卤猪肉加工过程中游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸及核苷酸变化分析

利用气相色谱质谱联用和高效液相色谱法检测分析了卤猪肉加工过程中游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸及核苷酸的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,总游离脂肪酸有效峰面积呈下降趋势,饱和脂肪酸也呈现下降的变化趋势,不饱和脂肪酸含量先增加后减少,在高温煮制1 h时达到最大值。总游离氨基酸的含量在卤猪肉加工过程中变化明显,在原料肉中总游离氨基酸含量为244.39 mg/100 g,其它样品中含量都显著(p0.05)高于原料肉,在二次煮制完成后达到最大值,为349.32 mg/100 g。谷氨酸在成品中的含量达到119.02mg/100 g,占总游离氨基酸的34.12%。呈味核苷酸检测结果显示,在加工过程中5'-IMP和5'-GMP的含量呈现下降趋势。由于加热导致核苷酸热降解,其降解产物肌苷的含量呈现上升趋势,在成品中检测到其含量显著(p0.05)高于原料肉中的含量。本研究结果为改进卤猪肉的生产工艺、提高产品品质提供了理论参考。     

熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄食用品质及风味物质的影响

为探究熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄食用品质和风味物质的影响,以猪前蹄为原料,采用蒸制、煮制、微波制和低温慢煮制4 种熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄进行烹调,并测定烹调损失率、营养成分、胆固醇、总游离氨基酸、脂肪氧化、色泽、感官评分、脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质水平。结果表明,低温慢煮制显著降低了酱卤猪蹄烹调损失率和胆固醇质量分数（P＜0.05）,并显著提高了产品的a*值（红度）、水分质量分数、不饱和脂肪酸相对含量（P＜0.05）和挥发性风味物质种类;微波制显著降低了酱卤猪蹄的脂肪质量分数（P＜0.05）;蒸制酱卤猪蹄感官评分最高;煮制所得产品L*值（亮度）最大（P＜0.05）。蒸、煮、微波和低温慢煮4 种熟制方式均能不同程度改善酱卤猪蹄食用品质,但低温慢煮制在改善酱卤猪蹄色泽、提高不饱和脂肪酸含量、增加风味物质种类和降低胆固醇含量方面表现更优。     

鲤鱼肉蛋白水解物在熟猪肉糜中的抗氧化效果

研究鲤鱼肉蛋白的碱性蛋白酶(alcalase)水解物对肉糜的抗氧化作用。将肉糜分为6组,包括阴性对照组、2.0%的未水解鲤鱼肉蛋白组、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的水解物(4h)添加组、0.02%的丁基羟基茴香醚(butylatedhydroxyanisole,BHA)的阳性对照,在冷藏7d过程中测定肉糜的红度值(a*)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)值和pH值的变化,并对产品的感官指标进行评定。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加水解物的处理组能显著抑制脂肪的氧化(P<0.05),其中2.0%水解物处理组效果最明显,能显著降低TBARS值、增加肉糜的红度值(a*)(P<0.05),但较添加BHA处理组的效果欠佳;感官评定得到同样的结果。     

Early Postmortem Detection of Exudative Pork Meat Based on Nucleotide Content

The content of nucleotide metabolites in the muscle L. dorsi was analyzed for the detection of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork meats at just 2 h postmortem. PSE meat was characterized by significantly lower (p < 0.05) amounts of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and higher adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine (ino) and hypoxanthine (hyp) than normal meat. IMP and ino classified all the samples from both groups with statistical significance (p < 0.05). The K₀ value, R' value and IMP/ATP ratios were also useful indicators for full distinction of PSE meats. Thus, the assay of any of these nucleotide metabolites may allow a good detection of PSE meats at very short, only 2 h, postmortem time.     

High-pressure-cooked Low-fat Pork and Chicken Batters as Affected by Salt Levels and Cooking Temperature

The application of high pressure (200 and 400 MPa, 30 min) favored water and fat binding properties of chicken and pork batters even at low ionic strength. Textural properties of meat batters (particularly hardness and chewiness, and to a lesser extent springiness and cohesiveness) were influenced by cooking temperature. High pressures influenced the texture of batters, so that pressurized samples were less hard, cohesive, springy or chewy than nonpressurized samples; this effect was not related to on salt concentration. High pressure treatment limited the formation of gel structures, which probably was associated with its preserving effect against thermal denaturation of meat proteins.     

不同烹调方式对羊肉品质的影响

研究不同烹调方式（蒸煮、烘烤和煎炸）对羊肉品质的影响,分别对样品中氨基酸、脂肪酸和核苷酸的组成及含量、质构指标以及肌肉微观结构进行检测。结果表明：蒸煮方式的损失率最低,对氨基酸、脂肪酸和核苷酸的组成及含量的影响最小;在3 种烹调方式对肉样处理过程中,肉样的氨基酸模式和脂肪酸模式均发生不同程度的变化;煎炸肉样中呈味氨基酸含量为55.33%,显著高于蒸煮肉样呈味氨基酸含量（50.67%）和烘烤肉样呈味氨基酸含量（49.33%）;烘烤肉样呈味核苷酸含量最低;蒸煮、煎炸和烘烤对肉样的脂肪酸组成及含量虽有影响,但组间并无差异显著性。烘烤肉样咀嚼性优于煎炸肉样和蒸煮肉样。在3 种烹调方式处理过程中,烘烤肉样肌纤维束变形、肌束膜破坏、肌间脂肪受损程度最严重。     

Minerals in Pork Meat and Edible Offal

Pork meat contains important minerals, including iron and zinc, all of which are essential for good health throughout life. Edible offal is also a form of meat and in general possesses a higher content of minerals, than muscular tissue. The mineral levels in pork meat, and edible offal are variable. Major sources of variation in animal products are the proportion of lean to fat tissue, and the proportion of edible to inedible materials. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing scientific literature on the mineral levels in pork meat and edible offal.     

血浆蛋白粉对猪肉凝胶中挥发性风味物质的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取与气质联用方法,分析血浆蛋白粉对猪肉凝胶挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明:选用75μm CAR/PDMS萃取头,55℃萃取40min,可得到较好的萃取效果;猪肉中添加血浆蛋白粉后,从其凝胶中新检出挥发性风味物质16种,包括酮类1种、醇类3种、酸类2种、碳氢化合物7种、杂环类1种、醚类1种和酯类1种。     

不同熟制方式对兔肉品质的影响

该研究以煮制、酶解后煮制、高压煮制和烤制4种方式对兔肉进行加工,探讨不同熟制方式对兔肉质构特性、游离氨基酸含量、风味物质种类及含量的影响.结果表明,酶解后煮制的兔肉游离氨基酸含量最高;不同熟制方式的兔肉质构特性有明显差异.对4种熟制方式兔肉的挥发性风味物质进行分析,共鉴定出58种挥发性风味成分,主要为烃类、醛类、醇类、...     

甜面酱的鲜味成分分析

采用国标方法分别对7种市售甜面酱样品的水分、粗脂肪、总氮和粗蛋白的含量进行了测定,利用氨基酸自动分析仪、高效液相色谱仪分别对甜面酱中的游离氨基酸及核苷酸含量进行了测定,利用凝胶色谱柱对甜面酱中小分子肽的分子量分布进行了测定,同时分析计算了甜面酱的水解度、平均肽链长度和氨基酸味道强度值,及其对呈味的贡献。研究结果表明:7种市售甜面酱的水分、粗脂肪、总氮和粗蛋白等平均含量分别为51.42%,1.84%,1.284%和7.32%;甜面酱中游离氨基酸总含量为1.55~2.78 g/100 g,含量相对较高的为脯氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、天门冬氨酸,其中谷氨酸的味道强度值(TAV值)最高(7.00~25.67),对鲜味具有重要的贡献;甜面酱中的核苷酸主要为次黄嘌呤(3.19~4.87 mg/100 g),但其TAV值均小于0.5,对甜面酱的滋味没有直接影响;甜面酱中小分子肽的含量为0.55~3.31 g/100 g,平均肽链长度为2~4,分子量主要分布于221~445 u之间,且对鲜味具有一定的贡献。     

烹制方法对猪肉脂质氧化和挥发性风味物质的作用研究

研究对比了4种烹制方法(煮制、烤制、微波及油炸制(大豆油、花生油和葵花油))对猪肉脂质氧化及挥发性风味成分的影响。结果表明:烹制能够促进猪肉的脂质氧化,经不同方式烹制后,熟制猪肉的过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)显著增加(P0.05)。不同熟制猪肉之间脂质氧化程度存在显著性差异(P0.05),其中烤制猪肉的脂质氧化程度最高,其次为微波和水煮,而炸制猪肉的氧化程度最低。气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术从熟制猪肉中共分离鉴定出68种挥发性风味成分,主要包括醛类、脂肪烃类、醇类、酮类、酯类等,总挥发性风味化合物含量在221.09(大豆油炸制猪肉)-1084.61 AU×106/g(煮制猪肉)之间。醛类是主要的化合物,占总挥发性风味成分的73.78(葵花油炸制猪肉)-78.79%(烤制猪肉),而己醛是最主要的醛类物质。TBA值与醛类、醇类及总挥发性风味物质呈显著正相关(p0.05),而POV值与挥发性风味物质的相关性不显著(p0.05)。主成分分析法(PCA)能够很好地区分经不同烹制方法得到的熟猪肉。     

反复卤煮对老汤品质的影响研究

传统酱卤肉制品因老汤的使用而深受消费者喜爱,卤汤在连续的使用过程中不断积累较多的可溶性滋味物质,使其本身具有鲜醇浓厚独特的美味,进而赋予卤煮制品特有的滋味。本研究以白羽肉鸡鸡腿为原料,对传统卤煮工艺不同卤制次数卤汤中的营养物质如蛋白质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、味精当量等和有害物质中的杂环胺的变化进行研究。结果表明:与对照组第0锅卤汤相比,当卤制次数达到第9锅时,卤汤中蛋白质含量由0.09%增加至3.86%,总游离氨基酸含量由68.57 mg/100g上升至601.92 mg/100 g,呈味核苷酸含量由0.78 mg/100 g达到了22.97 mg/100 g,味精当量(EUC)值由0.0068 g MSG/100 g升高至1.32 g MSG/100 g,但有害物质中杂环胺含量由12.29 ng/g上升至28.64 ng/g。因此,传统卤煮工艺中随着卤制次数的增加,卤汤中营养物质的含量呈不断上升的趋势,同时有害物质中杂环胺的含量也不断富集。     

红烧肉制作要领分析

红烧肉是一道家常菜,在制作过程中必须精心选料;认真进行初步加工和焯水;正确调味焖烧,掌握投料时机和火候;旺火收汁,完善菜肴风味与口感,才能制作出色泽红润,肉质酥烂、软糯,肥而不腻的红烧肉,为我们的餐桌上增添光彩.     

蒸煮温度和时间对猪肉脂肪酸组成比例关系的影响

系统考察不同蒸煮温度(70、80、90、100℃)和蒸煮时间(0.5、1、2、3、4h)对猪肉脂肪酸组成比例关系的影响。结果表明：在蒸煮时间变化范围内,各蒸煮温度下的脂肪酸及其比例呈现出较为一致的变化规律,不饱和脂肪酸所占比例总体呈下降趋势,但在蒸煮2h左右出现峰值,亚麻酸与亚油酸含量比值同时也出现峰值,饱和脂肪酸与之相反。脂肪酸各组分比例变化幅度总体上与温度呈负相关,但差异不显著。可根据产品设计需要适当调整蒸煮温度和时间,使脂肪酸组成配比达到理想状态。     

不同肥瘦比和烹制时间对狮子头猪肉丸特征挥发性风味成分的影响

该研究以狮子头为研究对象,研究了两种不同肥瘦比的狮子头在不同的烹制时间内挥发性风味物质的变化情况,以探讨狮子头在不同烹饪时间内挥发性风味物质的变化规律。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术对狮子头挥发性风味化合物进行了分离鉴定。通过结合气味活性值（OAV）讨论狮子头烹饪过程中的关键风味化合物。研究表明：在烹制两种肥瘦比例（6:4、7:3）的狮子头的过程中分别产生了73种、71种挥发性风味物,经过OAV值分析的结论发现,在90、120、150 min中主要的风味物质为己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-戊基呋喃等。在120 min时6:4组在己醛含量近达到了3.87 mg/kg、壬醛含量达到4.41 mg/kg,,2-戊基呋喃含量达到2.85 mg/kg;7:3组己醛含量达到了4.44 mg/kg、壬醛含量达到5.03 mg/kg,2-戊基呋喃达到2.74 mg/kg。因此,烹制120 min时7:3比例的狮子头风味物质组成更丰富,风味评价更好。     

Effects of Endpoint Temperature on the Internal Color of Pork Patties of Different Myoglobin Form, Initial Cooking State, and Quality

ABSTRACT: :The effects of several parameters on the development of internal cooked color in ground pork were evaluated. Patties were made from normal or pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork and the pigment converted to either oxymyoglobin or deoxymyoglobin. Patties from these 4 treatment combinations were cooked from the frozen or thawed states to 5 endpoint temperatures. PSE patties and those containing oxymyoglobin exhibited premature browning as they appeared cooked and were more (P < 0.05) tan at lower temperatures than normal patties or those with deoxymyoglobin which had a slightly pink internal color at 71 °C. Percentage myoglobin denaturation increased as cooking temperatures increased (P < 0.05) for both types of meat and was greater in patties containing deoxymyoglobin than in those with oxymyoglobin. Patties cooked frozen had lower a* values (P < 0.05) than thawed patties at every endpoint temperature.     

Properties and Utilization of Pork from an Advanced Meat Recovery System

Pork trim from an advanced meat recovery system, referred to as pork trim-finely textured (PTFT), was characterized and compared to 80% lean ground pork (GP) and knife trimmed lean (KT). PTFT (0, 5, 10, 15%) was incorporated into 10% and 20% fat ground pork patties. PTFT had higher total pigment, cholesterol, iron and calcium and lower collagen than GP or KT. Fat content of PTFT was similar to GP and KT. PTFT increased redness and juiciness and decreased hardness, chewiness and cohesiveness of ground pork patties. Addition of up to 15% PTFT caused differences which were perceived as improvements in quality. PTFT can be a replacement for pork trim in ground pork products.     

不同热处理方式下虾肉品质和蛋白质结构变化的差异

为探讨三种常用热处理方式、加热程度对虾肉的品质影响以及蛋白质结构的变化的差异性影响,本试验以刀额新对虾为试验原料,采用蒸制、烤制和微波三种热处理方式,以测定原料第一节肌肉中心温度达到60℃、70℃、80℃和过热状态为加热程度,比较其水分含量、水分活度、质构特性、蛋白质二级结构和三级结构变化、蛋白质断裂情况及氧化情况的差...     

ATP Metabolites During Aging of Exudative and Nonexudative Pork Meats

ABSTRACT: The content of nucleotide metabolites in the muscle L.dorsi from 9 exudative and 9 acceptable quality pork carcasses was determined during 7 d of aging in order to establish a period postmortem for detecting exudative meats. Hypoxanthine and inosine levels in exudative meats were different (p < 0.05) from those of normal meats up to 3 days of aging, while 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP) and 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents only differed during the 1st 4 and 6 h postmortem, respectively. The IMP/ATP ratio was only different (p < 0.05) at 2 h. Thus, 2 h postmortem is proposed as the optimal sampling time for the detection of exudative pork meats.