth that constitutes ∼1/7000-1/580 of the target oscillator frequencies with a sweep time of less than 0.06 s across the phase noise disturbance. Within these spectrum analyzer measurement parameters, oscillator phase noise (1/f^n=1-3, discrete spurs and raised noise floor) is shown to be linked to plasma load mismatch and periodic instabilities. In the case of the Flyback circuit, it is found that the oscillator frequency pulling and modulation are linked to the plasma reactance. These results indicate that oscillator phase noise can be used as a non-invasive plasma process metrology tool.     

Vibration analysis of piezoelectric materials by optical methods

This study provides two noncontact and realtime optical measurement methods to assess the displacement, natural frequencies, and mode shapes of a vibrating piezoelectric material. The methods are carried out using amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) and laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), which are full-field and point-wise displacement measurement, respectively. Because the fringe patterns measured by AF-ESPI appear as a clear picture at the natural frequency, both natural frequencies and mode shapes of the vibrating material can be successfully obtained. In the LDV system, a swept-sine excitation signal from the function generator to the beam can result in a corresponding peak in frequency response curve at natural frequencies. From the frequency response curve, the natural frequencies are thus acquired. Measured results by both methods are seen to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions by the Galerkin method and finite element method.     

Chirp信号发生器的设计与实现

本文利用DDS技术在FPGA平台上设计实现了一种Chirp信号发生器,该信号发生器能产生标准的Chirp波形和正余弦波形,通过PC机软件可调整波形的类型、频率和相位。该信号发生器输出频率范围为0．01Hz-25MHz,频率分辨率为0．01Hz,具有控制灵活,输出稳定的优点。     

Energy Scavenging From Low-Frequency Vibrations by Using Frequency Up-Conversion for Wireless Sensor Applications

This paper presents an electromagnetic (EM) vibration-to-electrical power generator for wireless sensors, which can scavenge energy from low-frequency external vibrations. For most wireless applications, the ambient vibration is generally at very low frequencies (1-100 Hz), and traditional scavenging techniques cannot generate enough energy for proper operation. The reported generator up-converts low-frequency environmental vibrations to a higher frequency through a mechanical frequency up-converter using a magnet, and hence provides more efficient energy conversion at low frequencies. Power is generated by means of EM induction using a magnet and coils on top of resonating cantilever beams. The proposed approach has been demonstrated using a macroscale version, which provides 170 nW maximum power and 6 mV maximum voltage. For the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) version, the expected maximum power and maximum voltage from a single cantilever is 3.97 muW and 76 mV, respectively, in vacuum. Power level can be increased further by using series-connected cantilevers without increasing the overall generator area, which is 4 mm². This system provides more than an order of magnitude better energy conversion for 10-100 Hz ambient vibration range, compared to a conventional large mass/coil system.     

Digital generation of coherent sweep signals

The authors describe a digitally implemented coherent sweep generator, i.e. a sweep generator in which sweep rate, start frequency, and start phase can be specified. By carrying out a digital integration twice, using a counter and an accumulator as integrators, a quadratic phase function of a linear sweep is produced. The desired start frequency and start phase are introduced by presetting the counter and accumulator. The mod (2π) of the quadratic phase function is extracted and used as an address for a sine look-up table whose output is applied to a digital-to-analog converter. The system is capable of producing sweep signals from DC up to the lower megahertz range, and the sweep rate can be verified over several orders of magnitude. By operating several digital sweep generators from the same clock, multiple coherent sweep signals may be produced, or quadrature signals can be produced with two modules. The digital sweep generator has been implemented with transistor-transistor logic (TTL). Generated waveforms are presented     

大功率纵-弯超声振动系统的研究

本文研究了一种大功率纵－弯昨合模式超声振动系统。该系统由两个纵向大功率夹心式压电超声换能器及一个均匀截面直棒组成。文中给出了该振动系统的具体结构及其共振频率设计方程。根据均匀直棒的纵向及弯曲振动理论，导出了振动系统中纵向及弯曲振动同频共振的条件。     

组合高频移相信号

用二台信号发生器组合移相信号,相位稳定,信号输出频响好。     

Fully Integrated Seven-Order Frequency-Range Quadrature Sinusoid Signal Generator

A compact wide-frequency-range quadrature sinusoid signal generator tailored to on-chip impedance spectroscopy instrumentation applications is described. Using a new hybrid structure, it provides seven orders of frequency-tuning range (1 mHz to 10 kHz) appropriate for impedance characterization of many sensor materials. The signal generator exhibits very accurate frequency tuning through digital control, and the new structure inherently guarantees good phase and amplitude matching between sine and cosine outputs across the supported frequency range. The circuit has been fabricated in a 0.5-mum CMOS process and occupies 1 mm². It consumes only 60 muA with a 3-V supply. Measurements show that the phase mismatch is less than 0.8^deg and that the amplitude mismatch is less than 3%. The total harmonic distortion is below 0.6% over the seven-order frequency range.     

脉动流发生装置诱导弹性管束振动的实验研究

为了实现对换热器内弹性管束振动的有效激发和控制,提出了一种新型脉动流发生装置,搭建了脉动流诱导弹性管束振动测试实验台,测试了换热器内各排弹性管束在不同工况下的振动响应。结果表明:在脉动流发生装置诱导下,弹性管束主要有两个振动频率,一个频率基本不受入口流速的影响,另一个频率随入口流速的增加而增加;提出的脉动流发生装置,一方面使弹性管束的振动强度明显增加,另一方面在一定程度上解决了各排弹性管束振动不均的问题。