QuEChERS在食品中真菌毒素检测的研究进展

真菌毒素是重要的食品安全危害因子,建立高通量真菌毒素分析方法将有效降低人群的真菌毒素暴露风险,而实现复杂基质中多种真菌毒素的联合提取是建立这类分析技术的前提保证。QuEChERS是集快速（quick）、简单（easy）、便宜（cheap）、有效（effective）、可靠（rugged）、安全（safe）于一体前处理技术的简称,本文通过介绍QuEChERS技术的原理和近年来该技术在真菌毒素分析领域的应用,针对真菌毒素的理化性质和样品基质特点,探讨了QuEChERS技术中不同提取液和净化剂的优缺点和适用范围,分析该技术在提取净化过程中存在的问题,提出了改进思路,并展望今后QuEChERS技术在多真菌毒素联合分析的发展趋势。     

Traditionally Processed Beverages in Africa: A Review of the Mycotoxin Occurrence Patterns and Exposure Assessment

African traditional beverages are widely consumed food‐grade liquids processed from single or mixed grains (mostly cereals) by simple food processing techniques, of which fermentation tops the list. These beverages are very diverse in composition and nutritional value and are specific to different cultures and countries. The grains from which home‐processed traditional beverages are made across Africa are often heavily contaminated with multiple mycotoxins due to poor agricultural, handling, and storage practices that characterize the region. In the literature, there are many reports on the spectrum and quantities of mycotoxins in crops utilized in traditional beverage processing, however, few studies have analyzed mycotoxins in the beverages themselves. The available reports on mycotoxins in African traditional beverages are mainly centered on the finished products with little information on the process chain (raw material to final product), fate of the different mycotoxins during processing, and exposure estimates for consumers. Regulations targeting these local beverages are not in place despite the heavy occurrence of mycotoxins in their raw materials and the high consumption levels of the products in many homes. This paper therefore comprehensively discusses for the 1st time the available data on the wide variety of African traditional beverages, the mycotoxins that contaminate the beverages and their raw materials, exposure estimates, and possible consequent effects. Mycotoxin control options and future directions for mycotoxin research in beverage production are also highlighted.     

动物可食组织中霉菌毒素的残留及检测方法研究进展

霉菌毒素可在畜禽体内各脏器组织残留,为动物源性的食品安全带来隐患。随着对霉菌毒素危害认识的深入,对食品中的各类霉菌毒素限量标准的要求也在不断地提高,相应的检测技术和检测限也有了很大的发展。本文对动物可食组织中霉菌毒素的残留及检测方法研究进展进行综述,以期为制定动物性食品可食组织中的霉菌毒素的残留及检测标准提供一定的依据。     

真菌毒素的降解技术研究进展

真菌毒素是一类长期困扰粮食安全的重要污染物,尤其是对于谷物类作物具有极大的危害性,因此,对于真菌毒素的检测与降解已经成为粮食安全方面的重点攻克对象。根据现有的研究,主要的降解手段有物理法、化学法以及生物法等,此外还涌现出了多种手段协同作用降解的方式,种类呈现多样化的趋势。因此,为了进一步推进更加便捷、高效的真菌毒素降解方法应用到相关的粮食领域中,减少降解剂对食品本身品质的影响,并帮助开发新的真菌毒素降解方法。作者综述了近年来研究者在防控粮食等产品中各种真菌毒素污染所采用的不同策略,并且分析了相应的产毒机制,讨论了现阶段所采用的各种方法防控真菌毒素的优势和不足,同时展望了未来食品工业对真菌毒素降解方法的发展新趋势,提出了新的研究方向。     

尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州市售灌木芒果、腰果、秋葵、芝麻和高粱的真菌毒素污染情况研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

采用LC-MS/MS真菌毒素检测法,对尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州市场出售的食物作物（灌木芒果（n=12）、烤腰果（n=12）、干秋葵（n=12）、芝麻（n=35）、高粱（n=36））进行了分析研究。结果显示具致肝癌性黄曲霉毒素B1在灌木芒果、干秋葵和高粱样品中检出率分别为42%、25% 和19%,其平均浓度分别为19.2、8.27和4.75 µg/kg,伏马毒素B1污染了9%的芝麻样品（平均浓度为12.5 µg/kg）和47%的高粱样品（平均浓度为461 µg/kg）;同时受到黄曲霉毒素 B1和伏马毒素B1污染的高粱样本至少有19%。灌木芒果、高粱和干秋葵中检测到了具致肾毒性的赭曲霉毒素A,这是首次在干秋葵中报道检测到该毒素。可见,当地市场出售的这些食物作物受到真菌毒素的污染,可能威胁消费者的健康,需要采取积极措施防控污染。     

Microbiological safety of ready‐to‐eat foods in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A comprehensive 10‐year (2009 to 2018) review

Ready‐to‐eat foods (RTEs) are foods consumed without any further processing. They are widely consumed as choice meals especially by school‐aged children and the fast‐paced working class in most low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where they contribute substantially to the dietary intake. Depending on the type of processing and packaging material, RTEs could be industrially or traditionally processed. Typically, RTE vendors are of low literacy level, as such, they lack knowledge about good hygiene and food handling practices. In addition, RTEs are often vended in outdoor environments such that they are exposed to several contaminants of microbial origin. Depending on the quantity and type of food contaminant, consumption of contaminated RTEs may result in foodborne diseases and several other adverse health effects in humans. This could constitute major hurdles to growth and development in LMICs. Therefore, this review focuses on providing comprehensive and recent occurrence and impact data on the frequently encountered contaminants of microbial origin published in LMICs within the last decade (2009 to 2018). We have also suggested viable food safety solutions for preventing and controlling the food contamination and promoting consumer health.     

Irradiation for Mold and Mycotoxin Control: A Review

The mycotoxin issue requires constant vigilance from economic, regulatory, and scientific agents to minimize its toxicological effects on human and animals. The implementation of good practices to avoid fungal growth and mycotoxin production on agricultural commodities is essential to achieve most restrictive safety standards; however, the contribution of novel technologies that may act on postharvesting and poststorage situations may be equally important. Several methodologies, more or less technologically advanced, may be used for this purpose. In this work, we review the role, contribution, and impact of irradiation technology to control the presence of fungi and mycotoxins in food and in feed. The effect of this technology on the viability of mold spores and on the elimination of mycotoxins is reviewed. A critical evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of irradiation in this context is presented.     

粮食中隐蔽型真菌毒素污染的研究进展

真菌毒素污染是影响全球食品安全问题的重要因素之一。真菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物,对人体、动植物皆可产生危害。自然条件下,真菌毒素分子可与葡萄糖、丙二酸或谷胱甘肽等极性较强的基团结合,生成结合型真菌毒素。由于毒素结构发生改变,现有的常规检测手段不能有效地检测其存在,因此称其为隐蔽型真菌毒素(masked mycotoxins)。已有文献报道,隐蔽型真菌毒素往往与其原型同时存在于粮食中,而隐蔽型毒素在进入人和动物体内后,经水解、氧化还原等代谢过程,可释放出有毒的毒素原型分子,给食品安全、人和动物健康造成严重隐患。因此对隐蔽型真菌毒素的形成机制、污染状况和毒理研究应尽快展开。本文综述了国内外近几年以来几种常见隐蔽型真菌毒素的最新研究进展,为隐蔽型真菌毒素的研究提供有价值的参考。     

镰刀菌单端孢霉烯族毒素的生物合成及分子调控研究进展

单端孢霉烯族毒素主要是由镰刀菌属等丝状真菌产生的一类有毒的次级代谢产物,对人类和动物的健康造 成威胁。本文对镰刀菌单端孢霉烯族毒素的生物合成基因、生物合成途径及编码酶、分子调控分别进行了阐释, 其中生物合成至少涉及到3 个基因家族,分别为Tri5基因簇、Tri1～Tri16基因簇和Tri101基因簇,包括编码单端孢霉 二烯合酶的Tri5,编码P450单加氧酶的Tri4、Tri11和Tri13,编码转录调控因子的Tri6和Tri10,编码乙酰基转移酶的 Tri7、Tri3、Tri16和Tri101,编码酯酶的Tri8,编码羟化酶的Tri1,编码毒素输出泵的Tri12。生物合成起始于反式法 尼基焦磷酸环化形成单端孢霉二烯,再经过一系列的加氧、异构化、环化和酯化反应,最终形成不同结构的毒素, 毒素形成的差异主要是由代谢途径和基因差异决定的。生物合成除了受TRI6和TRI10特异的转录调控因子调控之 外,还受到与外界环境相关的全局性调控因子Pac和VeA的调控。本文旨在为食品、饲料等农产品的毒素防控、毒 素脱除提供理论依据。     

A review of microbes and chemical contaminants in dairy products in sub-Saharan Africa

Animal milk types in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are processed into varieties of products using different traditional methods and are widely consumed by households to support nutritional intake and diet. Dairy products contain several microorganisms, their metabolites, and other chemical compounds, some with health benefits and many others considered as potential health hazards. Consumption of contaminated milk products could have serious health implications for consumers. To access the safety of milk products across SSA, studies in the region investigating the occurrences of pathogens as well as chemical compounds such as heat stable toxins and veterinary drug residues in animal milk and its products were reviewed. This is done with a holistic view in light of the emerging exposome paradigm for improving food safety and consumer health in the region. Herein, we showed that several published studies in SSA applied conventional and/or less sensitive methods in detecting microbial species and chemical contaminants. This has serious implications in food safety because the correct identity of a microbial species and accurate screening for chemical contaminants is crucial for predicting the potential human health effects that undermine the benefits from consumption of these foods. Furthermore, we highlighted gaps in determining the extent of viral and parasitic contamination of milk products across SSA as well as investigating multiple classes of chemical contaminants. Consequently, robust studies should be conducted in this regard. Also, efforts such as development cooperation projects should be initiated by all stakeholders including scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers to improve the dairy product chain in SSA in view of safeguarding consumer health.     

Mycotoxin detection in infant formula milks in Italy

After birth, infant formulas constitute an important or often sole food source for infants during the first months of life. In this study, a survey on the presence of aflatoxin M₁ (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the 14 leading brands of infant formulas marketed in Italy was conducted. Mycotoxins were determined by immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. AFM1 was found in two of 185 samples, but at levels below the European legislation limit of 25 ng l^?1. OTA was detected in 133 (72%) samples (range = 35.1–689.5 ng l^?1). It has been observed that OTA contamination was 80% in the ready-to-use preparations and 63% in the powdered samples. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) reviewed the toxicology on OTA and concluded that it would be prudent to reduce exposure to OTA ensuring that exposure is towards the lower end of the range of tolerable daily intakes of 1.2–14 ng kg^?1 body weight day^?1. OTA was also evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 100 ng kg^?1 body weight was established. The OTA levels in pre-term ready-to-use infant formulas were sufficient to cause a higher OTA intake than the suggested TDI. The results point out the need to perform controls for prevention programmes especially when attempting to identify risk markers of the infant feed quality.     

我国保健食品研发与生产中可能出现的安全问题及对策

我国保健食品行业进入快速发展阶段,保健食品产品的安全保障是一项系统工程,不仅包括保健食品的研发、注册环节,还包括生产、流通、监管等各个重要环节. 只有在各个环节都采取了切实措施,才能确保终产品的安全. 本文从保健食品研发、注册和生产环节,阐述了我国保健食品可能出现的安全问题,并针对问题提出可以采取的相应对策.     

保健食品的发展及原料安全隐患

本文介绍了保健食品目前的国内外发展及安全状况，对保健食品在加工及使用过程中可能导致安全隐患的各项因素进行分析，对某些致病机理进行较详细的解释，并提出相应的解决措施。     

真菌毒素同时检测方法研究进展

真菌毒素污染范围广,毒性强,多种真菌毒素常常同时存在于同一种原料作物或食品中,且具有多种共存效应,对人类健康构成严重威胁。目前单一种类真菌毒素的检测技术相对成熟,但不同种类真菌毒素的分别测定成本较高,试剂损耗且污染严重。多种毒素的同时检测技术可有效解决上述问题,但目前尚处于研究的起步阶段。今后将在提高多种毒素联合提取率、回收率、屏蔽基质效应及降低检出限等方向深入研究。     

Mycotoxin Contamination of the Food Supply Chain - Implications for One Health Programme

Mycotoxins are a group of naturally occurring toxic chemical substances, produced by different fungal species, which can cause illness or even death due to their toxigenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. Though more than 400 mycotoxins are known to have toxic effects on human when ingested along with contaminated food, mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zeralenone, trichothecenes and fumonisins are the major mycotoxins influencing the public health and agriculture. Due to the global nature of the food supply and advances in analytical capabilities, mycotoxin contamination will continue to be an area of concern for regulatory agencies, the food industry, and consumers.     

Defining the Public Health Threat of Dietary Supplement Fraud

Adverse health events resulting from dietary supplement fraud (DSF)—fraud conducted for economic gain using dietary supplements—have received increased recognition from agencies and industry. There is a growing awareness that this issue represents a significant public health threat. With increasing consumption of supplements, there are increasing consequences—good and bad—for food science and food safety. “Dietary supplements” are a special category of food that consists of finished products (for example, a vitamin D tablet) that contain 1 or more dietary ingredients. “Dietary ingredients” are the components of those finished products (for example, vitamin D added to a food product such as breakfast cereal). Due to a number of factors, potentially harmful dietary supplements reach—and often remain—in the market. DSF is a type of product fraud, as is food fraud, which is often classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA). Since the adulterants are unconventional, DSF may represent an even greater public health threat than traditional dietary supplement safety issues (though it is important to note that adulteration is only one type of fraud). Criminology concepts such as situational crime prevention and the crime triangle deepen understanding of the relationship of fraud opportunity as it relates to fraudsters and established hurdles to fraud. The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview on the public health threat of DSF, and to focus on altering current intervention and response‐based approaches that are prevention‐based.     

我国食品安全监管中的公众参与研究

近年来,食品安全公众参与成为学者讨论的热门话题。文章就我国食品安全监管中公众参与的概念和意义进行了探讨,并深入分析我国食品安全监管中公众参与缺乏有效的反馈机制、公民维权成本高、政府惩罚力度和信息公开力度不够等问题,对此借鉴国外食品安全监管公众参与的经验,对我国食品安全公众参与提出了相关意见和建议。     

甘肃省2004-2010年食物中毒事件分析

目的：了解甘肃省食物中毒事件发生情况,分析并探索该类事件的分布特点、发生原因,总结其发生、发展规律,为开展相应的预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法：根据中国疾病控制信息系统“突发公共卫生事件报告管理信息系统”2004年1月1日至2010年12月31日的报告,分析甘肃省各类食物中毒事件的时间、地区、中毒场所分布和致病原因等特征。结果：2004--2010年间甘肃省发生的各类食物中毒事件均呈现集中在二、三季度高发的趋势,其中化学和有毒植物类食物中毒的报告数量总体呈下降趋势。各类食物中毒事件的多发场所主要为家庭（41．2％）、学校食堂（20．6％）和农村聚餐等（19．1％）。微生物类食物中毒所占比重最大（41．2％）、波及人数最广泛（83．9％）;有毒植物类发病率最高（37．5％,P〈0．01）,其中以毒蘑菇、菜豆中毒为高发病率的主要原因（72．0％、60．2％）;总体来讲化学类病死率最高（19．7％,P〈0．01）,但病死率最高的前3位原因是肉毒梭菌（50％）、农药鼠药（46．3％）和毒蘑菇中毒（38．9％）。结论：从事件波及范围、构成比来看,微生物所导致的食物中毒仍是较大的食品安全问题;从致死性角度看,化学类的农药／鼠药和有毒植物类的毒蘑菇中毒更具危险性。     

Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the carcinogenicity of mycotoxins in humans. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk. Publications (2019 and earlier) of case–control or longitudinal cohort studies were identified in PubMed and EMBASE. These articles were then screened by independent reviewers and their quality was assessed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Animal, cross‐sectional, and molecular studies satisfied criteria for exclusion. In total, 14 articles were included: 13 case–control studies and 1 longitudinal cohort study. Included articles focused on associations of mycotoxin exposure with primary liver, breast, and cervical cancer. Overall, a positive association between the consumption of aflatoxin‐contaminated foods and primary liver cancer risk was verified. Two case–control studies in Africa investigated the relationship between zearalenone and its metabolites and breast cancer risk, though conflicting results were reported. Two case–control studies investigated the association between hepatocellular carcinoma and fumonisin B1 exposure, but no significant associations were observed. This systematic review incorporates several clear observations of dose‐dependent associations between aflatoxins and liver cancer risk, in keeping with IARC Monograph conclusions. Only few human epidemiological studies investigated the associations between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk. To close this gap, more in‐depth research is needed to unravel evidence for other common mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. The link between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk has mainly been established in experimental studies, and needs to be confirmed in human epidemiological studies to support the evidence‐based public health strategies.