Specification of the design wind load—A critical review of code concepts

In a simplified approach, the design wind load can be specified based on an appropriate small target value of the exceedance probability. For the ultimate limit state, the reasonable reference period is the projected design working life of the structure; for the serviceability limit state a suitable reference period is one year. Basically, at least the extreme wind speeds and the extremes of the aerodynamic coefficients have to be understood as random variables. Further random variables are the duration of a single storm and the relative intensity over the length of the storm. Neglecting these two parameters may lead to underestimations of the design wind load. The design values of the wind speeds are specified in codes with mainly two different concepts: either in terms of a product of the characteristic wind speed and a partial factor or directly as design value. The variable wind speed is represented in codes by gust wind speeds, by 10-min mean wind speeds or by hourly mean wind speeds. For the design value of the aerodynamic coefficient, mainly two concepts are used in codes: the mean value of the extremes or the 78%-fractile value, the latter known as ‘Cook–Mayne’ coefficient. The paper tries to sort out the differences between these approaches and tries to comment on one or the other shortcoming. Additionally, the complexity of the codification task is discussed when different wind climates have to be covered.     

点支式幕墙支撑结构风振系数计算

目前幕墙规范中采用阵风系数来代替风振系数对幕墙支承结构进行风振计算,这与实际情况差异较大,本文为此提出了基于简支梁模型的幕墙风振系数算法.基于随机振动理论,笔者首先导出了幕墙结构随机风荷载作用下响应的具体表达式,并由此建立了点支式幕墙风振系数的简化计算公式,并通过数值仿真计算验证了该算法的有效性.该计算公式与现行荷载规范中风振系数的表达式在外形上基本一致,可方便的应用于实际设计,也可作为修订规范或规程时的参考.     

高层建筑风振系数简化方法和实用计算表格

本文导出了均匀高层建筑顺风向风振系数的表达式 ,并给出了脉动风折算系数的实用计算表格 ,同时综合分析了各种影响风振系数的因素及变化规律 ,列举了计算实例。该方法可方便地用于实际工程 ,也可作为修订规范或规程时参考采用     

结构顺风向风振的规范表达式及有关问题的分析

基于结构随机振动理论 ,可导出顺风向风振时各类风响应。对于响应以第 1振型为主的高耸结构等结构 ,常以先求风振系数再求各类风响应较为方便。风振系数国内外有不同的表达式。结合我国荷载规范风振系数表达式 ,可推出与Davenport风振系数完全相同的表达式 ,以及任何其他表达式。对在应用结构随机振动理论推导时常见的错误加以分析。展望了 2 1世纪风振研究的发展和变化     

点式幕墙水平支撑结构风振系数计算

现行幕墙规范在脉动风的计算中采用阵风系数,但由于点支式玻璃幕墙在大跨度、超高层结构中得了广泛的应用,使得计算的结果与实际情况相差较大,针对这一情况,有研究提出以简支梁为基础进行对竖直放置的幕墙钢管桁架支撑结构进行风振系数计算,但是在多层大空间中庭结构中,很多采用的是水平布置的空间桁架支撑结构.针对这种幕墙支撑结构提出了新的风振系数计算公式,并利用数值仿真验算验证了公式的准确性.     

Pedestrian level winds and outdoor human comfort

Outdoor human comfort in an urban climate may be affected by a wide range of parameters, including wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, air quality, human activity, clothing level, age, etc. Several criteria have been developed in the wind engineering community for evaluating only the wind-induced mechanical forces on the human body and the resulting pedestrian comfort and safety. There are significant differences among the criteria used by various countries and institutions to establish threshold values for tolerable and unacceptable wind conditions even if a single parameter, such as the wind speed is used as criterion. These differences range from the speed averaging period (mean or gust) and its probability of exceedance (frequency of occurrence) to the evaluation of its magnitude (experimental or computational). The paper addresses the progress made towards the computational evaluation of pedestrian level winds. All existing criteria for wind and thermal comfort are absolute criteria, which specify the threshold values or comfort ranges for respective weather parameters. The paper will outline an approach towards the establishment of an overall comfort index taking into account, in addition to wind speed, the temperature and relative humidity in the area.     

Pedestrian wind comfort: Feasibility study of criteria homogenisation

One of the aims of COST C14 action is the assessment and evaluation of pedestrian wind comfort. At present there is no general rule available that is applied across Europe. There are several criteria that have been developed and applied in different countries. These criteria are based on the definition of two independent parameters, a threshold effective wind speed and a probability of exceedence of this threshold speed. The difficulty of the criteria comparison arises from the two-dimensional character of the criteria definition. An effort is being made to compare these criteria, trying both to find commonalities and to clearly identify differences, in order to build up the basis for the next step: to try to define common criteria (perhaps with regional and seasonal variations). The first point is to define clearly the threshold effective wind speed (mean velocity definition parameters: averaging interval and reference height) and equivalence between different ways of defining the threshold effective wind speed (mean wind speed, gust equivalent mean, etc.) in comparable terms (as far as possible). It can be shown that if the wind speed at a given location is defined in terms of a probability distribution, e.g. Weibull function, a given criterion is satisfied by an infinite set of wind conditions, that is, of probability distributions. The criterion parameters and the Weibull function parameters are linked to each other, establishing a set called iso-criteria lines (the locus of the Weibull function parameters that fulfil a given criterion). The relative position of iso-criteria lines when displayed in a suitable two-dimensional plane facilitates the comparison of comfort criteria. The comparison of several wind comfort criteria, coming from several institutes is performed, showing the feasibility and limitations of the method.     

A comparison of topographic effects on gust wind speed

This paper describes a study of topographic effects on gust wind speed. Four major wind-loading codes are reviewed and a combined terrain/height and topographic multiplier for each code is derived. Detailed comparisons of topographic effects between codes are presented. Specific examples employing different codes along with meticulous analyses are given to illustrate recommendations for code revisions and for future research.     

基于修正的广义风荷载谱的输电塔架风振系数计算方法

本文分析并指出了《架空送电线路杆塔结构设计技术规定》(DL/T5154-2002)中关于计算输电塔风振系数条文中存在的问题,引进了基于输电塔气弹模型风洞试验数据得到的输电塔顺风向1阶广义风荷载谱模型,并对其进行了地貌和振型修正。详细推导了基于修正的输电塔1阶广义风荷载谱计算其风振系数的方法,采用该方法计算了某大跨越输电塔的风振系数,并且与基于准定常理论采用Daven-port谱和规范方法计算得到的风振系数进行比较,所得结论具有重要的参考价值,可以直接为输电线路工程设计提供借鉴。     

三跨空冷支架结构挡风墙阵风系数风洞试验研究

空冷支架结构体型独特,空冷平台以上有较高的挡风墙,性质属于围护结构,但又与结构一起随风振动,与规范上所说的围护结构不同,因此不能直接采用规范给出的阵风系数,抗风计算时仅参考国外一些参数,是否准确无法验证。通过1/150三跨刚性模型风洞试验,考虑风向角、周围建筑物、风机是否转动等因素,得到三跨空冷支架结构挡风墙在不同工况下的阵风系数,并对其分布规律进行分析,提出设计建议。得到的各种参数不仅为空冷支架结构体系的抗风设计提供了依据,而且为我国行业规程关于空冷凝汽器支架结构体系风参数相关条文的进一步修订和完善提供了基础研究资料。     

台风“苏力”近地风场脉动特性实测研究

利用设置在福建省霞浦县牙城镇的观测点,成功测得了2013年超强台风“苏力”的近地脉动风场数据,在此基础上对台风的湍流强度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度和功率谱进行了分析。研究结果表明：湍流强度和阵风因子随平均风速的增大而减小,当平均风速大于10 m/s时,数值趋于稳定;台风风场的横风向、竖直向湍流强度分量显著增强,顺风向、横风向、竖直向湍流强度分量比值达到1∶0.8∶0.55;台风风场的湍流积分尺度离散性较大,与平均风速、湍流强度无明显相关性,实测的台风脉动风功率谱与von Karman谱比较接近。     

Wind-induced uplift of exposed geomembrane covers: A proposed revision to conventional design approaches

Conventional approach for exposed geomembrane design assumes that the geomembrane is subjected to an uplift pressure induced by wind above the geomembrane, and the pressure below the geomembrane is kept constant at atmospheric pressure by default. In reality, the exposed geomembrane is typically anchored into subgrade, which limits the exchange of air above and below the geomembrane. Therefore, when the geomembrane is being uplifted, suction will be generated temporarily below the geomembrane. This temporary suction provides significant resistance to uplift during short-duration wind gust. This paper recommended revisions to the current design approach. An average wind velocity within a selected period, instead of the 3-s gust speed, is recommended to be used for design. This period can be selected based on evaluation of how fast air can enter the voids below the geomembrane.     

Automatic gust recording using a commodore pet computer

A cheap (£425) computer has been used to monitor the wind speeds over a house on which special roof components are being tested.Minor modifications to a standard Munro Mk IV cup anemometer and direction vane provide a direct interface to the Commodore PET computer which waits for a 1-s gust above 20 m s^?1. The mean wind speed and direction are then stored on a tape cassette with the maximum gust speed for that hour, and for 1000 subsequent hours in which gusts above 20 m s^?1 occur.A display can be switched on at any time to show the current wind speed, the last peak, date, time, etc. A battery back-up will keep the machine operational for short periods of no mains power.Particular points of interest are the machine code frequency-sampling technique, the continuous averaging of wind speed, and the method of vector-averaging the 4-bit direction data to give an estimated direction accuracy better than ±5°.     

杭州市民中心风特性监测及风谱拟合

通过对作用在杭州市民中心的自然脉动风进行长期连续监测,对湍流强度、阵风因子和湍流积分尺度的统计值进行分析研究.分别采用10 min和1 h的基本时距计算纵向和竖向脉动风速谱,基于各向同性湍流理论推导出横向脉动风速谱,并与经验风谱进行了比较.最后,对纵向和竖向常用的几种功率谱密度函数进行了拟合修正,提出了精度优于常用风谱的谱函数表达式.     

我国东南沿海台风极值风速预测与区划图构建

中国沿海是全球受台风灾害最严重的区域之一,获取台风极值风速对指导沿海土木工程结构抗风设计、防灾减灾和风险评估至关重要,中国现有抗风设计体系未单独设定台风极值风荷载。文章提出基于地理加权回归的台风模拟方法,主要包括台风路径、强度和风场参数递推模型,基于日本气象局1951～2015年历史台风最佳路径数据,开了西北太平洋地区台风局部路径和全路径随机模拟,结合台风边界层三维风场模型,预测不同工程场地的极值风速,率先完整创建我国沿海区域台风极值风速区划图并讨论台风风灾空间分布特点;面向不同建筑结构设计需求,形成台风风灾曲线和极值风速剖面数据库,为沿海建筑结构抗台风设计提供极值风荷载输入条件,推进我国结构抗风理论体系从传统良态风向台风的跨越。     

中美欧荷载规范中高耸结构风荷载计算方法对比研究

随着我国国际贸易不断发展,涉外铁塔工程项目越来越多,对比分析国内外规范中高耸结构风荷载的计算方法有迫切的工程意义。本文通过对比分析美国规范、欧洲规范、中国现行《建筑结构荷载规范》以及《高耸结构设计规范》中风荷载的计算公式,寻找规范之间风荷载计算的差异,对涉外工程的设计提供设计建议和指导。     

双曲冷却塔结构规范风荷载标准值对比

以参数分析为基础,对中、英、德双曲冷却塔结构设计规范风荷载标准值的取值原则和计算思路进行了对比,研究了基本风速、风剖面、内外表面静风风压环向分布、脉动效应系数、干扰效应系数等参数的取值和相互影响,并介绍了中、英、德双曲冷却塔设计规范与其荷载规范相关条款的差异;以3座不同高度的双曲冷却塔为例,对比分析了中、英、德规范的脉动效应系数取值,并对1座双曲冷却塔分别采用中、英、德规范计算等效风荷载标准值及其荷载效应。结果表明:受设计基本风压剖面和脉动效应系数控制,中、德规范的荷载标准值剖面较为接近,但明显小于英国规范;受荷载标准值剖面和环向压力分布影响,塔筒中下部区域子午向拉力和环向弯矩的极值分别对应于英、德规范,而喉部位置英国规范得到的子午向拉力和环向弯矩的极值分别为中、德规范的1.4倍和1.1倍。     

A method to assess peak storm wind speeds using detailed damage surveys

A detailed damage survey of a single, wood-framed, structure, which had a complete roof failure during the passage of a gust front in southern Ontario, was performed. Radar data was used to estimate upper level wind speeds associated with the gust front. Details pertaining to the structural failure, including the debris field, were obtained. Wind tunnel pressure time histories, in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer, were used to establish the roof height, gust wind speed at failure. This speed was smaller than the upper level speed found from the analysis of the radar. The flight of the roof was also examined, and confirmed the wind speeds obtained from the structural analysis of the failure. The study illustrates that detailed damage surveys, which incorporate the use of wind tunnel test data and debris flight in the analysis, can shed considerable light on the details of the wind speeds at failure, reducing the uncertainty caused by the many assumptions in such analyses.     

近地面与超高空台风风场不同时距湍流特性对比分析

基于台风“海鸥”、“凤凰”、“蔷薇”和“莫拉克”的近地面风场和台风“凡亚比”、“鲇鱼”和“狮子山”的超高空风场实测资料,进行了近地面和超高空台风风场不同平均时距(3 s、1 min、10 min和60 min)台风湍流特性的对比分析,研究了边界层台风风场的湍流特性及其与平均时距的关系。研究表明：台风风场的平均风速、风向角随平均时距的增加逐渐趋于平稳;1 min和3 s平均时距风参数能较好地反映平均风速、风向角、湍流度和阵风因子尤其是风速较大时的脉动性和变化规律;近地面与超高空台风风场的不同时距平均风速的离散性和平均最大风速之间的比例相差较大;随着平均风速的增大,近地面与超高空台风风场不同时距湍流度和阵风因子的变化规律与离散性相差较大;日本风荷载规范(AIJRLB-2004)公式基本适用于我国沿海超高空台风风场顺风向湍流度的估计;当平均时距小于10min时,随着平均时距的减小,近地面和超高空台风风场的顺风向湍流度均比横风向减小得快;超高空台风风场的3 s时距顺风向湍流度均值略小于横风向,近地面台风风场的3 s时距顺风向湍流度均值大幅小于横风向。     

新荷载规范下高耸结构风振系数计算探讨

由于新版建筑结构荷载规范对顺风向风振系数作出了较大修改,本文对高耸结构设计规范中的相应问题进行了研究。首先,总结了新荷载规范对顺风向风振系数的修改要点,比较了新的风振系数表达式与原表达式之间的异同,分析了新规范共振响应因子R、背景响应因子B_z与旧规范脉动增大系数ξ、脉动影响系数v之间的关系。其次,通过数值计算研究了新荷载规范下高耸结构风振系数相关参数取值所受到的影响。然后,探讨外形不规则的高耸结构风振系数的计算。最后,提出了与新荷载规范形式相协调的高耸结构风振系数表达式,编制了相应参数的计算表格,并通过实例计算和时程分析进行了验证。